1,721,074 research outputs found
Inequality over the Past Century
Full text linkThe share of income received by the top 1 percent of earners varied markedly between 1900 and 2008 in 24 developed and developing economies. Moreover, the biggest earners changed as well. When the century began, the top 1 percent was dominated by capital owners. By the end of the century the hired hands—the top executives—shared with capital owners the highest part of the income distribution.Fil: Gonzalez Alvaredo, Facundo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin
Inequality over the Past Century
Full text linkThe share of income received by the top 1 percent of earners varied markedly between 1900 and 2008 in 24 developed and developing economies. Moreover, the biggest earners changed as well. When the century began, the top 1 percent was dominated by capital owners. By the end of the century the hired hands—the top executives—shared with capital owners the highest part of the income distribution.Fil: Gonzalez Alvaredo, Facundo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin
A Note on the Relationship between Top Income Shares and the Gini Coefficient
Full text linkWhen a very top group of the income distribution, infinitesimal in numbers, owns a finite share S of total income, the Gini coefficient G can be approximated by G⁎(1 − S)+S, where G⁎ is the Gini coefficient for the rest of the population. We provide a simple formal proof for this expression, give a general formula of the relationship when the top group is not infinitesimal, and offer two applications as illustrations.Fil: Gonzalez Alvaredo, Facundo. Universidad Torcuato Di Tella. Instituto "Torcuato Di Tella"; Argentina. University of Oxford; Reino Unido. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin
Actividad delictiva en un mundo ciber conectado : defraudación mediante el empleo de phishing: análisis dogmático, dificultades en su investigación, y necesidad de reforma legislativa
No full textFil: Alvaredo, Facundo Jesús. Universidad de San Andrés. Departamento de Derecho; Argentina.En el presente trabajo, se busca realizar un aporte que permita establecer una serie de criterios rectores que posibiliten interpretar jurídicamente la tipicidad de una conducta cuando, a través de la maniobra conocida como phishing, se ocasiona un perjuicio patrimonial a un tercero. En dicha línea, a su vez, se esbozará un análisis dogmático de dicha maniobra y se la intentará vincular con algunos de los tipos penales existentes en nuestro derecho sustantivo. También, en el desarrollo, se intentará ilustrar la importancia que reviste la circunstancia de contar con tipos penales específicos que contengan a la totalidad de las maniobras que comprenden al phishing. Todo lo anterior, a su vez, realizando una correcta tarea en lo referente a contemplar las dificultades que esta maniobra presenta en materia de investigación, circunscribiéndonos al caso concreto de lo que sucede en el territorio de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Por último, se intentará demostrar, a través de la legislación comparada y la historia reciente, diferentes técnicas legislativas que han logrado receptar a esta modalidad delictiva fraudulenta
Colonial Rule, Apartheid and Natural Resources: Top Incomes in South Africa 1903-2007
Full text linkThere have been important studies of overall income inequality and of poverty in South Africa. In this paper, we approach the subject from a different direction: the extent and evolution of top incomes. We present estimates of the shares in total income of groups such as the top 1 per cent and the top 0.1 per cent, covering, with gaps, more than a hundred years. In order to explain the observed dynamics, here we consider three factors: the transfer of political authority, racial discrimination, and the rich mineral resources. The estimates of top income shares for recent years bear out the picture of South Africa as a highly unequal country.Fil: Gonzalez Alvaredo, Facundo. Universidad Torcuato Di Tella. Instituto "Torcuato Di Tella"; Argentina. Ecole Normale Supérieure; Francia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Atkinson, Anthony B.. University of Oxford; Reino Unid
Colonial Rule, Apartheid and Natural Resources: Top Incomes in South Africa 1903-2007
Full text linkThere have been important studies of overall income inequality and of poverty in South Africa. In this paper, we approach the subject from a different direction: the extent and evolution of top incomes. We present estimates of the shares in total income of groups such as the top 1 per cent and the top 0.1 per cent, covering, with gaps, more than a hundred years. In order to explain the observed dynamics, here we consider three factors: the transfer of political authority, racial discrimination, and the rich mineral resources. The estimates of top income shares for recent years bear out the picture of South Africa as a highly unequal country.Fil: Gonzalez Alvaredo, Facundo. Universidad Torcuato Di Tella. Instituto "Torcuato Di Tella"; Argentina. Ecole Normale Supérieure; Francia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Atkinson, Anthony B.. University of Oxford; Reino Unid
The Challenge of Measuring UK Wealth Inequality in the 2000s
Full text linkThe concentration of personal wealth is now receiving a great deal of attention - after having been neglected for many years. One reason is the growing recognition that, in seeking explanations for rising income inequality, we need to look not only at wages and earned income but also at income from capital, particularly at the top of the distribution. In this paper, we use evidence from existing data sources to attempt to answer three questions: (i) What is the share of total personal wealth that is owned by the top 1 per cent, or the top 0.1 per cent? (ii) Is wealth much more unequally distributed than income? (iii) Is the concentration of wealth at the top increasing over time? The main conclusion of the paper is that the evidence about the UK concentration of wealth post-2000 is seriously incomplete and significant investment in a variety of sources is necessary if we are to provide satisfactory answers to the three questions.Fil: Gonzalez Alvaredo, Facundo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Paris School of Economics; Francia. Institute for New Economic Thinking; Reino UnidoFil: Atkinson, Anthony B.. Institute for New Economic Thinking; Reino Unido. Nuffield College; Reino UnidoFil: Morelli, Salvatore. Institute for New Economic Thinking; Reino Unido. Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II; Itali
Las rentas altas en España: Panorama histórico y evolución reciente
Full text linkEn este breve trabajo revisitamos la dinámica de la participación de los altos ingresos en la renta nacional en España desde 1933 hasta 2010, así como la de la distribución de la riqueza desde 1981 hasta 2007. Primero se presenta una síntesis de los resultados de un estudio anterior (Alvaredo y Saez, 2009 y 2010) para los años 1933-2005. Segundo, se ofrecen y se analizan nuevas estimaciones para los años 2006-2010. Tercero, se compara la experiencia española con la de otros países de Europa, Norteamérica, América Latina y Oceanía, cuyos datos actualizados provienen de la World Top Incomes Database. Por último, se discute la evolución reciente de los altos ingresos en el contexto de la política impositiva óptima y de la política fiscal del Gobierno durante los últimos años.In this short paper we focus on the dynamics of top income and wealth shares in the case of Spain in comparative perspective. First, we provide an overview of the results in Alvaredo and Saez (2009 and 2010) for the years 1933-2005. Second, we update the top share series for the years 2005-2010. Third, we place Spain in perspective by presenting new findings from the WTID. In particular, we provide updated top income series for the US, Europe and Japan, and Latin America. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings in the context of the fiscal responses given to the ongoing macroeconomic crisis, and the optimal tax policy.Fil: Gonzalez Alvaredo, Facundo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Nuffield College. Oxford; Reino Unido. Paris School of Economics; Franci
Income Inequality under Colonial Rule: evidence from French Algeria, Cameroon, Tunisia, and Vietnam and comparisons with the British Empire 1920-1960
Full text linkIn this article we assess income inequality across French and British colonial empires between 1920 and 1960. For the first time, income tax tabulations are exploited to assess the case studies of French Algeria, Tunisia, Cameroon, and Vietnam, which we compare to British colonies and dominions. As measured by top income shares, inequality was high in colonies. It fell after WWII, but stabilized at much higher levels than in mainland France or the United Kingdom in the 1950s. European settlers or expatriates comprised the bulk of top income earners, and only a minority of autochthons could compete in terms of income, particularly in Africa. Top income shares were no higher in settlement colonies, not only because those territories were wealthier but also because the average European settler was less rich than the average European expatriate. Inequality between Europeans in colonies was similar to (or even below) that of the metropoles. In settlement colonies, the post-WWII fall in income inequality can be explained by a fall in inequality between Europeans, mirroring that of the metropoles, and does not imply that the European/autochthon income gap was reduced.Fil: Gonzalez Alvaredo, Facundo. Paris School of Economics; Francia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Cogneau, Denis. Paris School of Economics; FranciaFil: Piketty, Thomas. Paris School of Economics; Franci
Measuring Top Incomes and Inequality in the Middle East: Data Limitations and Illustration with the Case of Egypt
Full text linkThis paper discusses the data limitations associated with the measurement of top incomes and inequality in the Middle East, with special emphasis to the case of Egypt. It has been noted that high inequality might have contributed to the Arab spring revolt movement. Some studies have argued however that measured inequality in Middle East countries is not particularly large by international standards, and that popular discontent mostly reflects the perceived level of inequality, and the perceived (un)fairness of the distribution. In this paper we review the evidence and present new estimates. We come with two main conclusions. First, data sources at the national level are insufficient to derive reliable estimates of top income shares in a country like Egypt(or in other Middle East countries). One would need reliable fiscal sources in order to make a precise comparison with other emerging or developed countries. Unfortunately, such sources are lacking in most of the region. Next, and irrespective of these uncertainties on within-country inequalities, there is no doubt that income inequality is extremely large at the level of the Middle East taken as whole-simply because regional inequality in per capita GNP is particularly large. According to our benchmark estimates, the share of total Middle East income accruing to the top 10% income receivers is currently 55% (vs. 48% in the United States, 36% in Western Europe, and 54% in South Africa). Under plausible assumptions, the top 10% income share could be well over 60%, and the top 1% share might exceed 25% (vs. 20% in the United States, 11% in Western Europe, and 17% in South Africa). Popular discontent might reflect the fact that perceptions about inequality and the (un)fairness of the distribution are determined by regional (and/or global) inequality, and not only on national inequality.Fil: Gonzalez Alvaredo, Facundo. Paris School of Economics; Francia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Piketty, Thomas. Paris School of Economics; Franci
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