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Metode Penerapan ‘Umum al-Balwa dalam Fikih Kontemporer
No full textJudul tesis ini adalah “Metode Penerapan‘Umum al-Balwa dalam Fikih Kontemporer. ”Masalah pokok dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana hakikat ‘umumal-balwa dalam kajian usul fikih, bagaimana metode penerapan dan batasan-batasan ‘umum al-balwa, bagaiamana pengaruh ‘umum al-balwa dalam fikih kontemporer. Deskripsi tersebut lahir dari berbagai fenomena yang cukup dilematis, dapat dilihat, dicermati dan di analisis dalam dinamika kehidupan masyarakat, khususnya yang terkait dengan pembebanan hukum (taklif) yang menyulitkan manusia, baik itu dalam masalah ibadah, maupun dalam masalah muamalah.
Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan kualitatif deskriptif. Adapun sumber data bersifat penelitian kepustakaan (library research). Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah teologis normatif. Sedangkan teknik pengolahan dan analisis data dengan analisis kritis.
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa hakikat ‘umum al-balwa adalah bencana umum yang sulit dihindari oleh mukallaf karena bersifat merata dan sering terjadi, sehingga mukallaf sangat membutuhkan untuk mengerjakan perintah Syari’ tidak dengan cara yang sempurna, atau meninggalkan larangan Syari’tidak dengan cara yang sempurna, bahkan meninggalkan perintah Syari’ dan mengerjakan larangan Syari’. Karena mukallaf akan mendapatkan kesulitan ketika mengerjakan perintah atau meninggalkan larangan tersebut dengan cara yang sempurna. Umum al-balwa adalah kondisi yang sarat dengan kesukaran, terulangnya kondisi, dan kebutuhan yang tak terelakkan, sehingga menjadi penyebab dispensasi hukum.
Memahami ‘umum al-balwa akan membuat seorang cendikia menjadi lebih arif dalam menyimpulkan jawaban hukum tanpa mengabaikan teks-teks syariat beserta maksud-maksudnya. Ahli hukum pada sisi lain dituntut untuk lebih bijakdalam menjawab problematika ummat, terutama yang menyangkut kebutuhan publikdan susah dihindari, sebagai pengamalan dari kaidah “sesuatu yang merupakan bencana umum akan diringankan persoalannya” ma ‘ammat baliyyatuhu khaffat qadiyyatuhu
PRINSIP KESEIMBANGAN HAK DAN KEWAJIBAN SUAMI ISTRI DAN PENYESUAIANNYA DENGAN BUDAYA LOKAL MENURUT HUKUM ISLAM
No full textThis study reveals the urgency of adjusting the rights and obligations of husband and wife to the local culture by using the principle of impartiality and obligation as a barometer of adjustment. The problem studied is the nature of rights and obligations in Islamic law discourse; local cultural relations with the rights and obligations of husband and wife in sharia texts; and the pattern of application of the principle of impartiality and the obligations of husband and wife. The data collection technique used is a literature study. The data were analyzed using lughawiyyah and istislahiyyah theories. This study concludes that the rights and obligations of husband and wife are not something rigid, but something flexible that can be adapted to local culture while maintaining the principle of equality and the obligations of husband and wife.Kajian ini mengungkap urgensi penyesuaian hak & kewajiban suami istri dengan budaya lokal dengan menggunakan asas berimbanghak & kewajiban sebagai barometer penyesuaian. Masalah yang dikaji adalah hakikat hak &kewajiban dalam diskursus hukum Islam; relasi budaya lokal dengan hak & kewajiban suami istri dalam teks-teks syariah; &pola penerapan asas berimbanghak & kewajiban suami istri. Di sini data dianalisis dengan mengunakan teori lughawiyyah & istislahiyyah. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahwa hak & kewajiban suami istri bukan sesuatu yang rigid, melainkan sesuatu yang fleksibel yang dapat disesuaikan dengan budaya lokal dengan tetap menjaga asas berimbanghak & kewajiban suami istri
KEDUDUKAN IZIN ISTRI DALAM POLIGAMI: Analisis Teori Perubahan Hukum dengan Perubahan Sosial
Full text linkWife's permission for polygamy is not a requirement in classical fiqh. The Compilation of Islamic Law and the Marriage Law in Indonesia makes a previous wife's permission a condition for polygamy. Therefore, the wife's permission requirement is a condition resulting from the ijtihad process of Indonesian scholars which is adapted to the social and cultural structure in Indonesia. This research is expected to be a consideration for legal changes that support the principle of open monogamy in Indonesia. This study concludes that through an analysis of the theory of legal change with social change, even though the wife's permission in the classical period was not a requirement for polygamy, the wife's permission in the modern context must be used as a condition for polygamy permission. Changes in the social structure from a patriarchal culture that places the wife as the husband's subordinate to a social structure that places the wife as the husband's partner requires a change in the position permitted by the wife in polygamy. The wife's permission which is only used as a complementary requirement, an administrative requirement (min syuru>t} al-kama>l) can turn into a legal condition for polygamous marriage (min syuru>t} al-s}ihhah).This is due to the consideration that polygamy which does not get the consent of the previous wife in the context of modern culture which places the wife as the husband's partner, can bring successive losses to the rights of the wife and children born from a polygamous marriage. Polygamy without the wife's permission causes it to be considered illegal by the state. The implication is that the interested parties will not be able to claim their rights in the futur
The Urgency of Maqāshid al-Syarīah in Strengthening Religious Moderation in Aceh
Full text linkUnderstanding religion (fiqh al-din) is more specific than just knowing religion (al-'ilm bi al-din). Understanding religion will not be realized except by knowing the content and secrets of religion. The science that includes understanding the intentions contained in religious texts is in the study of maqāshid. Among the ways to produce a moderate understanding is to combine particular texts (nashus juz'iyyah) with global intentions (maqāshid kulliyyah). Then the principle that is used as the basis for understanding the text is to look at the difference in meaning in worship and muamalah and distinguish between fixed goals (maqāshid) and changing means (wasīlah). As a sharia area, minorities live in peace in Aceh, there is no conflict between Muslims and non-Muslims. However, the problem has occurred in the internal circles of Muslims in the last ten years as a result of the religious understanding of the Acehnese Muslims. Therefore, it is necessary to look at the concept of moderation in Islamic studies and how urgent the maqāshid al-syarīah approach is to strengthening religious moderation in Aceh. This research is field research with qualitative methods, while the data analysis uses descriptive-analytic with the maqāshid al-syarīah approach. The results show that religious moderation in Islamic studies is not a new thing, known as wasathiyah al-Islām. Then there are not a few who think that the internal moderation of Muslims in Aceh has not been going well and there is still a need for further strengthening and socialization related to religious moderation.Memahami agama (fiqh al-dīn) lebih khusus dari sekedar mengetahui agama (al-‘ilm bi al-dīn). Memahami agama tidak akan terealisasi kecuali dengan mengetahui kandungan dan rahasia agama. Ilmu yang mencakup memahami maksud-maksud yang ada dalam teks agama ada dalam kajian ilmu maqāshid. Di antara cara untuk menghasilkan pemahaman yang moderat adalah dengan menggabungkan antara teks (nash) yang partikular (juz’iyyah) dengan maksud global (maqāshid kulliyyah). Kemudian prinsip yang dijadikan landasan memahami teks adalah dengan melihat perbedaan makna dalam ibadah dan muamalah, dan membedakan antara tujuan (maqāshid) yang tetap dengan sarana (wasīlah) yang berubah. Sebagai daerah syariat, minoritas hidup tenang di Aceh, tidak ada konflik antara muslim dan non-muslim. Namun persoalannya justru terjadi di kalangan internal umat Islam dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir sebagai akibat dari pemahaman keagamaan umat Islam Aceh. Oleh karena itu perlu dilihat bagaimana konsep moderasi dalam kajian keislaman dan bagaimana urgensi pendekatan maqāshid al-syarīah dalam penguatan moderasi beragama di Aceh. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan (field research) dengan metode kualitatif, adapun analisis data menggunakan deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan maqāshid al-syarīah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa moderasi beragama dalam kajian keislaman ternyata bukanlah suatu hal yang baru, yang dikenal dengan wasathiyah al-islam. Kemudian tidak sedikit yang menganggap moderasi internal umat Islam di Aceh belum berjalan dengan baik dan masih perlu adanya penguatan dan sosialisasi lebih lanjut terkait moderasi beragama
The Urgency of Fiqh Rules Regarding Differences in Eid al-Adha Determination in Indonesia
Full text linkVariations in Eid al-Adha determination is due to the differences in ascertaining the beginning of the Islamic month of Zulhijjah. Furthermore, the discrepancies in establishing the beginning of the Zulhijjah month are due to differences in maţla, which is the location where the new moon appears, as well as variations in the reckoning and ru'yah methods. A qualitative method was used for evaluating, characterizing, and exposing its findings. The method of data collection was literature review, which aims to investigate the origins of differences and discover a compromise solution to decrease or eradicate these variations, or at least to comprehend those that cannot be eliminated. The results showed variations in the location from which the new moon is viewed as well as the methodologies used lead to differences in establishing the beginning of the Zulhijjah month. This leads to differences in the schedule of holidays. Therefore, determining the beginning of the Zulhijjah month needs to be carried out by the leader of the jurisdiction or legal area. There are also disparities in holiday determination due to differences in jurisdictions which cannot be avoided. Hence, the government's decision of one jurisdictional area can remove discrepancies in its territory ḥukm al-ḥākim yarfa'u al-khilāf.
Perbedaan penetapan hari raya Idul Adha disebabkan oleh perbedaan penetapan awal bulan Zulhijjah. Perbedaan penetapan awal bulan Zulhijjah disebabkan oleh perbedaan mat}la’ (tempat terbit hilal) dan perbedaan metode hisab dan metode ru’yah. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dalam menganalisis, menjelaskan, menguraikan dan mengungkap hasil penelitian. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah studi kepustakaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelusuri penyebab perbedaan dan mencari solusi jalan tengah mengurangi atau bahkan menghilangkan perbedaan, minimal memahami perbedaan yang tidak bisa dihindari. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa perbedaan posisi tempat melihat hilal dan perbedaan metode menyebabkan perbedaan penentuan awal bulan Zulhijjah yang menyebabkan perbedaan waktu hari raya. Oleh karena itu, penentuan awal bulan Zulhijjah harus dikembalikan kepada pemimpin wilayah yurisdiksi (wilayah hukum) dan Indonesia merupakan satu kesatuan wilayah yurisdiksi yang tidak terpisahkan. Perbedaan penetapan hari raya yang disebabkan oleh perbedaan wilayah yurisdiksi seperti perbedaan antar negara adalah perbedaan yang merupakan keniscayaan yang tidak bisa dihindari. Perbedaan di satu wilayah yurisdiksi dikembalikan kepda keputusan pemerintah, karena keputusan pemerintah satu wilayah yuridiksi dapat menghilangkan perbedaan dalam wilayahnya, bedasarkan kaidah fiqh: h}ukmu al-h}a>kim yarfa’u al-khila>f
Implication of Local Wisdom in Islamic Law Compilation Legislation
Full text linkThe approach of compromise with local customs (al-‘urf al-khāṣ) in formulation of KHI especially to anticipate the formulation of legal values which is not found in special nas (Koran and Hadits). While the values of the law has grown and evolved as an indigenous norm in the customs of Indonesian society. In addition, the practical level of local customs values that bring goodness and harmony in community life.The possibility of approaching compromise with local customs is not limited to the adoption of local culstoms law values to be adopted and made into Islamic legal provisions, the compromise approach includes also integrating the development of existing Islamic legal values with local customs legal values . The goal is making the provisions of Islamic law more closer to the value of life awareness in society (living law). This kind of methode can be expressed in a phrase: “Islamizing local customs and simultaneously bringing Islamic law into the local customs”
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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