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Medical Histories and Medieval Hospitals: Divination, Dharma, Dominion
No full textThe scientifically documented droughts and famines in late medieval Asia can be given a degree of context by the epigraphic and textual evidence for disease and the establishment of hospitals (ārogyaśālā) in Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka and India from the twelfth century. As part of their ongoing research, the authors of this paper are developing a census of hospital sites and associated remains—both monumental and archaeological—thus undertaking a comprehensive analysis not simply of the hospitals per se but of the knowledge and practices that circulated among them. This paper looks especially at the hospitals in the Khmer world and the finds associated with them
Regenzeiten, Feuchtgebiete, Körpersäfte. Das Wasser in der klassischen indischen Medizin
No full textDiese Dissertation untersucht die Bedeutung des Wassers in der klassischen indischen Medizin anhand von drei klar definierten Themenkreisen. Diese Themenkreise lauten ”Natur und Klima“, ”Wasser im menschlichen Körper“ und ”diätetische und medizinische Praxis“ und werden der Reihe nach in den drei Hauptteilen der Arbeit besprochen. Diesen vorangestellt ist eine Einleitung, die allgemein in das Thema einführt, den Forschungsstand darstellt und quellenkundliche sowie methodische Fragen behandelt. Ferner werden in ihr auch die Resultate der Arbeit in zusammengefasster Form präsentiert. Als Hauptquellen dienen die fünf wichtigsten Kompendien der in Sanskrit verfassten medizinischen Literatur der klassischen Periode: die Carakasaṃhitā, die Suśrutasaṃhitā, die Bhelasaṃhitā, der Aṣṭāṅgasaṃgraha und die Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā. Weiters wurde die zu diesen Werken existierende Kommentarliteratur berücksichtigt und ergänzend – je nach Thematik – weitere relevante puranische, epische und wissenschaftliche Literatur, ferner die schöne Sanskritliteratur befragt.
Der erste Themenkreis ”Natur und Klima“ umfasst einerseits die verschiedenen Vorstellungen über die Jahreszeiten und unter diesen insbesondere über die Regenzeit, andererseits die Wasser- und Gewässerkunde. Diese beiden Themenfelder sind im Rahmen der Medizin vor allem im Zusammenhang mit der Diätetik und den Vorschriften für eine gesunde, Krankheiten vermeidende Lebensweise relevant; ihre Inhalte spielen aber auch bei konkreten medizinischen Anwendungen eine Rolle, beispielsweise bei saisonal abgestimmten Therapien. Der Themenkreis ”Wasser im menschlichen Körper“ beinhaltet nicht nur Vorstellungen über das Wasser in seiner reinen Form, sondern umfasst auch Überlegungen zu den anderen Körperflüssigkeiten. Zudem ist hier ein Kapitel der Lehre von den fünf Elementen (Wasser, Feuer, Wind, Erde und Raum/Äther) gewidmet, sowie ähnlichen Ideen, die in den untersuchten Werken zu Tage treten und eine bedeutende Rolle in grundlegenden theoretischen Auffassungen der indischen Medizin spielen. Der letzte Themenkreis ”diätetische und medizinische Praxis“ schließlich betrifft die Relevanz von Wasser im Rahmen der Ernährung, im Zusammenhang mit Reinigungspraktiken (sowohl in hygienischer als auch in ritueller Hinsicht) und in der medizinischen Therapie.
Im Anhang sind neben thematischen Übersichtstabellen, die für die Wiedergabe innerhalb der entsprechenden Kapitel zu groß waren, verschiedene Grafiken zur Konzeptualisierung der Jahreszeiten, zur Gewässerkunde und zu den Vorstellungen vom Metabolismus untergebracht, die die komplexen Zusammenhänge innerhalb der Modelle veranschaulichen sollen. Außerdem beinhaltet er ein Verzeichnis der berücksichtigten Stellen in der Primärliteratur, zwei Verzeichnisse zu den in der Arbeit erwähnten Pflanzen (gemäß den Sanskritnamen und der wissenschaftlichen Nomenklatur) und die Bibliographie.This doctoral thesis investigates the relevance of water in classical Indian medicine by way of examining three specific topic areas. These areas, namely, nature and climate, water in the human body, and dietary and medical practice, are discussed in the three main parts of the thesis. They are preceded by an introduction which presents the general subject, describes the current state of research, and discusses questions concerning the primary sources and methodology. The introduction also summarizes the results of the investigations. The main sources for this study are the five most important compendia of medical literature written in Sanskrit and belonging to the classical period: the Carakasaṃhitā, the Suśrutasaṃhitā, the Bhelasaṃhitā, the Aṣṭāṅgasaṃgraha and the Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā. In addition, the extant commentaries on these works were considered. Depending on the topic further relevant puranic, epic and scientific literature was consulted, occasionally also Sanskrit poetry.
The first topic area, nature and climate, comprises of the seasons (especially the rainy season) as well as the typology of water and bodies of water. Both the natural environment and the climate are relevant in medicine predominantly in connection with dietetics and prescriptions for a healthy lifestyle that prevents diseases, but they are also understood to have an impact on specific medical applications, for example seasonal therapies. The second topic area, water in the human body, is not restricted to concepts about water as such, but also comprises the other bodily fluids. The concept of the five gross elements (water, fire, wind, earth and space/ether) and similiar concepts that occur in the examined works are discussed here in a separate chapter. Finally, the topic area of dietary and medical practice concerns the relevance of water in diet, purificatory practices (in hygienic as well as ritual terms) and medical therapy.
The appendix contains large theamtic tables, that were too bulky for inclusion in the relevant parts of the book. It also contains several graphics meant to facilitate understanding of the complex relationships within the models of the seasons, the typology of water and the notions about the metabolism. Furthermore, the appendix comprises indices of the considered passages in the primary sources and of the plants mentioned in the thesis (listing the Sanskrit plant names and the current scientific names), as well as the bibliography
Regenzeiten, Feuchtgebiete, Körpersäfte: Das Wasser in der klassischen indischen Medizin
Full text linkThis monograph analyses the role of water in classical Indian medicine on the basis of its source texts. In three large sections, Angermeier discusses the medical relevance of nature and climate, the role of water in the human body and its dietary and medical use. Within these three categories, topics as diverse as hydrology, seasonology, anatomy and physiology, the elemental doctrines as well as therapeutic practice are dealt with offering multi-layered insights into the intellectual history of early Ayurveda
Regenzeiten, Feuchtgebiete, Körpersäfte: Das Wasser in der klassischen indischen Medizin
Full text linkThis monograph analyses the role of water in classical Indian medicine on the basis of its source texts. In three large sections, Angermeier discusses the medical relevance of nature and climate, the role of water in the human body and its dietary and medical use. Within these three categories, topics as diverse as hydrology, seasonology, anatomy and physiology, the elemental doctrines as well as therapeutic practice are dealt with offering multi-layered insights into the intellectual history of early Ayurveda.Diese Monographie analysiert die Rolle des Wassers in der klassischen indischen Medizin anhand seiner Quellentexte. In drei großen Abschnitten erörtert Angermeier die medizinische Relevanz von Natur und Klima, die Rolle des Wassers im menschlichen Körper und seine diätetische und medizinische Anwendung. Innerhalb dieser drei Kategorien werden so unterschiedliche Themenfelder wie Hydrologie, Jahreszeitenkunde, Anatomie und Physiologie, Elemente-Lehren sowie die therapeutische Praxis behandelt und vielschichtige Einblicke in die Geistesgeschichte des frühen Ayurveda geboten
Regenzeiten, Feuchtgebiete, Körpersäfte: Das Wasser in der klassischen indischen Medizin
No full textThis monograph analyses the role of water in classical Indian medicine on the basis of its source texts. In three large sections, Angermeier discusses the medical relevance of nature and climate, the role of water in the human body and its dietary and medical use. Within these three categories, topics as diverse as hydrology, seasonology, anatomy and physiology, the elemental doctrines as well as therapeutic practice are dealt with offering multi-layered insights into the intellectual history of early Ayurveda.Diese Monographie analysiert die Rolle des Wassers in der klassischen indischen Medizin anhand seiner Quellentexte. In drei großen Abschnitten erörtert Angermeier die medizinische Relevanz von Natur und Klima, die Rolle des Wassers im menschlichen Körper und seine diätetische und medizinische Anwendung. Innerhalb dieser drei Kategorien werden so unterschiedliche Themenfelder wie Hydrologie, Jahreszeitenkunde, Anatomie und Physiologie, Elemente-Lehren sowie die therapeutische Praxis behandelt und vielschichtige Einblicke in die Geistesgeschichte des frühen Ayurveda geboten
The Seasons in Ancient Indian Medicine : Long Winters or Extensive Rains?
No full textMost passages on the seasons in works of ancient Indian medicine list frost, spring, summer, rainy season, autumn and winter as the divisions of the year. However, in some contexts, the hibernal season frost (śiśira) is left out and replaced by a second rainy season, called “beginning of the rain” (prāvṛṣ), that is placed between summer and the actual rainy season. In this paper, I first introduce the concept of the seasons and the division of the year into two halves. Second, I examine the dichotomy of the existence, within one scientific corpus, of two seasonal schemes that vary regarding the included seasons. Concerning this matter, I review the investigations of Francis Zimmermann and compare them with Ḍalhaṇas commentary on the relevant passages in the Suśrutasaṃhitā. This analysis shows that Zimmermann was by and large correct when he argued that the two schemes are utilized in specific contexts but it proposes a new terminology for the schemes, understanding them as preventive and reactive instead of distributive and transitive. Finally, an examination of the relevant passages in the lesson on the seasons in the Suśrutasaṃhitā reveals that, contrary to the correspondent lessons in the other sources, here the two schemes are mixed together in a very confusing way. This, in combination with further textual evidence, clearly points to the posteriority of the Suśrutasaṃhitā’s lesson on the seasons compared to its counterparts in the Caraka- and Bhelasaṃhitā
Untangling Multiple Topographical Systems: Conceptions of Landscapes in Ancient Indian Medicine
No full textLandscapes might be a minor topic in the field of classical Āyurveda; however, they actually do play an important role in several contexts. For example, the constitution of the patients depends on their natural surroundings, the quality of food and medicinal plants is defined by the habitat of plants and animals, and the wholesomeness of drinking water is determined by the clime at its source. Thus, we find references to all kinds of landscapes in the compendia of ancient Indian medicine. However, not only terrestrial space is mapped. Water and sky as well are regarded as living environments of animals which in turn serve as food for humans and have specific characteristics according to their roaming area.This study is based on a search for references to landscapes in all possible contexts of the four eminent source texts of ancient Indian medicine, the Carakasaṃhitā, the Suśrutasaṃhitā, the Aṣṭāṅgasaṃgraha and the Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā. Its first part presents the gathered information systematically rearranged and discusses the differences and similarities between plant and animal habitat, as well as the human environment. The second half is dedicated to the specific types of landscapes, describing them based on the findings in the source texts and showing their various impact on water, plants, animals, people and medicinal practice in general
Discussing Nyāya in Brajbhāṣā : on six categories of reasoning in Brajvāsīdās’s Prabodhacandrodaya Nāṭaka
No full textThis paper interrogates the representation of the instruments of reasoning (tarka upāya) in Brajvāsīdās’s Prabodhacandrodaya Nāṭaka, “The Drama of the Rise of the Wisdom Moon”, composed in Brajbhāṣā in 1760 CE. How are Nyāya categories expressed in a dramatic mould? What is the context of their exposition and its aim in Brajvāsīdās’s text which displays Vedāntic and bhakti leanings? First, I will introduce the context and the conceptual background of the discussion and then analyse the treatment of Nyāya in the drama through a close reading of the relevant text passages. My conclusions are provisional but make space for the possibility of Nyāya philosophy being treated in languages different from Sanskrit and in literary genres other than technical literature (śāstra)
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