1,720,956 research outputs found
Liquidation of Public Joint Stock Companies: Between Company Law and Insolvency Law under the Amended Company Law No. (20) Of 2023
Get PDFالأهداف: تتمثّل أهداف هذا البحث بدراسة التفاعل المتوقَّع حدوثه بين قانون الإعسار وقانون الشركات في ضوء القانون المُعدّل لقانون الشركات رقم (20) لسنة 2023، الذي يستهدف إقامة الانسجام بين القانونَين. ولا شكّ أن قانون الإعسار يسمو على قانون الشركات عند تداخل تطبيق كل منهما، وهو ما كرّسَه القانون المُعدِّل. فكان لا بُدَّ من دراسة أثر هذا السموّ ومعرفة أبعاده عندما يتعلّق الأمر بتصفية الشركة المساهمة العامة.
المنهجية: لقد جرى توظيف المنهج الوصفي التحليلي؛ حيث تمَّ اللجوء إليه لتوضيح آلية تطبيق أنواع التصفيات المذكورة في قانون الشركات وتلك المذكورة في قانون الإعسار.
النتائج: لقد توصّلت الدراسة إلى أن التناغم التشريعي المنشود من هذا التعديل لا يصل إلى حدّ التمام؛ فحرمان وكيل عام إدارة قضايا الدولة من طلب إشهار الإعسار وكذلك المحكمة من إشهار الإعسار من تلقاء ذاتها يُشكّلان عائقاً أمام تحقيق الأهداف المرجوّة من قانون الإعسار. كما توصّلت إلى أن منح مراقب عام الشركات الصفة في طلب التصفية الإجبارية بالاستناد إلى قانون الشركات في حال عَجِزَت الشركة عن الوفاء بالتزاماتها لا يجد له مبرراً في ظل إعطائه الصفة في طلب إشهار الإعسار بالاستناد إلى قانون الإعسار عند وقوع الشركة في هذا الوضع.
الخلاصة: وخلصت الدراسة إلى ضرورة إعطاء الصفة بطلب إشهار الإعسار إلى وكيل إدارة قضايا الدولة . كما خلصت إلى ضرورة إلغاء اللجوء إلى آلية التصفية الإجبارية عندما تعجز الشركة عن الوفاء بالتزاماتها. هذا إلى أن الدراسة خلصت إلى حظر اللجوء إلى التصفية الإجبارية إذا بَلَغَت خسائر الشركة 75% من رأس مالها المكتتب به وهي خاضعة لإجراء من إجراءات قانون الإعسار.Objectives: This study aims to explore the interaction between the Insolvency Law and the Companies Law in light of Law no. (20) of 2023 amending the latter, whose object is to establish harmony between the two legislations. In fact, the Insolvency Law has primacy over the Companies Law when their respective scopes overlap. Thus, we have to study the impact of this primacy and know its dimensions when it comes to liquidating the public joint stock company.
Methods: The descriptive and analytical approach was employed. The scope of application of liquidatitoins provided in the Companies Law and in the Insolvency Law was clarified.
Results: This study concluded that the harmony expected from this amendment could not reach its full extent. Indeed, depriving the civilian public agent of state cases from requesting the insolvency, and the Court from declaring the insolvency on its own, constitute an obstacle to reach the pursued harmony. Moreover, the general controller of companies should be prevented from requesting compulsory liquidation, when a company is unable to fulfill its obligations.
Conclusions: The civilian public agent of state cases should have the ability of requesting the declaration of insolvency of a public joint stock company. In addition, the study recommends to exclude resorting to the compulsory liquidation when the company is unable to fulfill its obligations. Moreover, resorting to compulsory liquidation is prohibited if the company’s losses reach 75% of its subscribed capital while it is subject to one of the insolvency law procedures
The new Jordanian insolvency law: between the philosophy of modification and the legislative reality
Get PDFلقد حاولت هذه الدراسة تسليط الضوء على الفلسفة التي بُني عليها قانون الإعسار الأردني رقم (21) لسنة (2018). وتتمحور حول توضيح الأهداف التي يسعى هذا القانون إلى تحقيقها وبيان المبادئ التي ارتكز عليها من أجل الوصول إليها. وقد تبيّن من خلالها أن قانون الإعسار يسعى إلى تحقيق هدف رئيس يتمثّل في الإبقاء على النشاط الاقتصادي إذا كان قابلاً للحياة. وبالوصول إلى هذا الهدف فإن أهدافاً أخرى تتحقّق منها: المحافظة على توازن الاقتصاد في الدولة، والمحافظة على الوظائف المرتبطة بوجود النشاط الاقتصادي، والمحافظة على حقوق الدائنين بفئاتهم المختلفة. ولقد سعت الدراسة إلى الكشف عن نقاط الاختلاف الجوهرية والثانوية التي تُميّز قانون الإعسار عن الإفلاس الذي كان مقنناً في قانون التجارة وذلك في الكتاب الرابع الذي يحمل عنوان " الصلح الواقي والإفلاس"، من خلال بيان المبادئ التي يقوم عليها الإفلاس وضرورة استبدالها بمبادئ قانون الإعسار التي تتلافى الانتقادات التي وُجّهَت إليها. وكذلك فقد انتهت هذه الدراسة إلى أن المشرع الأردني قد ضخّم دورَ وكيل الإعسار واعتبره مفتاح الحل لكل التحديات التي تواجه المشاريع الاقتصادية، في حين أن بعض المهام المناطة به لا تتناسب مع مركزه القانوني أو تأهيله المهني. لذا فإن التحرّز من الوقوع في هذا الركون المبالغ به إلى وكيل الإعسار يُشكّل التوصية الأبرز التي يُمكن تقديمها للمشرع الأردني. وقد عَمِدَت هذه الدراسة إلى الاستعانة بالتشريع والفقه المقارَن من أجل استجلاء إرادة المشرع الأردني وإدراك الحِكمة التشريعية الكامنة وراء التحوّل من الإفلاس إلى الإعسار بسبب السَّبْق الذي يتمتع به هذا التشريع المقارَن في هذا المجال القانوني. وأخيراً، وللوصول إلى الغايات المرجوّة من هذه الدراسة فقد جرى توظيف المنهج الوصفي والمنهج التحليليThis study focuses on the philosophy on which the Jordanian insolvency law no (21) of (2018) is based. It emphasizes on the objectives that this law aims to realize in addition to clarify the dedicated principals allowing to achieve its goals. It turned out that the insolvency law aims to achieve a main goal consisting of the safeguard of the enterprise if it were viable. In doing so, other objectives would be reached such as: maintaining an economic balance in the country, retention of jobs which prevents deepening unemployment, protecting the different categories of creditors. In addition, this study sought to expose the points of agreement and divergence between the abolished bankruptcy regime, which was codified in the current law of commerce under the title of judicial arrangements and bankruptcy in Book 4, and the new insolvency law, by highlighting the principals on which bankruptcy relied on, and the necessity to replace them with new ones brought by the insolvency law, leading to avoid criticism addressed to them. It concludes that insolvency agent is entrusted with a huge role in the context of insolvency proceedings. As a result, such a role should be rationalized in some cases, so that his functions could be suitable to his legal status and his professional qualification. Moreover, this study relied on the use of comparative legislation and jurisprudence in order to clarify the will of the Jordanian legislator, and realize the purpose pursued by switching from bankruptcy to insolvency, thanks to its earlier transition to that institution. Finally, in order to reach its purposes, the study has employed the descriptive approach and the analytical one
Arbitrage commercial international et politiques étatiques en matière commerciale : l'exemple du droit de la concurrence
Get PDFThis study aims to delimit the intensity of the engagement of arbitrators in protecting state interests when it comes to commercial disputes. These interests will be studied under the title of policies because the arbitrator will be enforced sometimes to make an interest prevail over another and the latter will be considered as a policy that deserve a protection. Therefore, we will try to look at the policies that arbitrator cannot scarify and the others that he can do scarify.In one hand, there are some zones that arbitrator must respect without having the possibility to evaluate, which will lead us to examine the question of arbitrability. In the other hand, there are many zones where he can impose his own appreciation. In order to strengthen his position the arbitrator will not hesitate to refer to international law if he chooses to not take into account a national law.The absence of precise rules governing arbitration results in controversial doctrinal positions on the interaction between arbitration and state policies. We will try to clarify these positions and drew the consequences of this situation.Despite the internationality of the arbitration, the national law and the national judge are indispensable for the success of the arbitration. That is to say that the arbitrator is required to pay attention to the policies of the states and decide how he will not ignore them. The states, in return, must put their trust in the arbitrator and rely on him to successfully meet the challenge of state policies.Il est admis que l’arbitrage international est impliqué dans l’assurance des politiques étatiques. Les droits nationaux contiennent des dispositions édictées en vue de protéger les intérêts étatiques et l’arbitre se trouve souvent amené à se prononcer sur une question qui met en jeu ces intérêts. Une telle opération n’est envisageable que si la matière en question est arbitrable. La question qui se pose est celle de savoir quelles sont les limites de l’arbitre dans la protection et l’assurance des politiques étatiques. En réalité plusieurs branches du Droit ont pour finalité d’assurer les politiques étatiques. A titre d’exemple, le droit de la propriété intellectuelle, le droit des sociétés, le droit de l’investissement et le droit de la concurrence peuvent être cités. Ce dernier constitue une bonne illustration des politiques étatiques. En effet, quand l’arbitre se charge de la mise en œuvre du droit de la concurrence, il est en train d’assurer le respect des politiques étatiques de l’Etat concerné.De ce fait, l’interaction entre l’arbitrage international et les ordres juridiques est devenue une réalité. Cette réalité procède de l’arbitrabilité des matières relevant de l’ordre public des Etats. Certains d'entre eux reconnaissent l’arbitrabilité des litiges intéressant l’ordre public comme le droit de la concurrence. D'autres n’acceptent pas que l’arbitre tranche ce type de litiges.La question de l’arbitrabilité objective nous conduit à étudier les différentes interactions entre l’arbitrage international et les politiques étatiques. Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous nous livrerons à l'étude des manifestations de cette interaction et des limites que l’arbitre doit considérer, du fait que la matière assurant des politiques étatiques, y compris le droit de la concurrence, n'est pas entièrement sujette à l’arbitrage
International Commercial Arbitration and State Policies in Commercial Matters : The Example of Competition Law
No full textIl est admis que l’arbitrage international est impliqué dans l’assurance des politiques étatiques. Les droits nationaux contiennent des dispositions édictées en vue de protéger les intérêts étatiques et l’arbitre se trouve souvent amené à se prononcer sur une question qui met en jeu ces intérêts. Une telle opération n’est envisageable que si la matière en question est arbitrable. La question qui se pose est celle de savoir quelles sont les limites de l’arbitre dans la protection et l’assurance des politiques étatiques. En réalité plusieurs branches du Droit ont pour finalité d’assurer les politiques étatiques. A titre d’exemple, le droit de la propriété intellectuelle, le droit des sociétés, le droit de l’investissement et le droit de la concurrence peuvent être cités. Ce dernier constitue une bonne illustration des politiques étatiques. En effet, quand l’arbitre se charge de la mise en œuvre du droit de la concurrence, il est en train d’assurer le respect des politiques étatiques de l’Etat concerné.De ce fait, l’interaction entre l’arbitrage international et les ordres juridiques est devenue une réalité. Cette réalité procède de l’arbitrabilité des matières relevant de l’ordre public des Etats. Certains d'entre eux reconnaissent l’arbitrabilité des litiges intéressant l’ordre public comme le droit de la concurrence. D'autres n’acceptent pas que l’arbitre tranche ce type de litiges.La question de l’arbitrabilité objective nous conduit à étudier les différentes interactions entre l’arbitrage international et les politiques étatiques. Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous nous livrerons à l'étude des manifestations de cette interaction et des limites que l’arbitre doit considérer, du fait que la matière assurant des politiques étatiques, y compris le droit de la concurrence, n'est pas entièrement sujette à l’arbitrage.This study aims to delimit the intensity of the engagement of arbitrators in protecting state interests when it comes to commercial disputes. These interests will be studied under the title of policies because the arbitrator will be enforced sometimes to make an interest prevail over another and the latter will be considered as a policy that deserve a protection. Therefore, we will try to look at the policies that arbitrator cannot scarify and the others that he can do scarify.In one hand, there are some zones that arbitrator must respect without having the possibility to evaluate, which will lead us to examine the question of arbitrability. In the other hand, there are many zones where he can impose his own appreciation. In order to strengthen his position the arbitrator will not hesitate to refer to international law if he chooses to not take into account a national law.The absence of precise rules governing arbitration results in controversial doctrinal positions on the interaction between arbitration and state policies. We will try to clarify these positions and drew the consequences of this situation.Despite the internationality of the arbitration, the national law and the national judge are indispensable for the success of the arbitration. That is to say that the arbitrator is required to pay attention to the policies of the states and decide how he will not ignore them. The states, in return, must put their trust in the arbitrator and rely on him to successfully meet the challenge of state policies
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
