96 research outputs found
Can we simply infer mitochondrial function from PCr resynthesis after exercise in skeletal muscle?
No full textRatel, Sebastien Martin, Vincent Tonson, Anne Cozzone, Patrick J Bendahan, David Comment Letter United States Pediatric research Pediatr Res. 2012 Aug;72(2):221. doi: 10.1038/pr.2012.67
Skeletal muscle mitochondrial function cannot be properly inferred from PCr resynthesis without taking pH changes into account
No full textRatel, Sebastien Martin, Vincent Tonson, Anne Cozzone, Patrick J Bendahan, David Comment Letter Netherlands Magnetic resonance imaging Magn Reson Imaging. 2012 Dec;30(10):1542-3. doi: 10.1016/j.mri.2012.06.017. Epub 2012 Aug 13
Copyrighting Shakespeare: Jacob Tonson, Eighteenth Century English Copyright, and the Birth of Shakespeare Scholarship
No full textIn 1709, Jacob Tonson, the premier publisher of his age, purchased the “copyright” to Shakespeare. Tonson and his family over the next fifty years went on to publish some of the most significant editions of the collected works of Shakespeare, edited by the likes of Nicholas Rowe, Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson. In many ways, the Tonsons were responsible for the growth of Shakespeare’s popularity and the critical study of his work.This article discusses the significance of copyright to the Tonsons’ publication decisions. It suggests that the Tonson copyright did not significantly “encourage” their contributions to Shakespeare scholarship. First, Jacob Tonson could not have relied on statutory copyright for protection of his seminal 1709 Rowe edition. Tonson, quite simply, did hold the copyrights at that point, and the Statute of Anne had not yet been introduced, let alone passed, by Parliament. Second, the Tonsons’ publication of later editions would not, as some have asserted, have perpetuated any common law or statutory copyright claim Tonson might have to the works of Shakespeare. Third, although the textual notes and comments contributed by his editors may have been copyrighted, most of the significant editorial contributions to Shakespeare scholarship would not themselves have been subject to copyright protection. Selection of plays in the legitimate Shakespeare canon, for example, and selection of the appropriate text from earlier quarto and Folio editions would not have been subject to copyright protection. Fourth, the expansion of public access to cheaper, more widely available editions of the Shakespeare plays arose in spite of, rather than because of, copyright protections. It was a challenge by a book “pirate” that caused the Tonsons, not to seek legal protection through their claimed copyright, but to flood the market with their own cheap editions of the plays.Finally, the article suggests a reason why the Tonsons, whose name appears as plaintiff in many of the early copyright cases, never sought to litigate their claim to a copyright in Shakespeare. Simply put, litigating a claim to copyright in Shakespeare would have been a poor “test case” to secure what the Bookseller’s sought at that time – a perpetual common law copyright based on the natural rights of authors.This article suggests that copyright issues, although certainly important, were ancillary to the Tonsons’ publication decisions. Market forces, the protections from competition afforded by a Bookseller cartel, and a respect for Shakespeare’s works, more than copyright protections, appeared to drive the Tonsons’ actions and therefore the growth of Shakespeare scholarship
Atheist: or, The second part of the Souldiers fortune
No full textOtway, Thomas (1652-1685) London: Printed for R. Bentley and J. Tonson, 1684 University of Utah copy bound with the author\u27s The Souldiers Fortune. London, 168
Exploration non invasive des effets de la croissance et de la maturation sur le muscle squelettique : étude métabolique et fonctionnelle chez l'homme
No full textAu cours de la croissance et de la maturation, le muscle squelettique subit de nombreux changements. Principalement on constate une augmentation considérable de la masse musculaire concomitante à l’augmentation de la capacité de force et plusieurs résultats suggèrent que la maturation affecte la fonction musculaire à la fois au niveau de la commande motrice et du métabolisme énergétique. Pour des raisons éthiques évidentes, la fonction musculaire n’a été que peu étudiée chez l’enfant. Malgré leur caractère strictement non-invasif les techniques de résonance magnétique n’ont été que peu utilisées pour caractériser cette fonction chez l’enfant et les résultats controversés ne permettent pas de dégager un consensus. Dans ce travail la fonction musculaire de l’enfant sain a été étudiée in vivo par Imagerie et Spectroscopie de Résonance Magnétique. Par IRM, nous nous avons mis en évidence que la capacité de force volontaire maximale d’un muscle reste proportionnelle à sa taille de l’enfance à l’âge adulte. Par ailleurs nos résultats obtenus par SRM du P31 ont clairement montré que la capacité oxydative et la production d’ATP mitochondriale était augmentée avant la puberté, illustrant que les enfants sollicitaient plus leur métabolisme aérobie que les adultes pour répondre à la demande énergétique pour une intensité donnée. De plus, nos résultats ont montré que la filière énergétique de la glycolyse anaérobie était pleinement mature dès l’enfance. Enfin, face à la difficulté pour mettre en place des études longitudinales chez l’homme nous avons développé un protocole expérimental permettant le suivi longitudinal de la fonction musculaire au cours du développement chez le rat.Growth and maturation are accompanied by important changes in skeletal muscle function (e.g. muscle mass and strength dramatically increase). Moreover, some evidences strongly suggest that maturation significantly affects skeletal muscle function both at the neural drive and energetics levels. For ethical reasons, few studies have been performed in children. Despite their non traumatic aspect the MR techniques, it has been barely used in this context. In this work, the skeletal muscle function of healthy children has been characterized in vivo using MRI and 31P-MRS. Our results refuted the hypothesis of a motor drive immaturity in children. We did not report any change in the relationship between muscle volume measured by MRI and maximum isometric strength or in specific strength from childhood to adulthood. The ability of a given muscle volume to produce force seems not to change during growth. Then, we investigated whether development affects muscle energetics using 31P-MRS comparing prepubescent boys and men. Our results showed that, for a similar total energy cost, the aerobic contribution to ATP production was significantly higher in boys and compensated for by a reduced PCr breakdown while glycolysis was similar whatever the age. In addition, the recovery rate of PCr after the standardized exercise was faster in boys illustrating a higher maximal oxidative capacity before puberty. Finally, our understanding of skeletal muscle function in children is still limited by the difficulty to perform longitudinal studies. In that respect, we have initiated an original protocol allowing the longitudinal investigation of the gastrocnemius muscle throughout development in rat
Essay towards an history of dancing, in which the whole art and its various excellencies are in some measure explain\u27d : containing the several sorts of dancing
No full textWeaver, John (1673-1760) London: Printed for Jacob Tonson at Shakespeare\u27s-Head over-against Catherine-street in the Strand, 1712 First edition This is the earliest history of dancing in English, written by the son of a dancing master of the same name. Young John Weaver studied Latin and Greek and would pepper his later works with classical quotations in their original languages. Indeed, one of Weaver\u27s ambitions was to revive the style of acting and dancing of the ancient Greeks and Romans. In 1700 he staged his first production, describing it as "the first Entertainement that appeared on the English Stage, where the Representation and Story was carried by Dancing, Action and Motion only." During this same time, a new system of dance notation had been published in Paris: R.A. Feuillet\u27s Chorégraphie. Weaver translated Feuillet into English and published the translation in 1706. That same year he also published A Collection of Ball-Dances Performed at Court, in which, by using Feuillet\u27s notation, he documented the dances created by Queen Anne\u27s Royal Dancing Master, Mr. Isaacs. A dancer himself, Weaver taught dance until he died at the age of eighty-seven
Commentary on Tonson v. Collins (1762)
No full textSignificant case in which the arguments for and against the existence of copyright at common law were extensively debated for the first time before the Court of King's Bench. Both William Blackstone (author of Commentaries Upon the Laws of England, and one of the judges to hold in favour of the common law right in Donaldson v. Becket (uk_1774)) and Joseph Yates (who would later provide the dissenting opinion in Millar v. Taylor (uk_1769)) appeared on behalf of the plaintiff and the defendant respectively
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