32 research outputs found
Pengembangan Senyawa-senyawa Heterosiklik Nitrogen sebagai Antituberkulosis dan Antikanker
No full textTuberkulosis merupakan penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pirazinamida merupakan senyawa heterosiklik nitrogen yang termasuk salah satu obat tuberkulosis lini pertama. Kasus resistensi terhadap obat tuberkulosis dan belum ditemukannya obat baru menjadikan tuberkulosis sebagai ancaman global. Senyawa-senyawa analog pirazinamida menunjukkan potensi sebagai lead compounds dalam pengembangan senyawa-senyawa antituberkulosis baru. Sintesis analog pirazinamida pada umumnya melibatkan pereaksi tionil klorida yang termasuk dalam daftar bahan kimia untuk produksi senjata kimia dan melepaskan gas beracun sulfur dioksida sebagai hasil samping, sehingga perlu dikembangkan metoda sintesis baru. Penelitian yang dilakukan berhasil mengembangkan metoda sintesis baru tanpa melibatkan pereaksi tionil klorida, yang diterapkan pada sintesis dua puluh senyawa analog pirazinamida dengan struktur yang bervariatif. Uji bioaktivitas dua puluh senyawa tersebut terhadap M. tuberculosis H37Rv mendapatkan bahwa N-(2-etil-heksil)pirazina-2-karboksamida dan N-(4-florobenzil)pirazina-2-karboksamida mempunyai aktivitas antituberculosis dengan konsentrasi hambat minimum (MIC) <6,25 μg/mL; yang lebih baik dari pada pirazinamida dengan MIC 100 μg/mL.
Kanker merupakan penyakit yang menyebabkan kematian nomor dua di seluruh dunia setelah jantung. Kanker paru-paru dan kanker prostat merupakan jenis kanker yang sering diderita dengan masing-masing presentase kejadian sebesar 11,4% dan 7,3% dan presentase kematian sebesar 18% dan 3,8%. Kemoterapi merupakan metode pengobatan untuk menghambat dan mematikan sel kanker yang telah menjalar ke berbagai organ tubuh yang lain. Pengobatan tersebut tidak hanya berdampak pada sel-sel kanker, tetapi juga pada sel-sel normal. Senyawa-senyawa 3,3-di(indolil)indolin-2-on (trisindolina) merupakan senyawa heterosiklik nitrogen bahan alam yang diketahui mempunyai bioaktivitas sebagai antikanker. Selain menghambat proliferasi sel kanker, sebagian trisindolina dilaporkan tidak toksik terhadap sel normal paru-paru manusia. Senyawa-senyawa ini juga mempunyai bioaktivitas antikanker, antituberkulosis, antibakteri, spermisidal dan inhibitor enzim α-glukosidase. Penelitian yang dilakukan berhasil mendapatkan enam senyawa trisindolina dengan struktur yang bervariatif. Uji bioaktivitas enam senyawa tersebut terhadap sel kanker paru-paru A549 dan sel kanker prostat DU-145 mendapatkan bahwa tiga trisindolina dengan gugus ester memiliki aktivitas antiproliferasi lebih baik daripada trisindolina dengan gugus hidroksi. 5-Kloro-3,3-di((metil indol-5-karboksilat)-3-il)-2-indolon menunjukkan aktivitas terhadap terhadap sel kanker A549 dan sel kanker DU-145 masing-masing dengan IC50 11,02 dan 9,2 μg/mL yang lebih baik daripada cisplatin dengan IC50 491,25 dan 25,05 μg/mL.
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Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pyrazinamide is a nitrogen heterocyclic compound which is one of the first-line tuberculosis drugs. Cases of resistance to tuberculosis drugs and the discovery of new drugs have made tuberculosis a global threat. Pyrazinamide analogue compounds show potential as lead compounds in the development of new antituberculosis compounds. Synthesis of pyrazinamide analogues generally involves the reagent of thionyl chloride which is included in the list of chemicals for the productions of chemical weapons. Additionally, it can release toxic gas sulfur dioxide as a byproduct, so it is necessary to develop new synthesis methods. The research carried out succeeded in developing a new synthesis method without involving thionyl chloride reagent, which was applied to the synthesis of seventeen pyrazinamide analogues with varied structures. The bioactivity assay of these seventeen synthesized compounds against M. tuberculosis H37Rv found that N-(2-ethylhexyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide and N-(4-florobenzyl)pyrazine-2-carboxymide have antituberculosis activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of <6.25 µg/mL which is better than pyrazinamide with a MIC of 100 µg/mL.
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide after heart disease. Lung cancer and prostate cancer are the most common types of cancer with incidence rates of 11.4% and 7.3%, respectively, and mortality rates of 18% and 3.8%. Chemotherapy is a method of treatment to inhibit and kill cancer cells that have spread to various other organs of the body. The treatment not only affects cancer cells, but also normal cells. 3,3-di(indolyl)indoline-2-ones, known as trisindolines, are nitrogen heterocyclic natural products which are known to have bioactivity as anticancer. In addition to inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells, some trisindolines are reported to be non-toxic to normal human lung cells. These compounds also have anticancer, antitubercular, antibacterial, spermicidal, and α-glucosidase enzyme bioactivity. The research carried out succeeded in obtaining six trisindolines with varied structures. The bioactivity test of these six compounds against lung cancer cells A549 and prostate cancer cells DU-145 found that three trisindolines with ester groups have better antiproliferative activity than trisindolines with hydroxy groups. 5-Chloro-3,3-di((methyl indole-5-carboxylate)-3-yl)-2-indolone showed activity against cancer cells A549 and cancer cells DU-145 with IC50 of 11.02 and 9.2 µg/mL in repectively, which is better than cisplatin with IC50 491.25 dan 25.05 µg/mL
Sintesis N-(3-bromofenil)pirazina-2-karboksamida dan N-(4-bromofenil)pirazina-2-karboksamida dengan Metoda Yamaguchi
No full textPirazina-2-karboksamida merupakan salah satu obat anti tuberkulosis lini pertama. Beberapa senyawa analog pirazina-2-karboksamida memiliki kemampuan yang lebih baik dalam menghambat perkembangan Mycobacterium tuberculosis, salah satunya adalah N-fenilpirazina-2-karboksamida. MDR-TB (Multi-drag Resistant Tuberculosis) atau resistensi ganda terhadap obat anti tuberkulosis merupakan salah satu masalah yang mengakibatkan penderita kebal terhadap obat anti tuberkulosis lini pertama. Sintesis N-fenilpirazina-2-karboksamida umumnya dilakukan melalui dua tahap, yakni pembentukan asil klorida dan karboksamida. Pereaksi Yamaguchi umumnya digunakan untuk sintesis ester dan tioester. Penelitian yang dilakukan berhasil mensintesis dua turunan N-fenilpirazina-2-karboksamida yakni N-(3-bromofenil)pirazina-2-karboksamida dan N-(4-bromofenil)pirazina-2-karboksamida dengan metoda Yamaguchi yang memiliki satu tahap reaksi. Senyawa hasil reaksi diduga memiliki aktivitas antimikobakteria dengan rendemen masing-masing 64% dan 93%
STUDI IN SILICO SENYAWA HIBRID GABUNGAN PIRAZINAMIDA DENGAN ASAM 4-(2-AMINOTIAZOL-4-IL)BENZOAT
No full textSaat ini, kasus TB terus menjadi tantangan global dengan lebih dari 10 juta kasus baru setiap tahun, dan lebih dari 500.000 di antaranya resisten terhadap obat TB. Indonesia menyumbang sekitar 10% dari total kasus TB global dan menempati peringkat kedua sebagai negara dengan jumlah kasus TB tertinggi di dunia. Peningkatan kasus TB kambuh dipicu oleh resistensi terhadap obat TB sehingga memerlukan pengembangan obat baru yang efektif, singkat dalam pengobatan, dan tidak rentan terhadap Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pirazinamida merupakan salah satu obat komersial untuk menangani tuberkulosis. Cincin pirazin memiliki peran penting dalam aktivitas bakterisidal. Senyawa yang mengalami N-substitusi dengan 4-feniltiazol-2-amin dan perpanjangan fenil dengan subtitusi gugus asam karboksilat telah terbukti memiliki aktivitas yang efektif. Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan analisis in silico terhadap senyawa hibrid yang mengombinasikan pirazinamida dengan Asam 4-(2-aminotiazol-4-il)benzoat. Studi in silico melibatkan penelitian studi penambatan, sifat fisikokimia, dan sifat farmakokinetik. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa senyawa hibrid (5) dan (6) memiliki potensi sebagai penghambat protein InhA dan dapat dianggap sebagai kandidat obat oral
STRATEGI KEPALA SEKOLAH DALAM MENINGKATKAN KINERJA GURU DI SD NEGERI SLEMAN 1
No full textThis research is motivated by the principal's strategy in improving teacher performance both through programmed and non-programmed supervision. The principal makes the plans and programs needed to improve the quality of teachers, including: procurement of workshops, increasing teacher motivation, participating in the KKG (teacher working group) program, participating in webinars, visits to places where they can learn such as PPGP (Teacher Driving Education Program) and others.
The method in this study is a qualitative descriptive research. The researcher used data collection techniques in the form of interviews, observations and documentation. The technique of selecting responses in interviews, observations, and documentation is determined by the 3M criteria, namely understanding, experiencing, and knowing related to the research topic. The subjects of this study include: Principal, Vice President for Student Affairs, Vice President for Curriculum, Teachers and TU. Data analysis uses trancscipt, coding, grouping, comparing and contrasting techniques. Furthermore, in the data validity technique, the researcher uses the source triangulation technique and the triangulation technique.
The results of the research at SD Negeri Sleman 1 can be concluded that: First, the principal's strategy in improving teacher performance has 5 stages, namely (1) teacher performance development by including teachers in training activities held by the government and various agencies, (2) supervision of teacher performance in mastery and classroom management by supervising teachers in teaching and learning in the classroom, (3) coaching discipline of education personnel by monitoring the attendance of teachers every day, (4) providing motivation, (5) giving awards for dedication and achievements. Second, supporting factors are a good work environment, completeness of school facilities, level of education or teacher experience, teaching supervision and education and training. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factors are the lack of awareness and motivation of teachers about the importance of good teacher performance for educational success, difficulties in adjusting the curriculum and syllabus in learning and lack of understanding of the abilities of each student.
Keywords: Strategy, Principal, Teacher, Teacher Performanc
A STUDI IN SILICO: POTENSI SENYAWA KATEKIN DAN TURUNANNYA DARI TEH HIJAU SEBAGAI INHIBITOR HGF SERTA PROFIL TOKSISITASNYA
No full textGreen tea is a plant with a high content of catechins. Catechins are a secondary metabolites that possess many benefits and potencies, one of which is as an antitumor. This study aims to describe the potential of catechin and its derivatives as antitumor inhibitor of HGF and their toxicity profiles through in silico analysis. The ligands used in this study were catechin, gallocatechin, epicatechin, and epigallocatechin. The results showed that epicatechin has better potency (-6.6 kcal/mol) than other catechin derivatives. The toxicity characteristics of the four catechins indicate that they do not exhibit hepatotoxicity, mutagenicity, or carcinogenicity, and possess a safe LD50 value. Further studies, such as in vitro and in vivo, must reveal its potential as an antitumor HGF inhibitor.Teh hijau merupakan salah satu tumbuhan dengan kandungan katekin yang tinggi. Katekin merupakan salah satu metabolit sekunder yang memiliki banyak manfaat dan potensi. Salah satunya sebagai antitumor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan potensi katekin dan turunan sebagai antitumor inhibitor HGF serta profil toksisitasnya melalui analisis in silico. Ligan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah katekin, galokatekin, epikatekin, dan epigalokatekin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa epikatekin memiliki potensi lebih baik (-6,6 kkal/mol) dibandingkan turunan katekin lainnya. Profil toksisitas keempat katekin tersebut menunjukkan bahwa keempatnya tidak hepatotoksik, tidak mutagentik, tidak karsinogenik, dan memiliki nilai LD50 yang aman. Penelitian lebih lanjut seperti in vitro dan in vivo diperlukan untuk menguak potensinya sebagai antitumor inhibitor HGF
POTENSI SENYAWA EUGENOL DARI CENGKEH (Syzygium aromaticum) SEBAGAI INHIBITOR PROTEASE HIV-1 (PR)
No full textSyzygium aromaticum is a medicinal plant that is well known for its uses in the medical world. This plant contains essential oil that has a lot of bioactivitis, namely eugenol. This study aims to determine the potency of the compound eugenol and its derivatives as an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease (PR), an HIV-1 antiviral candidate. The ligands used in this study were eugenol, methyl eugenol, acetyl eugenol, and isoeugenol. The results showed that the compound acetyl eugenol has the potential to act as an HIV-1 protease inhibitor better than other eugenol derivatives because it has a lower binding affinity value (-6.2 kcal/mol) of the other compounds. Further studies such as in vitro and in vivo tests are needed to prove its activity as an HIV-1 protease.Syzygium aromaticum merupakan tanaman obat yang terkenal akan kegunaannya di dunia medis. Tanaman ini mengandung minyak esensial yang memiliki banyak bioaktivitas yakni eugenol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi senyawa eugenol dan turunannya sebagai inhibitor HIV-1 Protease (PR) kandidat antivirus HIV-1. Ligan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah eugenol, metil eugenol, asetil eugenol, dan isoeugenol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa senyawa asetil eugenol memiliki potensi sebagai inhibitor HIV-1 Protease lebih baik dibandingkan turunan eugenol yang lainnya karena memiliki nilai binding affinity (-6,2 kkal/mol) lebih rendah senyawa lain. Penelitian lebih lanjut seperti uji in vitro dan in vivo diperlukan untuk membuktikan aktivitasnya sebagai HIV-1 Protease
The Effect of Prenatal Yoga on Emesis Gravidarum in the First Trimester Pregnant Women
No full textBackground: Increased levels of progesterone, estrogen, and HCG (chorionic gonadotropin hormone) during the first trimester of pregnancy can produce morning sickness, also known as emesis gravidarum (nausea and vomiting). To lessen the release of hormones that induce anxiety, severe nausea, and vomiting, prenatal yoga practitioners can block the stimulation of sympathetic nerves by practicing muscle relaxation. This study aims to ascertain how prenatal yoga affects first-trimester emesis gravidarum. Method: This study used a pre-experimental design with a pretest-posttest design in one group, involving 16 mothers who had emesis gravidarum at PMB Fatimah Bandung Rejosari, Sukun, Malang. Data collection was done using the questionnaire. Results: The result was that two prenatal yoga sessions over two weeks demonstrated significant benefits. Prenatal yoga affects emesis gravidarum in the first trimester of pregnancy, as indicated by the independent t-test technique (2-tailed) of 0.000 <0.005. Discussion: Steroid hormones can slow down stomach emptying, which causes emesis gravidarum. Excessive or low cortisol levels can be brought back to normal with yoga. Yoga offers numerous mental and physical health advantages. Conclusion We can conclude that the course of treatment impacts the severity of emesis gravidarum, or nausea and vomiting, during the first trimester of pregnancy
PEMBINGKAIAN KOMPAS DAN REPUBLIKA DALAM MENYAJIKAN BERITA KONFLIK MUSLIM ROHINGYA - MYANMAR (Analisis Framing Pada Pemberitaan Konflik Muslim Rohingya - Myanmar di Harian Surat Kabar Kompas dan Republika Edisi Bulan Mei 2015)
No full textABSTRACT LIA AYU MERDEKA WATI, D0209048, THE FRAMING OF KOMPAS AND REPUBLIKA IN PRESENTING THE NEWS ABOUT THE CONFLICT OF ROHINGYA MOSLEMS – MYANMAR (Framing Analysis towards the News of Rohingya Moslems – Myanmar Conflict in Kompas Daily Newspaper and Republika May 2015 Edition), 109 pages. The fact that has been revealed in any media does not mean it is the actual fact. Because in order to be a series of news, an event that already has its own news value cannot be presented just the way it is. There are many different perspectives from many different media too. The background of this research is the author’s interest to see the difference perspectives from two media which have the same background yet they have different way in presenting the same news. The two media that the author want to analyze are the national media which have their own characteristics. Those media are Kompas and Republika. In public, Kompas is more neutral than Republika since Republika tends to use Islamic ideology. The research is done by analyzing the news about Rohingya Moslems in Myanmar on May 2015 using the framing analysis model of Zhongdang Pan and Gerald M. Kosicki. Zhongdang Pan and Gerald M. Kosicki divided the framing devices into four parts. The first one is the syntactic structure which is done by analyzing the parts of news from the headline, lead, and information from the quote of interviewees. Second, the script structure, sees the way the journalists deliver the ordered news. Third, the thematic structure that is used to see the perspective of a journalist toward a case. From the news analysis in Kompas and Republika, the author can conclude that Kompas is one of the national newspaper which has high rating and the way it presents the news is simple, logic, and easy to be understood by the readers. Meanwhile, Republika is an islamic-based national newspaper which presents the news critically and logically. Based on the news in Republika media, it can be inferred that the presentment news about Rohingya Moslems, it does its framing by criticizing Myanmar’s government who does not want to be responsible for many Rohingya Moslemss who fled from the country. Meanwhile, the news about Rohingya moslems – Myanmar in Kompas discusses more about the humanity issues and also the movement from ASEAN in solving the problem Rohingya moslems in Myanmar. Keywords: Framing, Analysis Zhongdang Pan along with Gerald M. Kosicki Rohingya - Myanmar, Kompas, Republika
Effect of Trisindolina-5 Compound on Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) Proliferation in-Vitro
No full textCancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subset of cancer cells that have the abilities of normal stem cells. CSCs are cancer cell pioneers with self-renewal abilities that can cause CSCs to differentiate into several cancer cells. Because CSCs are resistant to conventional therapies, killing CSCs necessitates the use of a compound with powerful anticancer properties. Trisindoline has been shown to have powerful anticancer properties. Trisindoline has been synthesized into several modifications, the most recent of which is Trisindoline-5. The goal of this study is to find out what the IC50 value of Trisindoline-5 is. The cytotoxicity assay using Microculture Tetrazolium Technique Assay (MTT Assay) is used to determine IC50. The IC50 value of the Trisindoline-5 compound is 24.683 μM at 24 hours incubation, which classifies it as a medium cytotoxic compound, 17.067 μM at 48 hours incubation, which classifies it as a highly toxic compound, and 6497 μM at 72 hours incubation, which classifies it as a compound with no toxicity. While the IC50 value of doxorubicin is 1.611 μM after 24 hours, 2.334 μM after 48 hours, and 5.324 μM after 72 hours, it is classified as a compound with highly toxic activity
PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE TSTS (TWO STAY TWO STRAY) TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA KOMPETENSI DASAR MENERAPKAN MACAM-MACAM GERBANG DASAR RANGKAIAN LOGIKA DI SMKN 2 SURABAYA
No full textAbstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TSTS (Two Stay Two Stray) memberikan hasil lebih baik dibandingkan dengan model pembelajaran langsung pada kompetensi dasar gerbang logika di SMK Negeri 2 Surabaya, (2) mengetahui bagaimana keterlaksanaan pembelajaran dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TSTS (Two Stay Two Stray) pada kompetensi dasar gerbang logika di SMKN 2 Surabaya.
Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah jenis penelitian eksperimen.Sedangkan desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode Quasi Eksperiment Design (nonequivalent control group design). Analisis data menggunakan uji-t untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan model pembelajaran TSTS terhadap hasil belajar siswa.
Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan uji-t pre-test menunjukkan bahwa nilai thitung sebesar 0.590 < ttabel sebesar 1.99 Dari hasil tersebut didapat bahwa nilai thitung < ttabel, sehingga dapat diartikan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan sebelum diterapkan pembelajaran dengan model pembelajaran yang berbeda. Dari hasil perhitungan uji-t post-test menunjukkan bahwa thitung sebesar 2.75 > ttabel sebesar 1.99. Sehingga hipotesis Ho ditolak dan H1 diterima. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa hasil belajar siswa dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran TSTS lebih baik dari pada hasil belajar siswa yang menggunakan model pembelajaran langsung. Dari hasil perhitungan keterlaksanaan diperoleh hasil perhitungan observasi pertemuan pertama adalah 76,8% termasuk dalam kriteria baik, observasi pertemuan ke 2 adalah 80,6% dalam kriteria baik. Jadi hasil observasi penelitian mendapat nilai rata-rata sebesar 78,7% dan dapat disimpulkan bahwa rata-rata hasil keterlaksanaan penelitian tersebut baik dan dapat terlaksana.
Kata Kunci : TSTS, Model Pembelajaran Langsung, Hasil Belajar
Abstract
This research is aims to: (1) know the influence of used TSTS cooperative learning model giving better result to be compared with direct learning model on basic competence to apply various basic gate at SMKN 2 Surabaya, (2) know how perfomed learning by use TSTS cooperative learning model application in basic competence to apply various basic gate logic circuit in SMKN 2 Surabaya.
This research is using experiment research type. While this research design used Quasi Experimental Design method type. The data analysis used t-test to know the influence of using TSTS learning model to the student learning outcomes.
Based on arithmetic result on pre- test point out that tcount value is 0.590 with significant value 0.227, meanwhile the amount of t table is 1.99 with significant value 0.05. By that result is gotten that the value of t count < t table , so used to mean that has no distinctive significant before applied by learning with different learning model. By counting result on post-test point out that result of t-test one right side acquired value t count is 2.75 > t table is 1.99. So that Ho hypothesis is refused and H1 is accepted. Then the conclusion is student learning outcomes that using TSTS is better instead of that utilize direct learning model. By perfomed count result is gotten first meet observation count be 76,8% include in criterions well, second meet observation is 80,6% deep good criterions. Be due observation the research get average value amount of 78,7% and get to be concluded that average of performed research is good and gets performed.
Keywords : TSTS, direct learning model, learning outcom
