15 research outputs found
ANALISIS PENGARUH RPM PADA 600, 1000 DAN 1490 MESIN PEMECAH BATOK KELAPA SISTEM TEKANAN HORIZONTAL DUA SISI
No full textProses pemecahan hatok kelapa manual memakan waktu dan tenaga besar, sehingga dikembangkan mesin pemecah batok kelapa sistem tekanan horizontal dua sisi sebagai solusi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi RPM (600, 1000, dan 1490) pada mesin pemecah batok kelapa sistem tekanan horizontal dua sisi terhadap daya yang dibutuhkan, gaya tekan yang dihasilkan dan efisiensi kerja mesin. Pengujian dilakukan secara eksperimental menggunakan kelapa tua dengan sudut mata pisau tetap 15° dan waktu 30 detik, kemudian data digunakan untuk menghitung gaya tekan dan daya yang dihasilkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan RPM berpengaruh terhadap daya dan gaya yang dihasilkan. Pada RPM 600 diperoleh daya 228,9 W dengan gaya tekan 324,97 Ν. pada RPM 1000 daya meningkat menjadi 399,9 W dengan gaya tekan 902,64 Ν, sedangkan pada RPM 1490 daya mencapai 515 W dengan gaya tekan 2004,02 Ν. Peningkatan RPM juga berbanding lurus dengan produktivitas yaitu jumlah kelapa yang terpecah naik dari 6 menjadi 12 buah dalam 30 detik sehingga semakin tinggi RPM semakin besar daya dan gaya tekan yang dihasilkan serta kualitas pemecahan yang lebih baik
Digitization of the Weighing System and Stock Accounting in Kunda Sadam AS with Waybiller
No full textEuroopa Komisjonis vastu võetud Euroopa elektroonilise kaubaveoteabe määrus muudab Euroopa Liidu riikidele kohustuslikuks andmete digitaalse esitamise. Sellega seoses on asutud välja töötama riikidevahelist ühistele nõuetele ja regulatsioonidele vastavat andmeedastusplatvormi. Ettevõtetele soovitakse pakkuda ühtset, turvalist ja läbipaistvat tarneahela võrgustikku ning tõsta konkurentsivõimet.
Lõputöö „Kaalumissüsteemi ja laoarvestuse digitaliseerimine Kunda Sadam AS-s Waybilleri kaasusel“ eesmärk oli hinnata Kunda sadama autokaalude ühendamist Waybilleri laosüsteemiga. Eesmärgini jõudmiseks viis lõputöö autor esmalt läbi digitaalse kaalumise küsitluse koostööpartneritele, millele vastas 57 inimest. Küsimustiku tagasisidest selgus, et Waybilleri pakutav kaalumisrakendus on üsna mugav ja lihtne lahendus veose info ning andmete edastamiseks. Digitaalne süsteem aitab planeerida ja optimeerida vedajate arvu vastavalt kauba mahule ning suurendab tarneahela usaldust ja läbipaistvust. E-veoselehtede kasutamisega vähendatakse käsitsi tehtavaid vigu ja andmete kaotsiminekut. Peamisteks murekohtadeks olid Kunda sadamas kaalumisel pimedal ajal QR-koodi loetamatus ja interneti leviprobleemid ning neist tingitud viivitustele puudub varuplaan.
Klientidega läbi viidud intervjuude ja vaatluste käigus said Kunda sadama digitaalsele kaalumisele ja laosüsteemile ülemineku soovid peamiselt positiivse tagasiside. Mõisteti sadama soovi arengutega kaasa minna. Hinnati ettevõtte pingutusi partnerite toetamisel uuendustega harjumisel.
Laosüsteemi katsetuste käigus hinnati nii Kunda sadama valmisolekut kui ka Waybilleri sobivust laohalduse digitaalseks pidamiseks. Selleks käidi samm-sammult läbi kogu rakenduse pakutavad võimalused, alustades veoste veoks vajalikest algandmete saamisest ja sisestamisest. Algandmeteks peavad olema õiged lähte- ja sihtpunktid, mille külge on seotud kliendi valitud kaubaartiklid. Samuti oli oluline teada kauba mahtusid ja ladude või hoiuanumate mahutavust. Seejärel loodi teadaolevate algandmetega tellimused, veotellimused ja veoselehed, millega teostati testkaalumisi. Veoselehtede loomise, kaalumise ja lõpetamise käigus leiti nüansse, mis muudavad kasutamise osaliselt ebamugavaks ja aeganõudvaks. Lao loomisel oli võimalik teha kinnitusmärge „Kanna veoselehel olev kogus automaatselt sellesse lattu, kui üks valitud sortimentidest on veoselehel“, millega lähtekoha või sihtkoha külge kinnitatud kaubaartiklid kanti automaatselt määratud lattu. Samuti saavutati lõputöö ühe osana Kunda Sadam AS-le mahetoodangu käitlemisel kasutatava märgise „EE-ÖKO-03“ ametlik sertifikaat, mille alusel Waybilleris koostatud e-veoseleht võib olla lattu kaalumisel ja hoiustamisel alusdokument.
Uurimuse ja katsetuste põhjal oli lõputöö autori esimene ettepanek sadamale QR-koodidele valgustuse lisamine. See ei ole suur kulutus ning vähendab kaalumisel segadust ja asjatuid telefonikõnesid klienditeenindusele või ettevõtte töötajale. Teise soovitusena Waybillerile välja pakutud idee, kuidas lühendada autojuhtide veoselehtede koostamise jada. Näiteks tuua veoselehe „vastuvõtmise“ nupu alla nii kauba vastuvõtmine, allkirja lisamine (kui see on profiilis sisestatud) kui ka veoselehe kinnitamine, mis vähendaks käsklusi vähemalt nelja vajutuse võrra.
Kunda sadama arenguplaanid on teostatavad, kuid vajavad investeeringuid ja läbimõeldud digitaalse teekaardi loomist. Sellega saab kaardistada ettevõte soovid ja nende täitmiseks vajaminevad kulud. Teekaardi koostamisega saab anda partneritele ülevaate plaanitavatest muutustest, kuna juba jaanuarist 2024 on kaalumiste valikuid täiendatud ning edastada neile üleminekuperioodi võimalusi.
Lõputöös toodud uurimuse tulemused ja ettepanekud on eelkõige suunatud Kunda Sadam AS-i ja Waybiller OÜ vahelisele koostöö edendamisele. Koostatud töö annab eelduse ettepanekuid tulevikus põhjalikumalt edasi arendada ja leida teostamiseks sobivaid viise.The following thesis Digitization of the Weighing System and Stock Accounting in Kunda Sadam AS with Waybiller aims to assess where Kunda Sadam AS has reached with the digitalisation of data and services and what opportunities and digital services Waybiller OÜ offers for further developments.
The port of Kunda is one of seven Estonian ports, through which more than 1.5 million tons of goods per year are handled. The main items of export are paperwood, wood chips, wood pellets, peat, compost and agro-goods, on import rubble, clinker, lime, liquid chemistry, rapeseed oil and saw logs. The partners appreciate the port thanks to customer friendliness and high-quality customer service, fast loading service and high-quality storage service. On this basis, the company wishes to provide a secure supply chain for customers and to make the exchange of goods and information digital throughout the European Union in accordance with the Electronic Freight Transport Information Regulation (eFTI) adopted by the European Commission in 2020.
In order to complete the aim, the author of the thesis conducted a survey on digital weighing, and talked with the representatives of three partner companies, among whom were carriers, shippers and logistics managers. The survey was answered 57 times out of 307 governments and the responses showed that, if functioning, the system is convenient to use. The main problems highlighted were the potential issues with the Internet connection and poor readability of the QR code when weighing takes place in the dark, as it is located on a dark background. Interviews and surveys provided mainly positive feedback on the digital weighing of the port of Kunda and the transition to the digital warehouse system. The necessity of the port’s developments was understood, and the company’s efforts to support partners in getting used to innovations were appreciated.
As a result of Waybiller's experiments, it was understood that the digital system aids with the planning and optimization of the number of carriers according to the quantity of goods and increases the trustworthiness and transparency of the supply chain. The use of electronic delivery notes reduces manual errors and data loss. The transportation of goods within the company's internal territory with a digital application currently requires adaptation to the specific requirements of Kunda Sadam AS. The company's employees as well continue to need training for the usage of the digital systems.
The idea proposed to Waybiller as a recommendation is how to shorten the sequence of drawing up the drivers’ bill of lading, i.e. to bring under the reception button of the bill of lading both the receipt of the goods, the addition of a signature (if entered in the profile) and the approval of the bill of lading, which would reduce the commands by at least four presses.
The author's first proposal for the port is to add lighting to QR codes, which is a small expense that reduces confusion and unnecessary phone calls to the customer service or employees of the company. The second proposal is to start practicing the digital warehouse and weighing systems customer-by-customer in order to offer all parties a safe transition period. It is also recommended to create a digital roadmap for the company, stating the goals, objectives, planned timeline and funding
Los hijos de Husein. El Financiero, sección Cultura "Clicks a la distancia"
No full textNota sobre la divulgación en la prensa de las fotografías de los hijos asesinados de Sadam Husein. 2003
ANALISIS KEPEMIMPINAN DI INDONESIA DALAM MEMANAJEMEN SUATU PERUSAHAAN
No full textLeadership in Indonesia is a very relevant and interesting topic to research, considering that this country has a long and complex history in terms of political and organizational leadership. Since independence in 1945, Indonesia has been led by seven presidents, each with different characteristics and leadership styles. Each leader brought a vision and mission that influenced the direction of national policy and socio-political dynamics in society. In this study, the author used a literature review method. Literature research is a data collection technique that combines literature, books, notes, and reports related to the research topic. The ideal leadership model in Indonesia must be inclusive, adaptive, and focused on human development. Only with this kind of approach can leadership truly provide a positive and sustainable impact on society, organizations, and the nation as a whole. Leadership in Indonesia is a crucial aspect that affects various sectors of people's lives. The characteristics, styles, and challenges in leadership provide an overview of the complexity of a leader's role. This study shows that a participatory leadership style is more effective in improving organizational performance compared to an autocratic style. In addition, challenges such as socio-economic changes and bureaucracy need to be managed well so that leaders can carry out their duties effectively. The ideal leadership model must be able to accommodate the needs of society and be flexible in facing change
Penerapan metode field trip pada mata pelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial materi memahami koperasi Indonesia untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas IV Syu’aib MI Perwanida Blitar
No full textINDONESIA:
Metode karya wisata atau field trip yaitu cara mengajar yang dilaksanakan dengan mengajak siswa ke suatu tempat atau objek tertentu di luar sekolah untuk mempelajari atau menyelidiki sesuatu yang relevan dengan pelajaran. Berdasarkan observasi yang dilaksanakan pada siswa kelas IV Syu’aib di MI Perwanida Kota Blitar, jika dilihat dari kegiatan pembelajaran pada mata pelajaran IPS masih belum cukup optimal, terlihat pada saat diadakan ulangan harian, hal ini disebabkan guru cenderung menggunakan metode ceramah, maka untuk mengatasi hal tersebut diperlukan metode pembelajaran Field Trip agar pelaksanaan belajar efektif, satu metode yang bisa memaksimalkan waktu yang tersedia serta mampu “memaksa” siswa terus belajar walaupun tidak dalam proses pembelajaran di kelas, yang berupa penemuan langsung di lapangan.
Tujuan dari penerapan metode field trip pada mata pelajaran IPS materi memahami koperasi Indonesia adalah untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas IV Syu’aib MI Perwanida Blitar.
Penelitian ini berbentuk penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK). Yang terdiri dari dua siklus. Terdapat 3 tahap: perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan evaluasi. Penulis menggunakan teknik análisis deskriptif kualitatif.
Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan, wawancara, pemberian pertanyaan dan hasil tes kelas IV Syu’aib di MI Perwanida Kota Blitar, sudah tergolong valid. Yang meliputi data: pre-tes sebesar 54% atau sebanyak 16 siswa dari 30 peserta tes yang dinyatakan lulus. Sedangkan siswa yang gagal mencapai KKM di atas nilai 80 sebanyak 46% atau 14 siswa. Setelah dilakukan tindakan dengan menggunakan metode Field Trip selama dua siklus (3 kali pertemuan). Siklus I meningkat menjadi 86,7% atau sebanyak 26 siswa dari 30 peserta tes yang dinyatakan lulus, 4 gagal. Sedangkan pada siklus II 86,7% dinyatakan berhasil sama dengan siklus I. Ini menunjukkan siswa berhasil mempelajari materi memahami Koperasi Indonesia mata pelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial.
ENGLISH:
Field trips method that was implemented by teaching way by applying students into a certain place or object outside of school to learn or investigate something that was relevant to the lesson. Based on observations carried out at students class IV Shoaib MI Perwanida Blitar, when seen from the learning activities in social studies was still not quite optimal, visible when held daily tests, it was because teachers tended to use the lecture method, then to overcome this required learning methods of field Trip in order to get the implementation of effective learning, a method that can maximized the available time and be able to "force" students to continue and learn, although it was not in the learning process of classroom, like discoveries in the field.
The purpose of the field trip application method on social sciences subject was to understand the Indonesian cooperatives was to improve student learning outcomes of class IV Shoaib MI Perwanida Blitar.
This study formed a class action research (PTK). Which consisted of two cycles, there were 3 stages: planning, implementation, and evaluation. The author used descriptive qualitative analysis techniques.
Based on observation, interview, giving the results and questions of class IV Shoaib test in MI Perwanida Blitar, already as valid classified which included the data: pre-test by 54% or as many as 16 students of the 30 participants who passed the test. Meanwhile, students who failed to achieve the KKM were over 80 as many as 46% or 14 students. After the action was taken by using the method of Field Trip was as long as two cycles (3 meetings). First cycle increased to 86.7% or as many as 26 students of the 30 participants who passed the test, 4 failed. While on the second cycle 86.7% declared a success equal to the cycle I. It showed students successfully in learning the material of Indonesian cooperative understanding of social sciences subjects
Pengembangan Sistem Informasi Badan Usaha Milik Desa(Bumdes) Maju Rahayu Desa Jatinrunggo Menggunakan Odoo Berbasis Web Mobile
No full textAbstrak
Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) in Jatirunggo Village, Pringapus District, Semarang Regency are still manual. Some people do not know that there are Bumdes activities in Jatirunggo Village so planning needs to be done. An application that uses Internet services can be used by the public to obtain information and save time, so there is a need for a website application in Jatirunggo Village. The author designs and designs a mobile web-based Village Owned Enterprise information system using a website builder in the form of Odoo because it is considered very effective in designing information systems. Apart from that, the author also uses a computer along with supporting village information data obtained from BUMDes administrators. With the village's mobile web-based company information system, it is hoped that this will make it easier to obtain information and improve internal business marketing services in Jatirunggo Village which are managed by BUMDes.
Keywords: Information system; BUMDes; WebMobile
Abstrak
Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes) di Desa Jatirunggo Kecamatan Pringapus Kabupaten Semarang masih bersifat manual. Sebagian masyarakat belum mengetahui bahwa terdapat kegiatan Bumdes di Desa Jatirunggo sehingga perlu dilakukan perencanaan. Sebuah aplikasi yang menggunakan layanan Internet dapat digunakan masyarakat untuk memperoleh informasi dan dapat menghemat waktu, sehingga diperlukan adanya aplikasi website di Desa Jatirunggo. Penulis merancang dan merancang sistem informasi Badan Usaha Milik Desa berbasis mobile web dengan menggunakan website bulder berupa Odoo karena dianggap sangat efektif dalam perancangan sistem informasi, Selain itu penulis juga menggunakan computer berserta data-data pendukung informasi desa yang didapatkan dari pengurus BUMDes. Dengan adanya sistem informasi perusahaan berbasis mobile web milik desa Diharapkan hal ini dapat mempermudah mendapatkan informasi dan meningkatkan pelayanan internal Pemasaran usaha yang ada di Desa Jatirunggo yang dikelola oleh BUMDes.
Kata Kunci: Sistem informasi; BUMDes; Web Mobil
PENYIMPANGAN AJARAN MA'HAD AL-ZAYTUN TERHADAP HUKUM ISLAM
No full textThis paper explains the Deviations of Ma'had Al-Zaytun's Teachings Against Islamic Law, where the activity is in a ma'had or pondok in Indramayu, Central Java. During the leadership of Prof. Dr. KH. Abdusallam Rasyidi Panji Gumilang has recently reaped a lot of controversy because the teachings applied at the education center are contrary to Islamic religious laws or teachings, such as the prayer rows that are spaced apart and the mixing of male and female rows, Hajj can be carried out in Indramayu, adheres to Bung Karno's and Ma'had's understandings also say that sins can be redeemed with money. It also describes rebuttals regarding teachings in Al-Zaytun which are considered deviant and far from Islamic values and law. to discuss related to deviant teachings in ma'had Al-Zaytun that are contrary to Islamic religious law, and the author will also look for what are the factors that underlie the ma'had carrying out teachings that are not in accordance with religious law or Islamic Shari'a which should
Author Correction: Development of a dual point humidity sensor using POF based on twisted fiber structure
No full textPhysiological and molecular responses to high, chilling, and freezing temperature in plant growth and production: consequences and mitigation possibilities
No full textTemperature is the main factor that determines the geographical distribution of plants both in the context of altitudinal and latitudinal gradients. Temperature is a primary physical factor affecting the rate of plant growth and development in all the species across different regimes. Prolonged extreme temperatures, either temperatures below and above certain thresholds during critical periods of developmental stages, have severe consequences on plant productivity and grain quality. In addition to flowering time, low temperature (LT) causes short hypocotyls and compact rosettes, and higher temperature causes lower viability of pollens and anthers, thereby causing severe economic losses. It alters the plant metabolism, and this short-/long-term modulation after exposure to high temperature (HT), low temperature (LT), and freezing temperature (FT) affects the important macromolecules (DNAs, protein) and super molecules (membranes, chromosomes). To combat the adversities of extreme temperature antioxidants activities, photosynthetic assimilate transport and heat shock proteins (HSPs) activation causes direct and indirect acclimation, thus protecting plants and enhancing plant growth and productivity. The responses of plants under temperature fluctuations have been widely investigated; however, in-depth studies related to adaptive responses of the plant at the molecular and physiological level are still lacking. Plants acquire resistance to every single degree increase/decrease in temperature by modulating genetic makeup and underlying key physiological processes. This chapter aims to document parallel-in-time changes during extreme temperature, and exploring new advancement in biotechnological tools to enhance plant tolerance at the genomic level, which could lead to the generation of new resistant/tolerant varieties with sustainable yield and production. Therefore, in this chapter, we underline and summarize the recent progress in the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses as tolerance mechanisms under HT, LT, and FT. Moreover, some mitigation approaches, such as QTLs, GWAS, MAS, PGRs, and plant leaf extracts, are also discussed in detail. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved
The formation of visitation costs in Estonian commerial ports
No full textKäesoleva lõputöö eesmärgiks oli koostada ülevaade Eesti kaubasadamate sadamakülastuse maksumuse kujunemist, seejuures näidata ära ka, kui suure osa laevakülastuse maksumusest moodustavad riiklikud lootsitasud ja veeteetasu erinevate laevatüüpide ja –suuruste korral. Autor koostas ülevaate nelja võimalikult reaalse näite abil ning võrdles saadud tulemusi teiste Uus-Hansa olulisimate kaubasadamate omadega. Empiirilise osa kirjutamise jaoks lõi autor Microsoft Exceli keskkonda sadamakülastuse maksumuse arvutamise kalkulaatori, mis näitab ära kõik konkreetses sadamas võetavad tasud ning nende suurused ja kogumaksumuse. Selgus, et vaadeldud viiest kaubasadamast kolmel- Muuga, Sillamäe ja Vene-Balti sadamal, oli sarnane sadamatasude struktuur. Samal ajal võetakse Kunda ja Pärnu sadamas teistest erinevalt näiteks kanalitasu, lisaks Kundas veel ka kaitasu ning Pärnu sadamas külastustasu. Viimased nimetatud tasud on selgelt seotud sadama iseärasustega. Oluline on ka asjaolu, et ainsana Pärnu sadamas võetakse sildumistasu laeva mõõtmete, mitte kogumahutavuse järgi. Autor jõudis järeldusele, et Eesti kaubasadamates oleks võimalik luua ühist sadamatasude struktuuri, kuid esmalt peaksid sadamad jõudma ühisele arusaamisele, millistel alustel (kas siis laeva kogumahutavuse või laeva mõõtmete järgi) tasusid määrata. Seejärel peaksid sadamad kokku leppima, millised tasud jäävad sadamakülastuse maksumuse arvutamiseks alles ning tegema ümberarvutusi sadamatasude määrade osas, et kõik tehtavad kulud siiski kaetud saaksid. Eesti kaubasadamad on käesolevas lõputöös erilised tänu sellele, et ainsana on sadamakülastuse üheks oluliseks osaks ka riiklikud sadamatasud – lootsi- ja veeteetasu. Uurides lähemalt nelja sadamakülastuse näidet, selgus, et riiklike sadamatasude suuruse osatähtsus jääb vahemikku 23% - 33%. Tegu on küll märkimisväärselt ligi kolmandikuga kogu sadamakülastuse maksumusest, kuid autor leiab, et Eesti geograafilise asukoha tõttu on riiklike sadamatasude olemasolu vajalik, et tagada meresõiduohutus ning selline osatähtsus ei ole viinud Eesti sadamaid teiste Uus-Hansa kaubasadamate konkurentsist välja. Võrreldes sadamakülastuse maksumusi omavahel, sai selgeks, et konkurents Eesti kaubasadamates on küllaltki tihe. Esimese näite puhul, kus autor arvutas teravilja ekspordiks kasutatava kuivlastilaeva MV Tanja sadamakülastuse maksumust, oli konkurents kõige teravam, kuid odavaimaks variandiks osutus laeva suunamine Vene-Balti sadamasse. Ka ümarpuidu ekspordil ja graniitkillustiku impordil kuivlastilaevaga osutus kõige soodsamaks valikuks suunata laev just Vene-Balti sadamasse. Vaid vedelkütuste impordi näites oli sadamakülastuse maksumus kõige madalam Pärnu sadamas. Samas tänu tihedale konkurentsile, ei saa sadamad tõsta sadamatasusid teistest oluliselt kõrgemale ning see hoiab Eesti kaubasadamaid stabiilselt konkurentsis ka teiste Uus-Hansa sadamate hulgas. Sadamatasud ei ole aga ainsaks aspektiks, mida kaubaomanikud sadamat valides arvestavad. Väga oluliseks on Eesti väikse pindala tõttu vahemaa lähte- või sihtkoha ning sadama vahel ehk teisisõnu maanteetranspordi maksumus. Kui sadamad asuvad kaubaomanikust samal kaugusel, on järgmiseks oluliseks asjaoluks sadamas pakutavate teenuste olemasolu ja kvaliteet. Selleks aga et sadam suudaks pakkuda kvaliteetseid teenuseid on tarvis hoida sadamakülastuse maksumus piisavalt kõrgel, kuid konkurentsivõimelisel tasemel.Many ports have been built in Estonia throughout history, the biggest of which can provide services to vessels with significant amount of cargo. Today the most important commercial ports in Estonia are Muuga Harbour, Port of Sillamäe, Port of Pärnu, Port of Kunda Port and Vene-Balti Port. All these ports have numerous similarities, but the main difference is in the cost of the port visitation. The theme of the thesis “The formation of visitation costs in Estonian commercial ports” is chosen due to the author’s personal interest towards the area. The main goal of the thesis is to compile a survey how the port visitation costs are formed in Estonian commercial ports, by indicating the formation of the pilotage dues and the waterway dues in case of different vessel types and sizes. One of the results of the thesis is the comparison of dues in Estonian commercial ports with the dues in other New-Hanseatic commercial ports. In the theoretical part the author gives an overview of all New-Hanseatic commercial ports included in the sample such as Muuga Harbour, Port of Sillamäe, Port of Kunda, Port of Pärnu and Vene-Balti Port in Estonia, Freeport of Riga in Latvia, Port of Klaipeda in Lithuania and Port of Gdansk in Poland. In addition, the author gives an overview of all port dues charged in all mentioned ports and concludes the theoretical part with the explanation and justification of the choice of the research strategy and methods. To achieve the goal of the thesis the author brings four examples with different vessel types and sample cargoes and explains the formation of the port visitation costs, by bringing out also the importance of the state port dues in total expenses. Furthermore, the author creates a special tool in the Microsoft Excel environment, which enables to see all charged port dues when the data of the vessel is entered and to calculate the amount of charges. During the preparation of the survey it appeared that three of the five Estonian commercial ports have a similar structure of port dues. Port of Pärnu and Port of Kunda charge different dues, which are mainly related to the peculiarities of the port. The author is convinced that the structure of port dues can be harmonised, but then the ports have to agree to the basis on which the dues are charged and which kind of dues have to be charged altogether. It is clear that if one or another due disappears, there will be no gaps in the budget of the port as recalculation enable to find possibilities to cover all necessary costs. In the comparison of port dues it comes out that competition in Estonian ports is rather intense. The empirical part of the thesis shows that the state fees charged in Estonian ports have not excluded the ports from competition. However, the port dues are not the only factors which the cargo owners have to consider when choosing a port. Due to the small area of Estonia, an important factor is the distance between the point of departure and destination and the port or in other words the cost of road transport. When ports are at the same distance from the cargo owner, the next important factor is the availability and quality of services provided in the port. If the port wants to provide high quality services, it is necessary to maintain the number of visitation on an adequately high level while keeping up with the competition
