943 research outputs found
Is direct democracy in Switzerland dysfunctional?
No full textAn important element shaping the political system of Switzerland was adopting the Federal Constitution in 1848. The current Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation was adopted in 1999. The current political system of this country can be referred to as directorial; however, because this specific system manifests itself mainly through the significant role of the cantons, it is also referred to as a ‘parliamentary-cantonal’ system. An important element of the system is the large degree of independence and self-reliance of the cantons and the communes. What determines the shape of the political parties and the socio-political division of Switzerland is the multiculturalism of the country. The fundamental democratic instruments in the country comprise: referenda; popular initiatives and popular assemblies. Dysfunctional qualities hinder the system, and even constitute a barrier for the effectiveness of the process of decision-making.Uchwalenie Konstytucji Federalnej w 1848 roku było istotne dla kształtowania systemu politycznego Szwajcarii. Aktualna Konstytucja Federalna Konfederacji Szwajcarskiej została uchwalona w 1999 roku. Obecnie system tego kraju można określić mianem parlamentarno-komitetowego (system konwentu). Ze względu jednak na jego specyfikę, objawiającą się w głównie w dużej roli kantonów, określany jest także jako parlamentarno-kantonalny. Istotnym elementem systemu jest duża niezależność i samodzielność kantonów, a także gmin. Elementem determinującym kształt partii politycznych i podział socjopolityczny Szwajcarii jest przede wszystkim jej wielokulturowość. Zasadniczymi instrumentami demokratycznymi w tym państwie są: referendum, inicjatywa ludowa, zgromadzenie ludowe. Dysfunkcjonalne elementy szwajcarskiej demokracji bezpośredniej blokują efektywność procesu decyzyjnego w tym systemie politycznym
Rozwój relacji z rodzeństwem w okresie wczesnej dorosłości - analiza kondycjonalna
No full textThe main purpose of the presented study was to establish the determinants of sibling relationships in the period of early adulthood. The following variables were analyzed: age, gender, parent status, perception of material conditions and empathy level. The author also sought correlations between empathy and the psychological aspects of adult sibling relationships. The study included 79 persons in the period of early adulthood coming from the administrative region of Lodi (M = 27 years; SD = 4.23). Women accounted for 52% of the surveyed people, men for 48%. The following test tools were used: the poll, the Adult Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (ASRQ) by Stocker et al. in the adaptation of Walecka-Matyja and the Empathic Sensitiveness Scale by Davis in the adaptation of Kaźmierczak, Plopa and Retowski. The obtained study results confirmed the significance of the factors of a psychosocial nature shaping the dimensions of sibling relationships in the period of early adulthood. The significant role of empathy in the regulation of relationships between adult siblings was verified
WHAT CAN WE LEARN WITH LIGHT NEUTRAL PROBES IN THE ALICE EXPERIMENT?
No full textThe ALICE experiment has measured inclusive π0 and η meson production spectra in a wide range at mid-rapidity in pp collisions from =0.9 to 13 TeV, p-Pb collisions at =5.02, as well as Pb-Pb collisions at =2.76 and 5.02 TeV. The direct photon pT spectra and double ratios Rγ have been measured by the ALICE collaboration in Pb-Pb collisions at =2.76 TeV, in pp collisions at =8 TeV and in p-Pb collisions at =5.02 TeV. Isolated spectra have beeen measured in pp collisions at =7 TeV and in p-Pb collisions at =5.02 TeV
First study of the initial gluonic fluctuations using UPCs with ALICE
No full textIncoherent and dissociative J/ψ photoproduction is sensitive to fluctuations of the gluonic structure of the target. Thus, the measurement of Jψ photoproduction of the colliding hadron sheds light on the initial state of QCD and provides important constraints on the initial conditions used in hydrodynamical models of heavy-ion collisions. The first measurement of the transverse momentum dependence of both coherent and incoherent Jψ photoproduction in ultraperipheral Pb–Pb collisions at midrapidity is presented. These new results provide, a clear indication of subnucleonic fluctuations of the lead target. We also present the new measurement of dissociative Jψ photoproduction cross section as a function of energy, in p–Pb collisions at forward rapidity. Dissociative results do not show any indication of saturation and agree with previous data.Incoherent and dissociative J/ photoproduction is sensitive to fluctuations of the gluonic structure of the target. Thus, the measurement of J/ photoproduction of the colliding hadron sheds light on the initial state of QCD and provides important constraints on the initial conditions used in hydrodynamical models of heavy-ion collisions. The first measurement of the transverse momentum dependence of both coherent and incoherent J/ photoproduction in ultraperipheral Pb-Pb collisions at midrapidity is presented. These new results provide, for the first time, a clear indication of subnucleonic fluctuations of the lead target. We also present the new measurement of dissociative J/ photoproduction cross section as a function of energy, in p-Pb collisions at forward rapidity. Dissociative results do not show any indication of saturation and agree with previous data
Kohiponimia jako relacja z pogranicza kategorii opozycji semantycznej. Perspektywa użytkownika języka polskiego: badanie psycholingwistyczne
No full textThe paper considers the relation of semantic opposition in terms of the prototype theory of concepts. Its purpose is to provide information on peripheral or border areas of the category of semantic opposition. Data from linguistic analyzes, as well as the results of contemporary corpus studies, indicate that pairs of co-hyponyms from multi-element sets are potentially relevant material in peripheral areas of the category of semantic opposition. A psycholinguistic study was conducted to verify the psychological reality of the data. 720 Polish language users were instructed to provide semantic oppositions to the list of 24 stimuli words (test of directed associations). The research material was Polish nouns belonging to 3 lexical fields: animals, plants and artifacts, with no obvious semantic oppositions (as bee, cabbage, vase). It turned out that, according to the hypothesis, proportions of reactions classified as co-hyponyms of stimuli are high: for 21 stimuli it was 52–94% of the response corpora and for 22 stimuli the dominant reaction was co-hyponym of the stimulus word (as cabbage-lettuce, bee-wasp, vase-flowerpot). The characteristics that determine the choice of a given co-hyponym as the semantic opposite of the stimulus were identified. The remainder of the response corpus was analyzed in order to reveal other ways and mechanisms for seeking the semantic opposition by respondents. The data obtained in the presented study confirm the necessity to incorporate the problem of co-hyponymic pairs from multi-element sets into reflections on the category of the semantic opposition.The paper considers the relation of semantic opposition in terms of the prototype theory of concepts. Its purpose is to provide information on peripheral or border areas of the category of semantic opposition. Data from linguistic analyzes, as well as the results of contemporary corpus studies, indicate that pairs of co-hyponyms from multi-element sets are potentially relevant material in peripheral areas of the category of semantic opposition. A psycholinguistic study was conducted to verify the psychological reality of the data. 720 Polish language users were instructed to provide semantic oppositions to the list of 24 stimuli words (test of directed associations). The research material was Polish nouns belonging to 3 lexical fields: animals, plants and artifacts, with no obvious semantic oppositions (as bee, cabbage, vase). It turned out that, according to the hypothesis, proportions of reactions classified as co-hyponyms of stimuli are high: for 21 stimuli it was 52–94% of the response corpora and for 22 stimuli the dominant reaction was co-hyponym of the stimulus word (as cabbage-lettuce, bee-wasp, vase-flowerpot). The characteristics that determine the choice of a given co-hyponym as the semantic opposite of the stimulus were identified. The remainder of the response corpus was analyzed in order to reveal other ways and mechanisms for seeking the semantic opposition by respondents. The data obtained in the presented study confirm the necessity to incorporate the problem of co-hyponymic pairs from multi-element sets into reflections on the category of the semantic opposition
Inclusive production of neutral mesons in ALICE
No full textInternational audienceBoth π0 and η neutral mesons have been measured by the ALICE experiment at LHC. These results have been obtained via two photon decay measurement, using the two electro-magnetic calorimeters (PHOS and EMCal), as well as via photon conversion in the central tracking system, CTS. We present preliminary π0 transverse momentum spectra obtained with PHOS and CTS, measured in proton–proton collisions at s√=900 GeV and s√=7 TeV. Results obtained in PHOS and in the CTS are consistent. We also report on the η/π0 ratio at s√=7 TeV. Also we compare our experimental π0 pT spectra with NLO pQCD theoretical predictions
Neutral mesons production measured with the ALICE experiment
No full textInclusive neutral meson production spectra have been measured in a wide range at mid-rapidity by the ALICE experiment in pp collisions from to TeV, p-Pb collisions at and TeV, as well as Pb-Pb collisions at and TeV. and mesons are reconstructed in their two photon decay channels using the invariant mass techniques. The photons being detected with two complementary methods: photons converted to pairs in the central barrel detectors’ material or directly registered in the ALICE electromagnetic calorimeters, EMCal and PHOS. An overview of the recent results from ALICE on mesons production in pp, p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions is presented
Umiejętność odtwarzania hierarchii typu hiponimicznego przez niewidomych i widzących użytkowników języka
No full textThe ability to reconstruct hierarchical semantic structures by blind and sighted average language users. The present paper concerns the hierarchically organised semantic structure of the mental lexicon. The structure of hierarchical series of nouns constructed for 75 Polish nouns by 116 subjects (58 blind and 58 sighted) was analysed and compared.The ability to reconstruct hierarchical semantic structures by blind and sighted average language users. The present paper concerns the hierarchically organised semantic structure of the mental lexicon. The structure of hierarchical series of nouns constructed for 75 Polish nouns by 116 subjects (58 blind and 58 sighted) was analysed and compared.
Hierarchiczne uporzadkowanie słownictwa a tradycyjna leksykografia
No full textThe paper concerns the role of class inclusion (relation of hyponymy) in structures of paradigmatic dictionaries, especially of thesauri (onomasiological dictionaries). Macrostructures of some French, English and Polish thesauri were analysed and compared.The paper concerns the role of class inclusion (relation of hyponymy) in structures of paradigmatic dictionaries, especially of thesauri (onomasiological dictionaries). Macrostructures of some French, English and Polish thesauri were analysed and compared
Skojarzenia słowne niewidomych i widzących użytkowników języka polskiego – studium porównawcze
No full textVerbal associations of blind and sighted users of the Polish language – a comparative study. The present paper concerns the role of visual perception in the cognitive (verbal and nonverbal) functioning of people. Verbal associations (free associations) given for 75 Polish nouns by 116 subjects (58 blind people and 58 sighted people) were analysed and compared
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