5,340,769 research outputs found
間接話法におけるIfとWhether
Full text link名詞節を導くifとwhetherが現在の英米語ではどちらが多く使われているかをみ，またその理由を考えてみた．現在での状況をより良く把握するために現在までの100年間におけるこれらの接続詞の英米における使用頻度の変化もみてみた．When if or whether follows a transitive or an adjective and precedes a noun clause, these subordinators are interchangeably used except in some cases. Of if and whether, which is more preferably used in current American English and British English? How did the people's preference for these conjunctions change in about a hundred years 1900-1994? In order to clarify these, 24 weeklies or monthlies were made use of here. To be very brief, in American English in 1994, if is more preferably used than whether, while around 1900 in American English, if was used almost as frequently as whether. In British English in 1994, whether is more frequently used than if, and the situation was much the same around 1900
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Author headings for the official publications of the State of Kansas
No full textIncludes bibliographical references (page x).This list of author headings covers all official agencies as found in the laws of the territory and the laws of the state of Kansas from May 30, 1854 through July 1955; also agencies created by Executive Order, and administrative divisions, or boards, created within a department of the state. Agencies included are:
1. All departments, bureaus, divisions, commissions, courts, legislative bodies and special committees created by the laws or joint resolutions of the territory or state of Kansas, or by Executive Order*
2. Subdivisions of the respective departments, bureaus, commissions and committees even though not expressly created by acts of the legislature, but which are included in the official reports of the agencies*
3. Legislative bodies and their committees, if created by law, or if their reports were published.
4. Societies supported wholly, or in part, by the state.
5. All state and territorial institutions (including educational, charitable, correctional and penal)
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
As IfとAs Though
Full text linkas ifとas thoughはほとんど同じ意味で使われているが，ここでは1900年から1994年までの100年ほどの間に英米においてこの2つのうちどちらかがより多く使われてきたか，また20世紀末の現在の英米語ではどちらがより頻繁に使われているかを見，あわせて，頻度の差が現れる原因，理由を考えてみた．参考にした資料はここ100年ほどの間に英米で発行された雑誌24冊である．これらの雑誌がそれぞれ完全に英米を代表する雑誌であるとは考えていないが，おおよその傾向は分かるはずである．This paper mainly deals with the following: first, what kind of change the period of about a hundred years 1900-1994 brought to the frequency of as if and as though in prose in American English (AmE) and British English (BrE), second, how the uses of the subjunctive and the indicative in as if-and as though-clauses changed during the same period, and third, what kind of syntactic role a comma plays in these clauses. The materials made use of here include 24 weeklies and monthlies published in the United States and Britain in 1900, 1930, 1960 and 1994. Of as if and as though, as if has consistently been used more often than as though. As though seems to have been used less frequently, probably because the though in as though has been wrongly construed as concessive. As regards the subjunctive and the indicative, in the beginning of the twentieth century the subjunctive was used more frequently than the indicative. However, afterward, the indicative came to be used more often, and as a result, in 1994 there are more instances of the indicative than those of the subjunctive. Many of as if- and as though- constructions can be preceded by commas. It means that these constructions are not essential and that they can be left out without changing the meanings of the original sentences
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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