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The regime of Isabella and Mortimer 1326 - 1330
No full textThe rule of the Despensers was brought to an end in 1326 by a coalition of magnates, churchmen and Londoners, drawn together by the invasion of Isabella and Mortimer. A carefully orchestrated demand for the removal of Edward II led to his deposition and ultimately to his murder at Mortimer's direction. Power was centralised in the hands of Isabella and Mortimer who took no steps to broaden the basis of their government. While returning confiscated lands to their supporters, they offered them little else in the way of reward but accumulated land to their own use, Crown land in the case of Isabella and an empire on the Welsh March in the case of Mortimer. Disillusioned by this and by their exclusion from government, the constituent parts of the coalition fell apart. Active opposition which had begun in Edward II's lifetime culminated in Lancaster's abortive rebellion of 1328-29. The effective suppression of this meant that opposition was stifled by the imposition of recognisances and because several barons fled abroad. This success merely served to increase Mortimer's arrogance and in 1330 he successfully engineered the downfall of Edward III's uncle, the earl of Kent. In foreign affairs, the failure of the Weardale campaign against the Scots and the unpopular peace of Northampton, coupled with a temporising and indecisive policy towards France over the questions of Gascony and homage, increased hostility towards the government. At home violent unrest continued and an improvident and irresponsible attitude to national finance involved heavy borrowing at a time when Mortimer lived in extravagant state. Faced by this misgovernment and fearing that Mortimer now aimed at royal power, Edward III built his own supporting group around him. When the opportunity came he struck swiftly at Mortimer, sending him to execution and Isabella into retirement
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No full textDatos de publicación tomados del colofón en el v. de la h. 273, al final de la primera tabla está fechado el 10 de mayo de 1520Sign.: [cruz griega]4, [cum]7, A-Z8, AA-KK8, LL-MM10Texto a dos col. con apost., L. gót. a dos tamaños, port. a dos tintas con grab. arquitectónico y a ambos lados representación de varios filósofos y marca del imp., cap. grab. y ornam., errores de pag
Union Pacific (UP) 1328
No full textA photograph postcard showing Union Pacific (UP) 1328, 4-6-0, on passenger train
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The Treaty of Edinburgh and the Disinherited (1328–1332)
No full textIt has generally been accepted that the treaty of Edinburgh, which formalized peace between Scotland and England in 1328, made no provision for restoring the disinherited lords of England and Scotland who had lost land in one realm for supporting the monarch of the other. The fact that some restorations did occur has been attributed to a hypothetical agreement made between Isabella of England and Robert I's deputies at the wedding of David II and Joan of the Tower in July 1328. However, the wording of various English demands for restorations after 1330 indicates clearly that the treaty itself must have contained a clause which provided for reinheritance. This raises the question why Robert I changed his policy so drastically. It is suggested that the reason lay in the power wielded by several disinherited Englishmen at the English court, which could put pressure on Edward III's regents and might have wrecked the peace negotiations if they were not indulged. The reason why the Scots ultimately failed to carry out most of the promised restorations may be sought in the changing political climate at the English court and the fall from favour of the lords in question
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