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Maritime transport in the service of multimodal transport
No full textCilj ovog rada bio je detaljno istražiti koncept multimodalnog transporta, koji se temelji na upotrebi različitih prijevoznih sredstava, uključujući cestovni, željeznički, pomorski i zračni prijevoz, kako bi se postigla veća učinkovitost i isplativost. Ovaj pristup doprinosi ubrzanju industrijskog razvoja, potiče kontejnerizaciju i primjenu novih tehnologija, što, pak, zahtijeva odgovarajuće pravno reguliranje odnosa među ključnim akterima u transportnom sektoru. Posebna pažnja posvećena je pomorskoj komponenti multimodalnog transporta, koja igra ključnu ulogu u međunarodnoj trgovini, omogućujući bržu i sigurniju dostavu robe “od vrata do vrata”. Suvremena trgovina zahtijeva pravovremenu i učinkovitu dostavu, a isprave vezane uz multimodalni transport služe kao ključni dokumenti koji potvrđuju sklopljeni ugovor između operatera i pošiljatelja. Ključ za sigurnost i odgovornost u ovom procesu leži u usklađivanju s jedinstvenim pravnim normama koje minimiziraju rizik od nesporazuma, posebice kada je riječ o odgovornosti za nastalu štetu. Iako su učinjeni mnogi međunarodni napori u svrhu unifikacije pravnog okvira za multimodalni transport, uključujući Haška i Hamburška pravila, univerzalno prihvaćena konvencija još uvijek ne postoji, što stvara pravne nejasnoće, naročito u pomorskom segmentu. Roterdamska pravila, donesena kako bi odgovorila na izazove suvremenog međunarodnog prijevoza, predstavljaju značajan korak prema unifikaciji pravnog okvira. Iako se sustav mrežaste odgovornosti koji ona uvode suočava s kritikama zbog svoje složenosti i nejasnoće u vezi s odgovornostima u specifičnim fazama prijevoza, kao što su skladištenje i prekrcaj, Roterdamska pravila i dalje teže modernizaciji ovog sektora. Hrvatska, s obzirom na svoj strateški položaj na Jadranskom moru, ima veliki potencijal za daljnji razvoj multimodalnog transporta. Međutim, trenutni pravni okvir i infrastruktura još uvijek nisu na zadovoljavajućem nivou. Nepostojanje dosljedne prometne politike i dugoročne strategije otežava punu integraciju Hrvatske u europske i globalne prometne tokove. Zaključno, unatoč postignutim pomacima u regulaciji međunarodnog transporta, nužna je daljnja revizija i prilagodba pravnih okvira kako bi se osigurala veća pravna jasnoća i učinkovitost, posebno u segmentu multimodalnog prijevoza.The aim of this paper was to thoroughly investigate the concept of multimodal transport, which is based on the use of various modes of transport, including road, rail, sea, and air transport, in order to achieve greater efficiency and cost-effectiveness. This approach contributes to the acceleration of industrial development, promotes containerization, and the application of new technologies, which in turn requires appropriate legal regulation of the relationships between the key actors in the transport sector. Special attention was given to the maritime component of multimodal transport, which plays a key role in international trade by enabling faster and safer "door-to-door" delivery of goods. Modern trade requires timely and efficient delivery, and the documents related to multimodal transport serve as essential documents confirming the contract between the operator and the shipper. The key to safety and responsibility in this process lies in alignment with unified legal standards, minimizing the risk of misunderstandings, especially concerning liability for any damage. Although many international efforts have been made to unify the legal framework for multimodal transport, including the Hague and Hamburg Rules, a universally accepted convention still does not exist, creating legal ambiguities, particularly in the maritime segment. The Rotterdam Rules, enacted to address the challenges of modern international transport, represent a significant step towards the unification of the legal framework. Although the networked system of responsibility they introduce has faced criticism for its complexity and lack of clarity regarding responsibilities in specific stages of transport, such as storage and transshipment, the Rotterdam Rules still strive for modernization of the sector. Considering its strategic location on the Adriatic Sea, Croatia has significant potential for further development of multimodal transport. However, the current legal framework and infrastructure are still not at a satisfactory level. The lack of a consistent transport policy and long-term strategy makes it difficult for Croatia to fully integrate into European and global transport flows. In conclusion, despite the progress made in regulating international transport, further revision and adjustment of legal frameworks are necessary to ensure greater legal clarity and efficiency, especially in the multimodal transport segment
The Floristic Wealth of Istria
No full textU radu je dat kratak pregled bioraznolikosti Istre, kao našeg najvećeg poluotoka. Razvidno je da Istru resi iznimna biološka raznolikost (preko 1500 svojti flore), kao rezultanta ekoloških posebnosti, stijena, tala, voda, reljefa i klime. Upravo na temelju bioraznolikosti Istra gradi svoju prepoznatljivost. Ističe se kao svjetski poznata destinacija vrhunskih maslinovih ulja, vina i tartufa. Nadalje uz veliku bioraznolikost, ističe se i brojnim endemima i stenoendemima. Temeljem toga, prepoznata je kao posebna i zanimljiva turistička destinacija. Bioraznolikost je jedan od segmenata specifičnosti Istre, te uz kulturnu, materijalnu i ostalu prirodnu baštinu čini ju jedinstvenom ne samo u europskim, nego i u svjetskim okvirima.The paper gives a brief overview of the biodiversity of Istria, as our largest peninsula. It is clear that Istria is characterized by exceptional biological diversity (over 1,500 species of flora), as a result of ecological peculiarities, rocks, soil, water, relief and climate. It is precisely on the basis of biodiversity that Istria builds its recognition. It stands out as a world-famous destination for premium olive oil, wine and truffles. Furthermore, in addition to great biodiversity, it stands out for its numerous endemics and stenoendemics. Based on that, it is recognized as a special and interesting tourist destination. Biodiversity is one of the segments of the specificity of Istria, and together with the cultural, material and other natural heritage makes it unique not only in the European, but also in the world framework
Romanticism and Nature in the Works of Goethe
No full textDiese Bachelorarbeit konzentriert sich auf die Verbindung von Romantik und Natur in der deutschen Literatur. Durch eine Analyse unterschiedlicher literarischen Werke wird das tiefe Zusammenspiel zwischen Romantik und Natur verdeutlicht. Durch die Analyse und Reflexion über dieses Thema trägt die Bachelorarbeit dazu bei, die komplexe Verbindung zwischen Natur und Romantik in der deutschen Literatur besser zu verstehen. Meine Hypothese ist, dass Goethe und seine Werke auch im Kontext der Romantik betrachtet werden können und dass seine Werke viele romantische Elemente enthalten, obwohl er nicht direkt mit der Romantik verbunden ist. Dies möchte ich durch den Vergleich seiner Werke mit den Werken echter Romantiker beweisen. In Goethes Gedicht „Ein Gleiches“ herrscht eine Atmosphäre den ruhigen Frieden und Stille und der Natur. Das lyrische Ich identifiziert sich mit dieser ruhigen Umgebung und sehnt sich nach einer ähnlichen Ruhe. Die Letzten Versen können unterschiedlich interpretiert werden: entweder als eine beruhigende Vorstellung, dass Frieden und Ruhe für jeden kommen werden, oder als eine Warnung vor dem Tod. Im Gegensatz beschreibt Eichendorffs „Mondnacht“ eine romantische nächtliche Szene, in der der Mond über einer stillen Landschaft scheint. Die Nacht wird als Zeit der Inspiration dargestellt, in der das lyrische Ich nach spiritueller Erfüllung und innerer Verbundenheit strebt. Beide Gedichte zeigen die Natur als Quelle der Inspiration und Reflexion über das menschliche Dasein, jedoch mit unterschiedlichen Perspektiven auf Ruhe
und Sehnsucht. Die Gedichte „Zwielicht“ von Eichendorff und „Dämmrung senkte sich von oben“ von Goethe behandeln beide das Thema der Dämmerung. Eichendorffs Gedicht beschreibt eine bedrohliche und ambivalente Stimmung in der Natur. Das lyrische Ich fühlt sich unsicher und warnt vor Gefahren, die in dieser Zeit lauern können, wobei der Wald als Ort der Bedrohung und der Geheimnisse dargestellt ist. Andererseits konzertiert sich Goethe mehr auf die harmonische Schönheit und die poetische Atmosphäre der Dämmerung. Er beschreibt die Natur während des Übergangs vom Tag zur Nacht, die Veränderungen in der Natur und die friedliche Stimmung. Er nutzt Motive wie den Abendstern und den Mond, um eine romantische Sehnsucht nach Ruhe zu wecken. Beide Autoren nutzen die Natur als Kulisse, um komplexe emotionale Zustände zu vermitteln. Während Eichendorff eine düstere und geheimnisvolle Atmosphäre schafft, betont Goethe die ästhetische Schönheit und den harmonischen Übergang von Tag in der Nacht. Goethes „Dem aufgehenden Vollmonde“ und das schon erwähnte Gedicht „Mondnacht“ sind bespiele romantischer Lyrik, die das Motiv des Mondes verwenden, u emotionale und philosophische Themen zu erforschen. Goethe betont die symbolische Bedeutung des Mondes als Spiegel menschlicher Gefühle und spirituelle Reflexionen. Die Sprache und Form verstärken die thematische Tiefe des Gedichts, das die Vergänglichkeit menschlicher Bindungen thematisiert. Eichendorff präsentiert eine subjektive und träumerische Sichtweise des Mondes. Er verbindet ihn mit romantischen Empfindungen und einer starken Verbundenheit zur Natur. Beide Gedichte zeigen auf unterschiedliche Weise das Motiv des Mondes in der romantischen Dichtung, wobei Goethe sich auf symbolische Tiefe konzentriert und Eichendorff eine persönliche und emotionale Herangehensweise wählt. Heines „Die Lorelei“ und Goethes „Der Erlkönig“ illustrieren die düstere und mystische Seite der Romantik. In „Der Erlkönig“ reitet ein Vater mit seinem kranken Sohn durch einen unheimlichen Wald. Der Erlkönig, eine übernatürliche Figur, lockt das Kind mit verführerischen Versprechungen. Die Natur, geprägt von Dunkelheit und bedrohlichem Wind, spiegelt die steigende Angst des Kindes wider. Die Ballade thematisiert die Konflikte zwischen rationalem Denken und instinktiver Angst, und endet tragisch mit dem Tod des Kindes. Heine beschreibt die Lorelei, eine verführerische Nixe, die mit ihrem Gesang Schiffer in den Tod lockt. Die idyllische Landschaft am Rhein, im Abendlicht schimmernd, verstärkt die romantische und zugleich gefährliche Atmosphäre. Die Lorelei steht für die verlockende, aber zerstörerische Macht der Natur. Beide Gedichte nutzen übernatürliche Elemente und die ambivalente Darstellung der Natur, um tiefe menschliche Ängste und die Vergänglichkeit des Lebens zu thematisieren. Die beiden Figuren sind Sinnbilder für die geheimnisvolle Bedrohung und die unausweichliche Tragik, die in der romantischen Dichtung zentral ist. Goethes „Prometheus“ steht der Titan im Mittelpunkt als eine Figur des Widerstands gegen die göttliche Ordnung, symbolisiert durch Zeus. Prometheus formt die Menschen nach seinem eigenen Bild und schenkt ihnen das gestohlene Feuer, das für Erkenntnis und Unabhängigkeit steht. Die Natur spielt eine bedeutende Rolle als Kulisse und Partner von Prometheus Rebellion, indem sie seine Taten unterstürzt und die Freiheit der Menschlichkeit betont. Die Beziehung zwischen Prometheus und Göttern wird durch Spannungen geprägt, da er ihre Autorität herausfordert und für die Selbstbestimmung der Menschen kämpft. Das Gedicht betont die Themen der individuellen Freiheit, des Widerstands gegen Unterdrückung und den Kampf für
menschliche Autonomie. In Goethes „Ganymed“ wird die Natur als lebendige Kraft dargestellt, die das lyrische Ich mit Schönheit, Inspiration und spirituelle Erhebung erfüllt. Der Frühling wird personifiziert und als Geliebter des lyrischen Ichs betrachtet, was eine tiefe Verbundenheit mit der Natur zeigt. Die Natur wird als Quelle der Lebenskraft und Erneuerung dargestellt. Hölderlins „Hälfte des Lebens“ hingegen zeigt die Natur als Spiegel für inneren Zustände des lyrischen Ichs, das sich in einer Phase der existenziellen Krise befindet. Sie wird als Ort der Schönheit und des Trostes dargestellt, der aber auch die Vergänglichkeit und die inneren Konflikte reflektiert. Beide Gedichte zeigen die Komplexität der menschlichen Beziehungen zur Natur als Quelle der Inspiration, als Spiegel der inneren Zustände und existenziellen Ängste des Individuums.
Goethes „Wandrers Nachtlied“ beschriebt die Natur als spirituellen Rückzugsort für den Wanderer, der Ruhe und Trost in der Natur, den Sternen und dem Mond findet. Goethe nutzt die Natur metaphorisch, um die inneren Zustände des Wanderers zu spiegeln und dessen Streben nach Harmonie und spiritueller Erfüllung zu betonen. „Der Spinnerin Nachtlied“ von Brentano zeigt ebenfalls eine intensive Verbindung zur Natur. Hier dient sie nicht nur als äußere Kulisse, sondern reflektiert auch die inneren Sehnsüchte und Konflikte, symbolisiert durch Mond und Nachtigall. Die beiden Gedichte verdeutlichen die romantische Vorstellung von der Natur als Quelle der Inspiration, des Trostes und der Reflexion über die menschliche Existenz. In „Gesang der Geister über den Wassern“ nutzt Goethe das Wasser und Wind als Metapher, um die Verbindung zwischen Menschen und Natur sowie die Einflüsse der Natur auf das menschliche Schicksal darzustellen. Er betont die spirituelle Dimension der Natur und verwendet eine bildhafte Sprache, typisch für die Romantik. Schlegels „Der Dichter“ thematisiert die Natur als Symbol für spirituelle Einsicht und Erhebung. Die Dunkelheit der Nacht wird als Raum der Einsamkeit und Reflexion dargestellt, in dem das lyrische Ich zu inneren Wahrheiten gelangt. Beide Werken reflektieren die romantische Vorstellung von der Natur als Quelle der Erkenntnis und spirituellen Erfahrung. Obwohl Johann Wolfgang von Goethe nicht direkt mit der Romantik verbunden ist, enzhalten seine Werke zahlreiche Motive der Romantik. Insbesondere in Gedichten wie „Wandrers Nachtlied“ und „Ein Gleiches“ thematisiert er die Verbindung zwischen Menschen und Natur, ein zentrales Motiv der Romantik. Er nutzt die Natur,um Gefühle und Stimmungen auszudrücken, insbesondere die Nacht als Zeit der Ruhe und Inspiration. Im Vergleich zu anderen Romantikern wie Brentano oder Eichendorff zeigt sich jedoch eine ruhige bzw. harmonische Darstellung der Natur. Dennoch verbindet Goethe in seinen Werken die klassische Form mit der romantischen Gefühlstiefe und nutzt die Natur als Quelle der Inspiration und spirituelle Erkenntnis. Seine Werke spiegeln die Natur nicht nur als äußeres Phänomen, sondern auch als Spiegel der inneren Welt des Menschen wider. Goethes Verwendung von Symbolen und Metaphern sowie seine emotionale Tiefe machen ihn zu einem Vertreter der Romantik, der klassische und romantische Elemente gekonnt vereint.Ovaj se završni rad fokusira na vezu romantizma i prirode u njemačkoj književnosti. Analizom različitih književnih djela ističe se duboka povezanost između romantizma i prirode. Analizom ove teme rad pomaže bolje razumjeti složenu vezu između prirode i romantizma u njemačkoj književnosti. Moja hipoteza je da se Goethe i njegova djela mogu promatrati i u kontekstu romantizma te da njegova djela sadrže mnoge romantičarske elemente, iako nije direktno povezan s romantizmom. To želim dokazati usporedbom njegovih djela s djelima pravih romantičara. U Goetheovoj pjesmi „Ein Gleiches“ prevladava atmosfera mira i tišine u prirodi. Lirski subjekt se identificira s ovom mirnom okolinom i čezne za sličnim mirom. Posljednji stihovi mogu se različito interpretirati: ili kao umirujuća predodžba da će mir i spokoj doći za sve nas, ili kao upozorenje na smrt. Nasuprot tome, Eichendorffova „Mondnacht“ opisuje romantičnu noćnu scenu gdje mjesec sja nad tihim krajolikom. Noć je prikazana kao vrijeme inspiracije, u kojem lirski subjekt traži duhovno ispunjenje i unutarnju povezanost. Obje pjesme prikazuju prirodu kao izvor inspiracije i refleksije o ljudskom postojanju, ali s različitim perspektivama na mir i čežnju. Pjesme „Zwielicht“ Josepha Eichendorffa i Goetheova „Dämmerung senkte sich von oben“ obrađuju temu sumraka. Eichendorffova pjesma opisuje prijeteću i ambivalentnu atmosferu u prirodi. Lirski subjekt osjeća nesigurnost i upozorava na opasnosti koje se mogu pojaviti u to vrijeme, kada je šuma prikazana kao mjesto prijetnje i tajni. S druge strane, Goethe se fokusira
na harmoničnu ljepotu i poetsku atmosferu sumraka. Opisuje prirodu tijekom prijelaza iz dana u noć, promjene u prirodi i mirnu atmosferu. Koristi motive poput zvijezda i mjeseca kako bi probudio romantičarsku čežnju za spokojem. Oba autora koriste prirodu kao kulisu za prikazivanje složenih emocionalnih stanja. Dok Eichendorff stvara mračnu i tajanstvenu atmosferu, dok Goethe naglašava estetsku ljepotu i harmoničan prijelaz iz dana u noć. Goetheova pjesma „Dem aufgehenden Vollmonde“ i već spomenuta pjesma „Mondnacht“ primjeri su romantičarske lirike koja koristi motiv mjeseca za prikazivanje emocionalnih i filozofskih tema. Goethe naglašava simboličnu važnost mjeseca kao odraza ljudskih osjećaja i duhovnih refleksija. Jezik i forma pojačavaju dubinu pjesme, koja tematizira prolaznost ljudskih veza. Eichendorff predstavlja subjektivno i sanjivo viđenje mjeseca. On ga povezuje s romantičnim osjećajima i snažnom povezanošću s prirodom. Obje pjesme na različite načine prikazuju motiv mjeseca u romantičarskoj poeziji, pri čemu se Goethe fokusira na njegovu simboličku dubinu, a Eichendorff na osobni i emocionalni pristup. Heineova „Lorelei“ i Goetheov „Erlkönig“ ilustriraju mračnu i mističnu stranu romantizma. U „Erlkönigu“ otac jaše sa svojim bolesnim sinom kroz mračnu šumu. Erlkönig, nadnaravna figura, mami dijete primamljivim obećanjima. Priroda, obilježena tamom i prijetećim vjetrom, pridonosi rastućem strahu djeteta. Balada tematizira sukob između racionalnog razmišljanja i instinktivnog straha, završavajući tragično smrću djeteta. Heine opisuje Lorelei, zavodljivu nimfu koja svojim pjevanjem mornare odvodi u smrt. Idilični krajolik na Rajni, koji sjaji u večernjem svjetlu, pojačava romantičnu i istovremeno opasnu atmosferu. Lorelei predstavlja zavodljivu, ali i razarajuću moć prirode. Obje pjesme koriste nadnaravne elemente i ambivalentan prikaz prirode kako bi dočarale duboke ljudske strahove i prolaznost života. Oba lika su simboli tajanstvene prijetnje i neizbježne tragedije, koja je središnji motiv u romantičarskoj poeziji. U Goetheovom „Prometeju“ u središtu radnje je titan kao figura otpora protiv božanskog poretka, prikazanog kroz lik Zeusa. Prometej oblikuje ljude prema samome sebi i daje im ukradenu vatru, koja predstavlja spoznaju i neovisnost. Priroda igra značajnu ulogu kao kulisa i partner Prometejeve pobune, podržavajući njegove postupke i ističući slobodu čovječanstva. Odnos između Prometeja i bogova obilježen je napetostima, budući da on izaziva njihovu autoritet i bori se za samoodređenje ljudi. Pjesma naglašava teme individualne slobode, otpora protiv potiskivanja i borbe za ljudsku autonomiju. U Goetheovoj pjesmi „Ganymed“ priroda se prikazuje kao živa sila koja ispunjava lirski subjekt ljepotom, inspiracijom i duhovnim uzdizanjem. Proljeće se personificira i smatra „ljubavnicom“ lirskog subjekta, što pokazuje duboku povezanost s prirodom. Priroda se prikazuje kao izvor životne snage i
obnove. Nasuprot tome, Hölderlinova „Hälfte des Lebens“ prikazuje prirodu kao odraz unutarnjih stanja lirskog subjekta, koji se nalazi u fazi egzistencijalne krize. Priroda je prikazana kao mjesto ljepote i utjehe, ali također reflektira prolaznost i unutarnje sukobe. Obje pjesme prikazuju složenost ljudskih odnosa prema prirodi kao izvoru inspiracije, odrazu unutarnjih stanja i egzistencijalnih strahova pojedinca. Goetheova „Wandrers Nachtlied“ opisuje prirodu kao duhovno utočište za putnika, koji pronalazi mir i utjehu u prirodi, zvijezdama i mjesecu. Goethe metaforički koristi prirodu kako bi dočarao unutarnja stanja putnika i naglasio njegovu težnju za harmonijom i duhovnim ispunjenjem. Brentanova „Der Spinnerin Nachtlied“ također pokazuje intenzivnu povezanost s prirodom. Ovdje ona ne služi samo kao vanjska kulisa, već odražava unutarnje čežnje i sukobe, prikazane kroz motive mjeseca i slavuja. Obje pjesme ilustriraju romantičarsku predodžbu prirode kao izvor inspiracije, utjehe i refleksije o ljudskoj egzistenciji. U „Gesang der Geister über den Wassern“ Goethe koristi vodu i vjetar kao metaforu za prikaz veze između ljudi i prirode te utjecaja prirode na ljudsku sudbinu. On naglašava duhovnu dimenziju prirode i koristi slikovit jezik, tipičan za romantizam. Schlegelova „Der Dichter“ tematizira prirodu kao simbol duhovne spoznaje i uzdizanja. Tama noći prikazana je kao prostor usamljenosti i refleksije, u kojem lirski subjekt dolazi do istine. Oba djela odražavaju romantičarsko viđenje prirode kao izvor spoznaje i duhovnog iskustva. Unatoč tome što Johann Wolfgang von Goethe nije direktno povezan sa romantizmom, njegova djela sadrže brojne romantičarske elemente. Posebno u pjesmama kao što su „Wandrers Nachtlied“ i „Ein Gleiches“ tematizira povezanost između ljudi i prirode - središnji motiv romantizma. On koristi prirodu kako bi izrazio osjećaje i raspoloženja, posebno motiv noći kao vrijeme mira i inspiracije. U usporedbi s drugim romantičarima kao što su Brentano ili Eichendorff, primjećuje se smireniji i harmoničniji prikaz prirode. Ipak, Goethe u svojim djelima vješto povezuje klasičnu formu s romantičarskom dubinom osjećaja i koristi prirodu kao izvor inspiracije i duhovne spoznaje. Njegova djela odražavaju prirodu ne samo kao vanjski fenomen, već i kao ogledalo čovjekovog unutarnjeg svijeta. Goetheova upotreba simbola i metafora, kao i njegova emocionalna dubina, čine ga predstavnikom romantizma, koji vješto spaja klasične i romantičarske elemente.This bachelor thesis focuses on the connection between Romanticism and nature in German literature. By analyzing various literary works, it illustrates the profound interplay between Romanticism and nature. Through analysis and reflection on this theme, the thesis contributes to a better understanding of the complex relationship between nature and Romanticism in German literature. My hypothesis is that Goethe and his literary works can be considered within the context of Romanticism, and that his works contain many romantic elements, despite not being directly associated with Romanticism. I aim to prove this by comparing his works with those of true Romanticists. In Goethe's poem "Ein Gleiches," there is an atmosphere of tranquil peace and quiet of nature. The lyrical self identifies with this serene environment and yearns for a similar calm. The closing verses can be interpreted differently: either as a soothing thought that peace and tranquility will come to everyone, or as a warning of death. In contrast, Eichendorff's "Mondnacht" describes a romantic nocturnal scene where the moon shines over a silent landscape. The night is portrayed as a time of inspiration, where the lyrical self, strives for spiritual fulfillment and inner connectedness. Both poems depict nature as a source of inspiration and reflection on human existence, albeit with different perspectives on tranquility and longing. The poems "Zwielicht" by Eichendorff and "Dämmrung senkte sich von oben" by Goethe both address the theme of twilight. Eichendorff's poem describes a threatening and ambivalent mood in nature. The lyrical self feels insecure and warns of dangers that may lurk at this time, with the forest portrayed as a place of threat and secrets. On the other hand, Goethe focuses more on the harmonious beauty and poetic atmosphere of twilight. He describes nature during the transition from day to night, the changes in nature, and the peaceful mood. He uses motifs such as the evening star and the moon to evoke a romantic yearning for tranquility. Both authors use nature as a backdrop to convey complex emotional states. While Eichendorff creates a dark and mysterious atmosphere, Goethe emphasizes the aesthetic beauty and harmonious transition from the day into the night. Goethe's "Dem aufgehenden Vollmonde" and the poem "Mondnacht" are examples of romantic poetry that use the motif of the moon to explore emotional and philosophical themes. Goethe emphasizes the symbolic significance of the moon as a mirror of human emotions and spiritual reflections. The language and form enhance the thematic depth of the poem, addressing the transience of human relationships. Eichendorff presents a subjective and dreamy view of the moon, connecting it with romantic feelings and a strong affinity for nature. Both poems illustrate the motif of the moon in romantic poetry in different ways, with Goethe focusing on symbolic depth and Eichendorff adopting a personal and emotional approach. Heine's "Die Lorelei" and Goethe's "Der Erlkönig" illustrate the dark and mystical side of Romanticism. In "Der Erlkönig," a father rides with his sick son through an eerie forest. The Erlkönig, a supernatural figure, lures the child with seductive promises. The nature, characterized by darkness and menacing wind, reflects the growing fear of the child. The ballad addresses the conflicts between rational thought and instinctual fear, ending tragically with the child's death. Heine describes the Lorelei, a seductive mermaid who lures sailors to their death with her singing. The idyllic landscape along the Rhine, shimmering in the evening light, enhances the romantic yet dangerous atmosphere. The Lorelei symbolizes the seductive yet destructive power of nature. Both poems use supernatural elements and the ambivalent portrayal of nature to address deep human fears and the transience of life. The two figures symbolize the mysterious threat and inevitable tragedy central to Romantic poetry. In Goethe's "Prometheus," the Titan is central as a figure of resistance against divine order, symbolized by Zeus. Prometheus shapes humans in his own image and gives them the stolen fire, symbolizing knowledge and independence. Nature plays a significant role as a backdrop and ally in Prometheus's rebellion, supporting his actions and emphasizing the freedom of humanity. The relationship between Prometheus and the gods is characterized by tension as he challenges their authority and fights for human self determination. The poem emphasizes themes of individual freedom, resistance against oppression, and the struggle for human autonomy. In Goethe's "Ganymed," nature is portrayed as a vibrant force that fills the lyrical self with beauty, inspiration, and spiritual elevation. Spring is personified and viewed as the beloved of the lyrical self, demonstrating a deep connection with nature. Nature is celebrated as a source of vitality and renewal. On the other hand, Hölderlin's "Hälfte des Lebens" portrays nature as a mirror of the inner states of the lyrical self, which is in a phase of existential crisis. It is depicted as a place of beauty and solace, reflecting the transience and inner conflicts. Both poems illustrate the complexity of human relationships with nature as a source of inspiration, a mirror of inner states, and existential fears of the individual. Goethe's "Wandrers Nachtlied" describes nature as a spiritual retreat for the wanderer, who finds peace and comfort in nature, the stars, and the moon. Goethe metaphorically uses nature to reflect the inner states of the wanderer and emphasize their pursuit of harmony and spiritual fulfillment. "Der Spinnerin Nachtlied" by Brentano also shows an intense connection to nature. Here, it serves not only as an external backdrop but also reflects the inner desires and conflicts, symbolized by the moon and the nightingale. Both poems highlight the romantic notion of nature as a source of inspiration, comfort, and reflection on human existence. In "Gesang der Geister über den Wassern," Goethe uses water and wind as metaphors to depict the connection between humans and nature, as well as the influences of nature on human destiny. He emphasizes the spiritual dimensio
New surgical methods in the treatment of gynecological disorders
No full textOperativni zahvati u ginekologiji podrazumijevaju različite vrste kirurških postupaka primjenjujući različite tehnike. Među njima, minimalno invazivna kirurgija ističe se kao najpoželjnija opcija jer predstavlja kiruršku tehniku koja koristi male incizije, pri čemu se koristi specijaliziran instrumentarij za izvođenje zahvata i minimalno oštećuje tkivo. Iako je svoj razvoj započela još početkom dvadesetog stoljeća, pravi procvat je doživjela tek s kasnijim izumom video opreme. Prve laparoskopske operacije izvodile su se na ginekološkim i odjelima abdominalne kirurgije, a prvi kirurg koji je započeo sa radom minimalno invazivne kirurgije je bio ginekolog Kurt Semm. Za razliku od klasične kirurgije, minimalno invazivni zahvati postižu brži postoperativni oporavak, manje komplikacija, manju razinu boli i povoljniji estetski učinak, te su time postali zlatni standard za većinu zahvata. Ovaj rad analizira trendove u broju ginekoloških kirurških zahvata tijekom trogodišnjeg razdoblja na Odjelu operacijskog bloka Službe za ginekologiju i opstetriciju Opće bolnice Zadar. Istražuje se kako se primjena minimalno invazivnih tehnika mijenjala tijekom vremena te kako su ti trendovi utjecali na kvalitetu kirurške skrbi za pacijentice.Surgical interventions in gynecology encompass various types of surgical procedures employing different techniques. Among them, minimal invasive surgery stands out as the most preferable option as it represents a surgical technique that utilizes small incisions, employing specialized instrumentation for performing procedures while minimizing tissue damage. Although its development began as early as the early twentieth century, it truly flourished with the later invention of video equipment. The first laparoscopic surgeries were performed in departments of gynecology and abdominal surgery, with the first surgeon to embark on minimal invasive surgery being gynecologist Kurt Semm. Compared to traditional surgery, minimal invasive procedures achieve faster postoperative recovery, fewer complications, less pain, and more favorable aesthetic outcomes, thus becoming the gold standard for most procedures. This paper analyzes trends in the number of gynecological surgical procedures over a three-year period at the Department of Surgical Block of the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at the General Hospital Zadar. It explores how the application of minimal invasive techniques has evolved over time and how these trends have impacted the quality of surgical care for patients
Interaction between Zadar and its surroundings in the interwar period
No full textDoktorski rad obrađuje život stanovnika Zadra i njegove okolice te stupanj i modalitet njihove interakcije u razdoblju između Prvog svjetskog rata i do kraja trećeg desetljeća 20. stoljeća. Stoljetna interakcija grada i okolice uvjetovana opstojanjem unutar istih država biva poremećena Rapalskim ugovorom 1920. godine kada se grad Zadar, Arbanasi, Crno, Bokanjac i dio porezne općine Dikla dodjeljuju Kraljevini Italiji. Uslijed nedostatka izvora rad problematici pristupa fenomenološki analizirajući arhivsku građu Državnog arhiva u Zadru, Arhiva Jugoslavije u Beogradu, rimskog Archivio centrale dello Stato i američkih mornaričkih izvora komparirajući ih s pisanjem suvremenih tiskovina i svjedočenjima suvremenika vremena. U vrijeme mirovnih konferencija nakon završetka Velikog rata Zadar postaje pozornica za demonstraciju sile i u vremenu do ratifikacije Rapalskog ugovora on odražava bilateralni sukob dviju kraljevina, no i sam sukob na nestabilnoj političkoj sceni Italije u predfašističkoj Italiji. Konačan sud o razgraničenju dolazi kao rezultat političkih kompromisa u korist strateških interesa Italije u vrijeme kada nepoznavatelji lokalnih prilika kroje politiku, a nedostatak vizije poslijeratne obnove kraja koči društveno-gospodarski razvoj zadarskog kraja. Konvencijama iz Santa Margherite utvrđen je modalitet odnosa Zadra i njegove okolice, no same konvencije daju prostora različitim tumačenjima, a njihova daljnja razrada i legitimnost ostaju ovisni o bilateralnim odnosima dviju zemalja koje tijekom međuratnog razdoblja bilježe uspone i padove. Nedosljednost zakonodavnih okvira kretanja ljudi i robe usporava trgovačku razmjenu i otvara prostor krijumčarenju koje bilježimo tijekom cijelog međuratnog razdoblja. Zamjena valute zadaje neizbrisiv trag poslijeratnoj obnovi. Kasna i nedosljedna konverzija austrougarske krune snižava životni standard stanovnika s obzirom na gubitak vrijednosti novca i remeti društvene strukture grada koji mora proći preobrazbu iz činovničkog u trgovački grad kako bi opstao u novonastalim okolnostima. Hibridna tvorevina slobodne carinske zone remeti prirodne tekovine razmjene koja ostaje ograničena složenom administracijom i slabim nadzorom granice. Carinska zona jedinstvenih obilježja ne uspijeva ostvariti potencijal čime Zadar ostaje ovisan o financijskim ulaganjima Kraljevine Italije koja kako odmiču godine ekonomiju grada podređuje vanjskopolitičkim ciljevima fašističke države. S fašistima dolazi i do centralizacije cjelokupnog društveno-političkog sustava koja unosi ekstremni element u društvo. Kako talijansko društvo dublje zadire u fašizirano društvo jača rasna politika prema Hrvatima i Srbima koji postaju izloženi nasilju i homogenizaciji. Najveće žrtve kasnog razgraničenja i nedorečenog zakonskog okvira ostaju stanovnici okolnog kraja koji tonu u ekonomsko i društveno propadanje. Ovisni o Zadru i njegovim društveno-gospodarskim kretanjima stanovnici traže priliku za opstanak u nesigurnim vremenima. Zarobljeni unutar talijanske uprave i u nemogućnosti da se integriraju u okvire nove Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca sve do 1923. godine stanovnici okolnog kraja ostaju najveće žrtve krunske konverzije i nejasnih zakonodavnih okvira suživota grada i okolice čemu svjedoče izvori o namjernom ili nehotičnom kršenju odredbi. Unatoč svim preprekama, Zadar za njih ipak ostaje nukleus kojem gravitiraju održavajući poremećene granične tekovine.This doctoral thesis contains an analysis of life of the inhabitants of Zadar and its surroundings, as well as the level and modality of their interactions, between the First World War and the end of the third decade of the 20th century. The centuries-old interaction of the city and its surroundings conditioned by the existence within the same states was disrupted by the 1920 Treaty of Rapallo, which gave the city of Zadar and its municipalities Arbanasi, Crno, Bokanjac and a part of Diklo to the Kingdom of Italy. The thesis employs a phenomenological approach to the subject via critical analysis of archival materials in State Archives in Zadar, the Archives of Yugoslavia in Belgrade, the Central Archives of the State in Rome, and the US National Archives, comparing them with contemporary journalism and first-person testimonies. During the peace conferences held after the First World War, Zadar became a symbol of a demonstration of force; in the time leading up to the ratification of Treaty of Rapallo, Zadar’s history reflects the bilateral conflict between the two Kingdoms, but also the conflict on the unstable political scene of prefascist Italy. The Treaty’s outcome resulted from political compromises in favor of the strategic interests of Italy at a time when world leaders, unaware of local conditions, shaped politics on a global scale; and when an unclear vision for the postwar reconstruction of the region hindered its socioeconomic development. The conventions of Santa Margherita established the modality of relations between Zadar and its surroundings. However, the conventions themselves gave room to diverse interpretations, and their implementation and legitimacy remained dependent upon the relations between the two countries, which were subject to ebb and flow throughout the interwar period. The inconsistency of the legislative framework for the movement of people and goods slowed trade and opened up space for smuggling, which was recorded throughout the interwar period. Currency exchange left an enduring mark on postwar reconstruction of the region. The late and inconsistent conversion of the Austro-Hungarian crown forced Zadar to transform itself from an officer-like city to one driven by commerce in order to survive. This upended the social structure of the community; meanwhile, local inhabitants faced an abrupt change in their standard of living due to currency devaluation. The hybrid creation of a free customs zone disrupted the exchange of goods and services, which remained limited for some time by complex administration and poor surveillance of the borders. The customs zone thus failed to realize its potential, which left Zadar dependent upon the financial investments of the Kingdom of Italy. In the following years, Italy subordinated the city's economy to underwrite the foreign policy goals of the fascist state. The centralization of the sociopolitical system under fascism was accompanied by an increase in extremism. As Italian society descended deeper into fascism, racial policy toward Yugoslavs became increasingly exclusionary, leaving them exposed to violence and homogenization. The major impact of these developments fell upon the residents of Zadar’s outlying areas, which were increasingly pushed into economic and social decay. Residents of these communities remained dependent upon Zadar and its socioeconomic movements, yet were trapped within the Italian administration and unable to integrate into the framework of the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until 1923. Historical sources document violations of provisions - both deliberate and involuntary - which verify the struggle for survival resulting from the crown conversion and the unclear legislative framework for the coexistence of the city and its surroundings. Despite the physical, cultural and economic barriers, Zadar remained the nucleus to which its outlying communities gravitated, thereby maintaining the otherwise disrupted communication between borders
The Relevance of Živan Bezić's Pedagogical Principles for the Complete Education of a Person
No full textU ovom se radu istražuje životni put i pedagoški doprinos don Živana Bezića, poznatog hrvatskog svećenika, pedagoga i teologa, čije je djelovanje ostavilo dubok trag u području odgoja i pedagogije. Fokusirajući se na Bezićevu predanost obrazovanju mladih i njegova duboka vjerska uvjerenja, rad analizira njegov pedagoški pristup koji i danas ostaje relevantan. Kroz biografski prikaz, istražuje se njegovo iskustvo kao svećenika i pedagoga te utjecaj turbulentnih vremena hrvatske povijesti na formiranje njegovih pedagoških stavova. Središnji dio rada analizira ključne teme i sadržaje koje je Bezić promovirao, uključujući njegovu definiciju pedagogije kao znanosti o odgoju i obrazovanju. Dalje istražuje odgojne ciljeve, metode i sredstva koje je primjenjivao, posebno naglašavajući perspektivu vjerskog odgoja i ulogu odgajatelja prema Bezićevim stavovima. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na integralni odgoj kao ključni koncept koji promiče cjelovit razvoj ličnosti, prepoznajući važnost duhovnog i moralnog razvoja mladih. Rad zaključuje da Bezićev naglasak na integralnom odgoju odražava važnost holističkog pristupa u obrazovanju, potičući razvoj svih aspekata djetetovog bića i izgradnju pozitivnih međuljudskih odnosa. Integrirajući duhovnost, moralne vrijednosti i razvoj intelekta i tijela, integralni odgoj pruža temelj za formiranje budućih generacija koje su osnažene, uravnotežene i spremne suočiti se s izazovima suvremenog svijeta.The master's thesis explores the life and pedagogical contributions of Don Živan Bezić, a renowned Croatian priest, educator, and theologian whose work has left a profound mark in the field of education and pedagogy. Focusing on Bezić's dedication to the education of youth and his deep religious convictions, the thesis analyzes his pedagogical approach, which remains relevant to this day. Through a biographical account, it examines his experiences as a priest and educator, and the influence of turbulent times in Croatian history on the formation of his pedagogical views. The central part of the thesis analyzes key themes and concepts promoted by Bezić, including his definition of pedagogy as the science of education. Furthermore, it explores the educational objectives, methods, and resources employed by Bezić, with particular emphasis on the perspective of religious education and the role of educators according to his beliefs. Special attention is given to integral education as a fundamental concept fostering the comprehensive development of personality, recognizing the importance of spiritual and moral development in youth. The thesis concludes that Bezić's emphasis on integral education reflects the significance of a holistic approach in education, encouraging the development of all aspects of a child's being and the cultivation of positive interpersonal relationships. By integrating spirituality, moral values, intellect, and physical development, integral education lays the foundation for shaping future generations that are empowered, balanced, and prepared to face the challenges of the contemporary world
Positive and Negative Effects of Digital Media on Children's Behaviour and Development - Current and Future Teachers' Perception
No full textMediji imaju veliku ulogu u životu pojedinca, a njihova sveprisutnost povećala se procesom globalizacije. Suvremeni tehnološki napredak formirao je kulturu ekrana koja utječe na život svih pojedinaca danas. Mediji sami po sebi nisu ni dobri ni loši, njihov utjecaj ovisi o njihovu načinu i vremenu korištenja, a opća je spoznaja da djeca i mladi sve učestalije i svakodnevno koriste različite suvremene medije. Iz literature je poznato da mediji pozitivno utječu na dječji razvoj, razumijevanje globalnih tema te promoviraju kulturnu raznolikost. Negativan utjecaj javlja se kad se mediji koriste prečesto, u neprimjerene svrhe i kada se koriste neusklađeno s djetetovom dobi. Iz spomenutih razloga ovaj diplomski rad imao je za cilj istražiti pozitivne i negativne utjecaje digitalnih medija (DM) na ponašanje i razvoj djece. Sudionici istraživanja bili su učitelji razredne nastave i studenti različitih učiteljskih studija u Republici Hrvatskoj (N = 190). U nedostatku standardiziranih upitnika i skala, konstruirana je Skala pozitivnih i negativnih utjecaja digitalnih medija na ponašanje i razvoj djece. Čestice skale producirane su na temelju proučavanja recentne literature o ovoj temi, a na prijedlogu čestica radila su tri stručnjaka s područja školske psihologije i pedagogije. Faktorskom analizom (metoda Maximum likelihood factors) izlučena su dva faktora: 1) Negativni utjecaji DM na ponašanje i razvoj djece i 2) Pozitivni utjecaji DM na ponašanje i razvoj djece. Oba navedena faktora su zadovoljavajuće pouzdanosti (Cronbach alphe za obje subskale su visoki), a neke čestice Skale su i u statistički značajnim pozitivnim korelacijama s nekim sociodemografskim varijablama (stupnjem obrazovanja učitelja, motivacijom i učestalosti korištenja DM u nastavi). Novokonstruirana skala poslužila je u ovom istraživanju te se preporučuje koristiti i u daljnjim istraživanjima. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da učitelji i studenti statistički značajno više procjenjuju negativne utjecaje DM od pozitivnih utjecaja DM na ponašanje i razvoj djece.The media plays a major role in an individual's life, and their ubiquity has increased through the process of globalisation. Modern technological advances have formed a culture of screens that affects the lives of all individuals today. Media in themselves are neither good nor bad, their influence depends on their way and time of use, and the general knowledge is that children and young people are increasingly and daily using different modern media. It is known from the literature that the media positively influences children's development, understanding of global themes, and promoting cultural diversity. A negative impact occurs when the media is used too often, for inappropriate purposes, and when it is used inconsistently with the child's age. For these reasons, this thesis was intended to investigate the positive and negative effects of digital media (DM) on children's behaviour and development. The participants in the study were classroom teachers and students of various teachers' studies in the Republic of Croatia (N = 190). In the absence of standardized questionnaires and scales, a scale of positive and negative effects of digital media on children's behaviour and development was constructed. The scale particles were produced on the basis of a study of recent literature on this subject, and three experts in the field of school psychology and pedagogy worked on the particulate matter proposal. Two factors were extracted by factor analysis (Max likelihood factors method): 1) negative effects of DM on children's behaviour and development; and 2) positive effects of DM on children's behaviour and development. Both of these factors are of satisfactory reliability (Cronbach Alphe for both subscales are high), and some of the particles are also in statistically significant positive correlations with some socio-demographic variables (teacher education level, motivation and frequency of DM use in teaching). The newly completed scale has been used in this research and it is recommended to use it in further research. Research results show that teachers and students statistically significantly evaluate the negative effects of DM over the positive effects of DM on children's behaviour and development
Kinesiology content within forest Pedagogy
No full textUvod: Šumska pedagogija je disciplina koja spaja znanja o šumskim ekosustavima sa odgojnoobrazovnim radom u prirodi.Temelji se na : osjetilnom promatranju prirode, upoznavanju ljudi sa životom prirode i njenim specifičnostima, stjecanju znanja pomoću iskustva prilikom učenja u prirodi te na razvoju svih aspekata ljudske osobnosti. Pridonosi i razvoju motoričkih sposobnosti i vještina u koje ubrajamo: brzinu, ravnotežu, preciznost, koordinaciju, snalažljivost, samostalnost i orijentaciju u prirodi. U ovom diplomskom radu je provedeno istraživanje, a cilj istraživanja je bio utvrditi postoje li razlike u stavovima učitelja i roditelja o mogućnostima primjene kinezioloških sadržaja u okviru šumske pedagogije među učenicima u primarnom obrazovanju. Također, sekundarni cilj je bio utvrditi postoje li značajne razlike među ispitanicima s obzirom na dob samih ispitanika. Metode : U istraživanju je sudjelovalo ukupno 130 sudionika od kojih je 65 učitelja koji rade u primarnom obrazovanju i 65 roditelja čija djeca pohađaju primarno obrazovanje. Tijekom istraživanja obuhvaćene su 4 županije u Republici Hrvatskoj: Zadarska županija, Grad Zagreb, Splitsko-dalmatinska županija i Osječko-baranjska županija. Za potrebe istraživanja konstruiran je anketni upitnik. Upitnik sadrži 21 pitanje kojim se ispituje stupanj slaganja s postavljenom tvrdnjom. U upitniku je korištena Likertova skala procjene od 5 stupnjeva. Tijekom obrade podataka izračunati su osnovni deskriptivni parametri za sve varijable ispitanika za subuzorak učitelja i subuzorak roditelja odvojeno, a zatim su pomoću MannWhitney U testa izračunaterazlike u stavovima i mišljenjima između učitelja i roditelja te mlađih i starijih ispitanika. Dobiveni rezultati su obrađeni u programu Statistika for Windows 13. Rezultati : Nakon provedenog istraživanja utvrđeno je da nema značajnih razlika u stavovima između učitelja i roditelja. Također, utvrđeno je i da nema razlike među ispitanicima s obzirom na dob samih ispitanika. Svi ispitanici imaju pozitivne stavove o primjeni kineziološkog sadržaja u okviru šumske pedagogije. Zaključak: Nakon analize rezultata utvrđeno je da su učitelji i roditelji koji su mlađi i stariji od 35 godina svjesni važnosti kineziologije i boravka na čistom šumskom zraku jer su njihova mišljenja o ovoj temi bila izrazito pozitivna. Ukoliko su ljudi spremni proučavati prirodu, otkrivati i uživati u njenom skrivenom sadržaju, priroda će postati sastavni dio njihova života u kojem će s ljubavlju boraviti i primjenjivati tjelesne aktivnosti. Na ovaj način će život učiniti ljepšim, bogatijim i ono najbitnije zdravijimIntroduction: Forest pedagogy is a discipline that combines knowledge of forest ecosystems with educational work in nature. It is based on: sensory observation of nature, familiarizing people with the life of nature and its specificities, acquiring knowledge through experience while learning in nature, and on the development of all aspects of human personality. It also contributes to the development of motor skills and skills, which include: speed, balance, precision, coordination, resourcefulness, independence and orientation in nature. In this master thesis, research was conducted, and the aim of the research was to determine whether there are differences in the views of teachers and parents about the possibilities of applying kinesiology content within Forest Pedagogy among students in primary education. Also, the secondary aim was to determine whether there are significant differences between the respondents with regard to the age of the respondents themselves. Methods: 130 participant participated in this research, 65 of them were teachers working in primary education and 65 were parents whose children attended primary education. During the research, 4 counties in the Republic of Croatia were covered: Zadar County, City of Zagreb, Split-Dalmatia County and Osijek-Baranja County. A questionnaire was constructed for the purposes of the research. The questionnaire contains 21 questions and consists of 4 independent and 17 dependent variables. A 5-point Likert rating scale was used in the questionnaire. During data processing, basic descriptive parameters are calculated for all respondent variables for the subsample of teachers and the subsample of parents separately, and then differences in attitudes and opinions between teachers and parents and younger and older respondents are calculated using the Mann-Whitney U test. The obtained results were processed in theprogram Statistics for Windows 13. Results : After the research, it was determined that there are no significant differences in attitudes between teachers and parents. Also, it was determined that there is no difference between the respondents regarding the age of the respondents themselves. All respondents have positive views on the application of kinesiology content within Forest Pedagogy. Conclusion: After analyzing the results, it was determined that teachers and parents who are younger and older than 35 years are aware of the importance of kinesiology and staying in clean air because their opinions on this topic were extremely positive. If we are ready to study nature, discover and enjoy its hidden content, it will become an integral part of our life in which we will lovingly reside and apply physical activities. In this way, we will make life more beautiful, richer and, most importantly, healthier
Reading habits and patterns and the Goodreads catalogue
No full textRad se bavi čitateljskim navikama i prirodom trendova u čitanju i općenito, te sadrži teoretski prikaz relevantnih istraživanja o američkim i hrvatskim čitateljskim navikama i trendovima. Čitanje u 21. stoljeću predstavlja specifičan društveni i kulturološki, kolektivni, ali i izrazito individualni fenomen, te je u uvodnom dijelu rada prikazan rast i razvoj čitanja kroz zabilježenu povijest. Istraživački je dio rada eksplorativne naravi, a istraživanje je provedeno upitnikom koji su ispitane osobe dobile kao proslijeđeni link putem aplikacije WhatsApp, a popunjavale su ga u Google Forms. Cilj je istraživanja bio skupljanje podataka o čitateljicama i čitateljima dviju hrvatskih županija, s dijelom pitanja usmjerenim na korištenje platforme/aplikacije Goodreads i upoznatost s njenim postojanjem. Goodreads je platforma/aplikacija za praćenje pročitanih knjiga, knjiga koje se čitaju i koje će se čitati, namijenjena čitateljicama i čitateljima, s (opcionalnim) društvenomrežnim aspektom. Njen je rast stabilan već nekoliko godina – radi se o jednoj od najčešće skidanih i korištenih aplikacija u Google Play Books & Reference kategoriji. Goodreads nudi opciju virtualnih polica za sortiranje knjiga, te dopušta tagove (oznake) koji funkcioniraju kao odvojene police i javni su. Jedna od najpopularnijih i najčešće korištenih značajki stranice je Reading Challenge (čitateljski izazov), a mjeri se, ovisno o želji pojedine osobe, broj pročitanih knjiga ili broj pročitanih stranica u kalendarskoj godini.This thesis offers a selective view of reading habits and the nature of trends in reading and presents relevant research on American and Croatian reading habits and trends. Reading in the 21st century is becoming a specific social and cultural, collective, but also highly individual phenomenon, and the introductory part presents the growth and development of reading through history. The research is exploratory, it was conducted through a questionnaire that the interviewed persons received as a forwarded link via WhatsApp and filled it in using Google Forms. The goal of the research was to collect data on readers of two Croatian counties, with several questions focused on the use of the Goodreads catalogue (website/application) and the readers' awareness of its existence. Goodreads is a cataloguing platform/application for keeping track of books read, books being read and books to be read, with an (optional) social networking aspect. Its growth has been stable for several years, it being one of the most downloaded and used applications in the Google Play Books & Reference category. Goodreads offers the option of virtual shelves for sorting books, allowing tags that function as separate virtual shelves and are public. One of the most popular and most frequently used features is the Reading Challenge, which is tracked individually, either by the number of books read or the number of pages read within a calendar year
Methods for identifying linguistic units with cultural connotations
No full textL’objectif de ce mémoire de master est de montrer ce qui permet au langage d’être le réservoir d’une grande quantité d’informations et d’expériences culturelles. La compréhension humaine du monde est de nature conceptuelle, qui se reflète ensuite dans des unités phraséologiques dont la signification est très souvent déterminée culturellement. Notre travail met l'accent sur l'analyse des expressions idiomatiques ou plus précisément sur l’analyse des unités phraséologiques. Afin d’effectuer cette analyse nous confrontons deux approches : la Théorie cognitive de la métaphore et la Théorie des unités figuratives conventionnelles. Ces théories cherchent à expliquer la formation et le fonctionnement des expressions figuratives dans le langage. Du point de vue des études linguoculturelles, la majorité des unités phraséologiques sont motivées par des symboles culturels, c'est-à-dire des culturèmes qui sont capables de passer d'un système non linguistique à un système linguistique grâce à la transposition intersémiotique. La formation d'un sens phraséologique est également possible grâce à la structure conceptuelle qui se trouve à l'arrière-plan des unités phraséologiques, appelée « composant d’image » (angl.
image component) (Dobrovol’skij et Piirainen, 2008 : 7). Dans l'analyse de ces unités, nous recourons à divers codes culturels sur la base desquels se construisent les significations phraséologiques. Étant donné que chaque langue conçoit différemment sa réalité linguistique, qui se reflète ensuite dans son système phraséologique, le choix des stratégies de traduction doit être soigneusement réfléchi, dont l'aperçu est présenté à la fin de ce mémoire de master.Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je prikazati što omogućuje jeziku da bude skladište velike količine kulturnih informacija i iskustva. Ljudsko poimanje svijeta je konceptualne prirode što se potom odražava na frazeološke jedinice čije je značenje vrlo često kulturno determinirano. Rad najveći naglasak stavlja na analizu idiomatskih izraza, to jest frazeoloških jedinica, pri čemu koristimo dvije teorije: Kognitivnu teoriju o metafori i Teoriju o konvencionalnim figurativnim jedinicama. Te teorije pokušavaju objasniti formiranje i funkcioniranje figurativnih izraza u jeziku. Iz perspektive lingvokulturoloških studija većina frazeoloških jedinica motivirana je kulturnim simbolima to jest, kulturemima koji su zahvaljujući intersemiotičkoj transpoziciji u mogućnosti prijeći iz nejezičnog sustava u onaj jezični. Formiranje frazeološkog značenja moguće je i zahvaljujući koceptualnoj strukturi koja leži u pozadini frazeoloških jedinica, a koja se naziva “slikovna komponenta” (eng. image component) (Dobrovol’skij i Piirainen, 2008: 7). U analizi tih jedinica pribjegavamo raznim kulturnim kodovima na čijem temelju su izgrađena frazeološka značenja. S obzirom na činjenicu da svaki jezik drugačije koncipira svoju jezičnu stvarnost što se potom odražava u njegovom frazeološkom sustavu, izbor prevoditeljskih strategija mora biti pažljivo razmotren čiji se pregled donosi na kraju ovog diplomskog rada.The aim of this thesis is to show what enables language to be a source of a large amount of cultural information and experiences. The human understanding of the world is of a conceptual nature, which is afterwards reflected in phraseological units whose meaning is very often culturally determined. The paper places the greatest emphasis on the analysis of idiomatic expressions, or even more precisely to the analysis of phraseological units, in which we use two theories: the Cognitive Theory of Metaphor and the Theory of Conventional Figurative Units. These theories try to explain the formation and functioning of figurative expressions in language. From the perspective of linguo-cultural studies, many phraseological units are motivated by cultural symbols, that is, culturemes that are able to pass from a non-linguistic system to a linguistic one thanks to intersemiotic transposition. The formation of phraseological meaning is also possible thanks to the conceptual structure that lies in the background of phraseological units, which is called the “image component” (Dobrovol’skij and Piiranen, 2008: 7). In the analysis of this units, we resort to various cultural codes on the basis of which phraseological meanings are built. Given the fact that each language conceives its linguistic reality differently, which is then reflected in its phraseological system, the choice of translation strategies must be carefully considered, the overview of which is presented at the end of this thesis