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Protection and presentation of the Zadar Forum
No full textTemom ovoga diplomskoga rada željela se prikazati važnost zaštite zadarskoga Foruma i njegove arhitekture koja na sebi zrcali utjecaje višestoljetne rimske graditeljske tradicije. Predstavljena je povijesna važnost grada Zadra, kao i važnost zaštite njegove graditeljske baštine s posebnim naglaskom na mogući suvremeni način predstavljanja Foruma, kao antičkoga glavnoga trga na kojem se odvijao tadanji javni život grada. Rad je koncipiran u osam poglavlja. U uvodnom djelu prikazan je povijesni pregled nastanka grada Zadra i njegovih dijelova uključujući i Forum. Definicije i objašnjenja temeljnih pojmova iz područja povijesti umjetnosti i arheologije kao što su kapitolij, forum, taberne itd. uz detaljne opise navedenih dijelova tadanje gradske arhitekture, sadrži četvrto poglavlje. Središnji dio rada odnosi se na predstavljanje zaštite kulturnoga dobra kroz zakonsku regulativu. U ovom dijelu rada predstavljena su i mišljenja i stavovi poznatih arheologa, povjesničara umjetnosti, arhitekata i drugih stručnjaka iz područja zaštite spomenika kulture od 19. stoljeća do danas prikazujući načine vrjednovanja i postupke zaštite kulturnih spomenika, kao što su npr. biološka i aktivna zaštita. U istom je poglavlju dan prikaz stavova ali i oprečnih mišljena pojedinih stručnjaka i pasioniranih zaljubljenika povijesti umjetnosti i grada Zadra o važnosti njegovih antičkih (Forum) i srednjovjekovnih zdanja (sv. Donat) i njihova međusobna graditeljskoga prožimanja. U posljednjem poglavlju predstavljena su neka vlastita autorska promišljanja i ideje vezane za bolju promociju Foruma kao neizostavna antičkoga pečata grada Zadra. Predloženi su neki alati kojim bi se istaknula vlastita obilježja Foruma i unaprijedio njegov ne samo turistički potencijal, nego i adekvatna zaštita kojom bi se produžio njegov životni vijek.The Zadar Forum is the place where ancient culture took root and has remained there until today. Many wars, destructions, earthquakes and other calamities tried to destroy it, but what can be seen today still bears witness to the strong history of the city and its culture. It is impossible not to notice how every part of the peninsula exudes tradition from ancient times, which is why I was motivated to dedicate my graduation thesis to this very topic. The paper first mentions the history of the settlements that arose in this area, and then focuses on the important buildings that were and are still located in the Forum. At the beginning of my work, I clarify terms related to the history of art that refer to the definition of the words capitol, forum, etc. Likewise, I provide detailed descriptions so that what I want to achieve can at least be visually represented in some way. Then I base it on the main part of the work, protection and presentation, in which knowledge is presented about the laws that are in force today, which talk about regulations, and facts that have become norms for the protection of any cultural property in the world. I also look back at a few important people who were either art critics, architects, professors at universities, and they worked during the period of romanticism, the period of biological and active protection. In these passages, I present their reflections over time and the way in which they valued cultural monuments in the era in which they lived. Likewise, I compare the relationship of St. Donat and Forum, which has caused many controversies and disturbances in the past few years. In the end, I give some of my reflections that would give the Forum "more" life, that is, it would become even more interesting by introducing various tools
Cultivating Traditional Music Illustrated by the Exemple of Croatian Singing Society "Rodoljub" from Virovitica
No full textOvaj diplomski rad predstavlja djelovanje Hrvatskog pjevačkog društva „Rodoljub“ iz Virovitice. Prati njihov rast i razvoj od njihovih početaka, uspona i padova te njihov način njegovanja tradicijske glazbe. Rad prati utjecaj Hrvatskog pjevačkog društva „Rodoljub“ na narod, kako u suvremeno tako i u prošlo vrijeme. Članovi Društva ističu kako nikome ne treba nametati tradicijsku glazbu, već se ona može njegovati i sa svega par ljudi koji ju poštuju i prenose. Tradicijska se glazba prenosi usmenim putem s generacije na generaciju, ali ono što je još veoma potrebno je i ljubav prema onomu što prenosimo. Cilj diplomskog rada jest približiti tradicijsku glazbu današnjoj mladeži. Nevažno je jesu li oni iz istog područja čija se tradicijska glazba uči ili ne, treba ih podučiti da cijene i poštuju glazbu te im približiti glazbu u toj mjeri da bi je oni nastavili dalje prenositi. Oni koji jesu s tog područja trebaju nastaviti ljubav prema tradicijskoj glazbi koju su stvorili njihovi preci. Potrebno je osmisliti načine kako njegovati tradicijsku glazbu u učionici i to prenijeti i izvan učionice. Osim što će im učitelji pokazati i uputiti ih u učenju o toj glazbi, cilj je da se i izvan škole učenici počnu zanimati za tradicijsku glazbu te se možda i uključe samovoljno u društva kao što je i Hrvatsko pjevačko društvo „Rodoljub“. Također, proveden je i intervju sa članovima Hrvatskog pjevačkog društva ,,Rodoljub'' kako bi saznali iz prve ruke kako oni njeguju tradiciju, kojim instrumentima se koriste te kako oni svoj rad njeguju u narodu, ali i među sobom.This graduation thesis presents the activities of the Croatian Singing Society "Rodoljub" from Virovitica. It follows their growth and development from their beginnings, ups and downs, and their way of cultivating traditional music. The work follows the influence of the Croatian Singing Society "Rodoljub" on the people, both in the present and in the past. Society members point out that traditional music should not be imposed on anyone, but that it can be nurtured with just a few people who respect and pass it on. Traditional music is transmitted orally from generation to generation, but what is still very necessary is love for what we transmit. The aim of the thesis is to bring traditional music closer to today's youth. It doesn't matter if they are from the same area whose traditional music is being taught or not, they should be taught to appreciate and respect music and bring music closer to them to the extent that they would continue to pass it on. Those who are from that area should continue their love for the traditional music created by their ancestors. It is necessary to come up with ways to nurture traditional music in the classroom and transfer it outside the classroom as well. In addition to the teachers showing and guiding them in learning about this music, the goal is for the students to become interested in traditional music outside of school, and perhaps join voluntarily in societies such as the Croatian singing society "Rodoljub". Also, an interview was conducted with the members of the Croatian Singing Society "Rodoljub" in order to find out firsthand how they nurture tradition, what instruments they use and how they nurture their work in the people, but also among themselves
Fostering scientific literacy in early childhood education – a pedagogical responce to contemporary societal needs
No full textSuvremeni trendovi u obrazovanju idu u smjeru osnaživanja na području STEM-a i rane znanstvene pismenosti. Dijelom je to osnovano na potrebi za obrazovnim reformama i percipiranoj vrijednosti ranog znanstvenog opismenjivanja, a dijelom na povjerenju u mogućnosti i potencijal karakterističnih oblika učenja djece rane i predškolske dobi. Kako suvremena literatura i sugerira, rana znanstvena pismenost zahtjeva značajan naglasak na istraživački orijentiranu metodologiju u kojoj djeca koriste razvojno primjerene materijale u eksperimentalnim spoznajno-istraživačkim aktivnostima, a djeci je potrebno privlačno obrazovno okruženje i praktična iskustva sa znanstvenim i prirodoslovnim temama kako bi razvila znanstveni način razmišljanja. Nedostatak studija o takvim temama otežava analizu stanja u Hrvatskoj, te je zbog toga svrha ove studije bila pridonijeti razumijevanju diskursa rane znanstvene pismenosti i pozabaviti se pitanjem u kojoj mjeri djeca rane i predškolske dobi imaju prilike za upoznavanje osnovnih prirodo-znanstvenih koncepata kroz eksperimentalne spoznajno-istraživačke aktivnosti u vrtićima, a na temelju procjene odgojitelja. Zato je ovdje predstavljeno istraživanje ispitalo stavove i vjerovanja, te osobnu percipiranu kompetenciju odgajatelja djece rane i predškolske dobi o uvođenju temeljnih znanstvenih pojmova u odgojno-obrazovnu praksu kroz eksperimentalne spoznajno-istraživačke aktivnosti. Studija je također procijenila kontekstualne čimbenike uključujući organizacijsko, prostorno i materijalno okruženje obrazovnih institucija, koji mogu utjecati na ove predodžbe i neposrednu praksu. Istraživanje je uključivalo tri faze u kojima je sudjelovalo ukupno 1057 sudionika (39 sudionika u kvalitativnom i 1018 u kvantitativnom dijelu istraživanja, uključujući pilote) i koristilo se istraživačkim sekvencijalno-kombiniranim dizajnom. Kvalitativni dio istraživanja proizveo je teorijski okvir koji je korišten za projektiranje instrumenta (SKMO) u drugoj fazi. Završna faza oblikovana je kroz primjenu upitnika na reprezentativnom uzorku. Konstrukti su procijenjeni ljestvicama specifičnim za istraživanje s jakim parametarskim kvalitetama (pouzdanost i valjanost). Instrument ocjenjivanja SKMO procjenjivao je i organizacijske i materijalne uvjete za eksperimentalne spoznajno-istraživačke aktivnosti te učestalost njihove provedbe od strane odgajatelja, čime je u potpunosti obuhvaćen teorijski okvir koji se temelji na iskustvu i kulturi hrvatskih odgajatelja. Cijeli instrument primijenjen je na reprezentativnom uzorku odgojitelja u RH. Razvojem specifičnog teorijskog okvira u kombinaciji s instrumentom istraživanja predstavljen je empirijski uvid u praksu rane znanstvene pismenosti u sustavu RPOO. Raspolaganje adekvatnom kvantitetom i kvalitetom materijala u odgojnim skupinama, uz adekvatno pedagoško znanje, kompetencije te odgovarajuće stavove i vjerovanja odgojitelja, pritom su definirani kao neki od osnovnih uvjeta za osnaživanje odgojitelja u uvođenju osnovnih prirodo-znanstvenih koncepata u odgojno-obrazovni rad putem eksperimentalnih spoznajno-istraživačkih aktivnosti. Nalazi ukazuju na postojanje razlika u osobnim percipiranim kompetencijama, stavovima i vjerovanjima u kontekstu frekvencije provedbe takvih aktivnosti, a materijalni, prostorni i organizacijski uvjeti se pokazuju važnim čimbenicima u kontekstu odgojno-obrazovne prakse.Contemporary trends in education go in the direction of empowerment in the fields of STEM and early scientific literacy. This is partly based on the need for educational reforms and the perceived value of early scientific literacy, and partly on trust in the possibilities and potential of characteristic forms of learning for children of early and preschool age. As contemporary literature suggests, early scientific literacy requires a significant emphasis on research-oriented methodology in which children use developmentally appropriate materials in experimental and experiential activities. Children need an attractive educational environments and practical experiences rich with scientific and natural themes in order to develop a scientific way of thinking. The lack of studies on such practices makes it difficult to analyse the situation in Croatia, and therefore the purpose of these studies was to contribute to the understanding of the discourse of early scientific literacy based on the teacher's assessment and to deal with the question of the extent to which children of early and preschool age have the opportunity to learn basic science concepts through experimental cognitive- research activities in kindergartens. That is why the research presented here examined the attitudes and beliefs, as well as the personal perceived competence of educators of early and preschool children regarding the introduction of basic scientific concepts into educational practice through experimental cognitive-research activities. The study also assessed contextual factors, including the organisational, spatial and material environments of educational institutions, which may influence these perceptions and immediate practice. The research included three phases involving a total of 1057 participants (39 participants in the qualitative part, and 1018 in the quantitative part of the research, both including pilots) and used an exploratory sequential research design. The qualitative part of the research produced a theoretical framework that was used to design the instrument (SKMO) in the second phase. The final phase is formed through the application of a questionnaire to a representative sample. Constructs were assessed with research-specific scales with strong quality parameters (reliability and validity). The SKMO evaluation instrument assessed both the organisational and material conditions for ESI activities and the frequency of their implementation by educators, thus fully covering the theoretical framework based on the experience and culture of Croatian educators. The entire instrument was applied to a representative sample of educators in the Republic of Croatia. By putting together a specific theoretical framework and a research instrument, an empirical look at how early scientific literacy is taught in the RPOO system is given. The availability of adequate quantity and quality of materials in educational groups, along with adequate pedagogical knowledge, competences and appropriate attitudes and beliefs of educators, are defined as some of the basic conditions for empowering educators in the introduction of basic natural-scientific concepts into educational work through experimental cognitive- research activities. The findings indicate the existence of differences in personal perceived competences, attitudes and beliefs in the context of the frequency of implementation of such activities, and material, spatial and organisational conditions are shown to be important factors in the context of educational practice
Geographical distribution of tropical cycones in the world
No full textTropski cikloni se redovito formiraju iznad prostranih i toplih oceanskih površina. Ta područja pružaju idealne uvjete za razvoj tropskih ciklona, uključujući visoke temperature površine mora, visoku vlažnost zraka i povoljne atmosferske uvjete poput slabog vertikalnog smicanja vjetra. Suprotno tome, tropski cikloni se rijetko formiraju u južnom Atlantiku zahvaljujući prosječno snažnijem vertikalnom smicanju vjetra i uz obale Južne Amerike zbog prisutnosti hladne Humboldtove morske struje, koje snižavaju temperature površinskih voda ispod potrebnih vrijednosti za razvoj ciklona. Najučestaliji i najintenzivniji tropski cikloni su oni tihooceanskog bazena dok su najmanje intenzivni cikloni koji se formiraju u Indijskom oceanu. Važni modifikatori učestalosti i distribucije tropskih ciklona na višegodišnoj razini su ENSO fenomen koji ima globalni utjecaj i SIOD čije se djelovanje vidi primarno na prostoru Indijskog oceana. Klimatske promjene mogu dodatno utjecati na učestalost, intenzitet i distribuciju tropskih ciklona, potencijalno mijenjajući obrasce njihovog formiranja. Rezultati istraživanja naglašavaju važnost razumijevanja regionalnih specifičnosti za učinkovito predviđanje i upravljanje rizicima od tropskih ciklona. Geografska raspodjela tropskih ciklona je podložna promjenama zbog klimatskih promjena što zahtijeva kontinuirana istraživanja kako bi se bolje razumio njihov utjecaj na buduću učestalost, intenzitet i distribuciju.Tropical cyclones regularly form over vast and warm ocean surfaces. These areas provide ideal conditions for the development of tropical cyclones, including high sea surface temperatures, high humidity, and favorable atmospheric conditions such as low vertical wind shear. In contrast, tropical cyclones rarely form in the South Atlantic due to generally stronger vertical wind shear and along the coasts of South America due to the presence of the cold Humboldt Current, which lowers sea surface temperatures below the values needed for cyclone development. The most frequent and intense tropical cyclones are those of the Pacific basin, while the least intense cyclones form in the Indian Ocean. Important modifiers of the frequency and distribution of tropical cyclones on a multi-year level are the ENSO phenomenon, which has a global impact, and the SIOD, whose effects are primarily seen in the Indian Ocean region. Climate change can further impact the frequency, intensity, and distribution of tropical cyclones, potentially altering their formation patterns. Research findings highlight the importance of understanding regional specificities for effective prediction and management of tropical cyclone risks. The geographical distribution of tropical cyclones is subject to changes due to climate change, necessitating continuous research to better understand their impact on future frequency, intensity, and distributio
Some correlates of nomophobia and gender and romantic relationship status differences
No full textKorištenje pametnih telefona postalo je sastavni dio suvremenog života, te iako oni donose mnoge prednosti, kao što je povećana produktivnost i olakšana komunikacija na velike udaljenosti, sve više se istražuju i njihovi nedostaci. Osobito među mlađim generacijama, koje odrastaju s pametnim telefonima, primjetne su i fizičke i psihološke posljedice prekomjernog korištenja ovih uređaja. Jedan od takvih problema je nomofobija (No Mobile Phone Phobia), koja se odnosi na strah od gubitka ili nemogućnosti korištenja pametnog telefona. Ova fobija očituje se kroz ponašanja poput učestalog provjeravanja zaslona za obavijesti i držanja mobitela uvijek pri ruci. S obzirom na nekonzistentnost nalaza i neistraženost ovog područja, cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati razlike u nomofobiji s obzirom na spol i status romantične veze te povezanost nomofobije s depresivnosti, anksioznosti, stresom i strategijama kognitivne emocionalne regulacije. U svrhu prikupljanja podataka sastavljen je online upitnik koji je sadržavao Upitnik nomofobije, Skalu depresivnosti, anksioznosti i stresa i Upitnik kognitivne emocionalne regulacije. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 158 sudionika (103 žene i 51 muškarac) od kojih su 73 bili srednjoškolci, a 85 sudionika studenti. Utvrđeno je da su žene u prosjeku imale veće rezultate na upitniku nomofobije od muškaraca te nije utvrđena razlika u nomofobiji s obzirom na status romantične veze. Korelacijske analize upućuju na značajne povezanosti nomofobije i faktora distresa te strategija kognitivne emocionalne regulacije. Veći rezultat na upitniku nomofobije praćen je većim rezultatima na skali depresivnosti, anksioznosti i stresa. Nije utvrđena značajna povezanost između nomofobije i strategija kognitivne emocionalne regulacije samookrivljavanja i preusmjeravanja na planiranje, no veće razine nomofobije upućuju na češće korištenje manje adaptivnih strategija kognitivne emocionalne regulacije ruminacije, katastrofiziranja i okrivljavanja drugih, ali i adaptivnih strategija prihvaćanja pozitivnog refokusiranja, pozitivne reprocjene i stavljanja u perspektivu.The use of smartphones has become an integral part of modern life, and although they bring many benefits, such as increased productivity and easier communication over long distances, their drawbacks are also being explored more and more. Particularly among the younger generations growing up with smartphones, the physical and psychological consequences of excessive use of these devices are being felt. One such problem is nomophobia (no mobile phone phobia), i.e. the fear of losing the smartphone or not being able to use it. This phobia manifests itself in behaviors such as frequently checking the notification screen and always keeping the cell phone close at hand. Given the inconsistent findings and lack of research in this area, the aim of this study was to examine differences in nomophobia in relation to gender and romantic relationship status, as well as the correlation of nomophobia with depression, anxiety, stress, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. An online questionnaire was created for data collection, which included the Nomophobia Questionnaire, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. 158 participants took part in the study (103 women and 51 men), including 73 high school students and 85 college students. It was found that, on average, women had higher scores on the nomophobia questionnaire than men, and no difference in nomophobia was found in relation to romantic relationship status. Correlation analyzes indicate significant correlations between nomophobia and stress factors as well as cognitive emotion regulation strategies. A higher score on the nomophobia questionnaire was associated with higher scores on the depression, anxiety and stress scales. No significant relationship was found between nomophobia and the cognitive emotion regulation strategies of self-blame and redirection to planning, but higher nomophobia scores indicate more frequent use of less adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies such as rumination, catastrophizing, and blaming others, but also adaptive strategies such as acceptance, positive reframing, positive reappraisal, and relativization
The Oeuvre of Painter Giovanni di Pietro from Milan
No full textIvan Petrov iz Milana bio je kasnogotički slikar koji se u Dalmaciji prvi put spominje 1429. godine. Smatra se ključnim nositeljem novih likovnih strujanja u Dalmaciji tijekom druge četvrtine 15. stoljeća te jednim od glavnih predstavnika internacionalne gotike. Ivanova suradnja sa splitskim slikarom Dujmom Marinovim Vučkovićem prilikom izvedbe fresaka na svodu kapele sv. Dujma u splitskoj katedrali, rezultirala je određenim problemima u pokušajima identifikacije i razlučivanju opusa dvojice majstora. Iako se s tim ne slažu svi istraživači, čini se da je Ivan Petrov iz Milana bio dominantnija slikarska ličnost u izradi spomenutih fresaka. Zbog toga je uz njega moguće vezati kvalitetniji opus, koji obuhvaća freske na svodu kapele sv. Dujma, oslik i pozlatu kipova s letnera zadarske katedrale, Ugljanski poliptih, Imago pietatis s poliptiha iz Luke na Dugom otoku te Bogorodicu koja doji Dijete iz samostana sv. Marije u Zadru. S Ivanom Petrovim moguće je povezati i četiri djela upitne atribucije, koja pokazuju zajedničke formalno-stilske elemente s ostalim radovima iz slikarova opusa. Riječ je o dijelovima poliptiha s četvoricom svetaca iz privatne kolekcije u Švicarskoj, Bogorodici s Djetetom u zamku Wawel u Krakovu, freskama u južnoj apsidi crkve sv. Krševana u Zadru te dijelovima poliptiha u petrogradskom Ermitažu. S druge strane, minijatura u matrikuli bratovštine sv. Staša u Splitu sadrži likovne elemente koji upućuju na potencijalno izvorište ili ugledanje na slikarstvo navedenog slikara.Giovanni di Pietro from Milan was a late Gothic painter who was first mentioned in Dalmatia in 1429. He is considered a key figure in introducing new artistic trends in Dalmatia during the second quarter of the 15th century and one of the main representatives of International Gothic. Giovanni's collaboration with Split-based painter Dujam Marinov Vučković during the execution of the frescoes on the vault of the Chapel of St. Domnius in Split Cathedral led to some difficulties in identifying and distinguishing the works of the two masters. Although not all researchers agree, it appears that Giovanni di Pietro from Milan was more dominant artistic figure in the creation of these frescoes. As a result, he is credited with a higher quality oeuvre, which includes the frescoes on the vault of the Chapel of St. Domnius, the painting and gilding of statues from the choir screen of Zadar Cathedral, the Ugljan polyptych, the Imago pietatis from the polyptych in Luka on Dugi Otok, and the Virgin Nursing the Child from the Monastery of St. Mary in Zadar. Four works of uncertain attribution, which share formal and stylistic elements with other works from the painter's oeuvre, can also be associated with Giovanni di Pietro. These include parts of a polyptych featuring four saints from a private collection in Switzerland, the Virgin and Child at Wawel Castle in Kraków, frescoes in the southern apse of the Church of St. Chrysogonus in Zadar, and parts of a polyptych in the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg. A miniature in the matricula of St. Anastasius in Split contains artistic elements that suggest a potential source of inspiration or influence from the works of this painter
Sleep quality during different trimesters of pregnancy
No full textKvaliteta spavanja tijekom trudnoće se postupno pogoršava te istraživanja pokazuju kako je najlošija u trećem trimestru trudnoće. Problemi sa kvalitetom sna u trećem trimestru se javljaju uslijed fizičkih i hormonskih promjena. Glavni uzroci problema sa snom koji su posljedica fizičkih promjena uključuju bolove u leđima, čestu potrebu za mokrenjem, poteškoće u pronalaženju udobnog položaja za spavanje te povećanu tjelesnu težinu. Hormonalne varijacije poput povećane razine progesterona, mogu uzrokovati smanjenje vremena provedenog u dubokom snu i povećanu učestalost buđenja tijekom spavanja. Opuštanje muskulature koja se dovodi u vezu s povišenim razinama hormona progesterona i relaksina može povećati rizik od opstruktivne apneje što također narušava kvalitetu spavanja. Istraživanja potvrđuju učestalija buđenja te duže vrijeme potrebno za uspavljivanje s napretkom trudnoće. Strah od poroda i brige u vezi konačnog ishoda trudnoće, dodatno pogoršavaju kvalitetu sna, osobito u trećem trimestru kada se približava porod. Utjecaj planiranosti trudnoće na kvalitetu spavanja nije prethodno istraživan. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio je ispitati postoje li razlike u kvaliteti spavanja kod trudnica u različitim trimestrima trudnoće, kao i razlike u kvaliteti spavanja s obzirom na planiranost trudnoće. U istraživanju su sudjelovale 743 sudionice od kojih je 61 bila u prvom trimestru, 235 sudionica u drugom trimestru te 447 sudionica u trećem trimestru. Raspon dobi trudnica je od 18 do 47 godina. Istraživanje je provedeno pomoću Google Formsa u kojem su sudionice ispunile upitnik općih podataka te Pittsburgh Indeks Kvalitete Spavanja. Rezultati pokazuju kako su najlošiju kvalitetu spavanja imale trudnice u trećem trimestru trudnoće u odnosu na trudnice u prvom i drugom trimestru trudnoće. Također, nije bilo razlike u kvaliteti spavanja s obzirom na planiranost trudnoće.The quality of sleep during pregnancy gradually worsens, with research indicating that it is poorest in the third trimester. Sleep problems in the third trimester arise due to physical and hormonal changes. The main causes of sleep disturbances linked to physical changes include back pain, frequent urination, difficulty finding a comfortable sleeping position, and increased body weight. Hormonal variations, such as elevated progesterone levels, can lead to reduced deep sleep and increased frequency of awakenings during the night. The relaxation of muscles, associated with higher levels of progesterone and relaxin, may also increase the risk of obstructive sleep apnea, further disrupting sleep quality. Studies confirm more frequent awakenings and longer sleep onset latency as pregnancy progresses. Additionally, fear of childbirth and concerns regarding the outcome of the pregnancy further exacerbate sleep problems, particularly in the third trimester when labor is imminent. The impact of pregnancy planning on sleep quality has not been previously investigated. The aim of this study was to examine whether there are differences in sleep quality across different trimesters of pregnancy, as well as differences in sleep quality concerning the planned versus unplanned nature of the pregnancy. The study included 743 participants, of whom 61 were in the first trimester, 235 were in the second trimester and 447 were in the third trimester. The age range of the pregnant participants was from 18 to 47 years. The research was conducted using Google Forms, where participants completed a general information questionnaire and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The results indicated that the poorest sleep quality was reported by pregnant women in the third trimester compared to those in the first and second trimesters. Additionally, there was no difference in sleep quality with regard to pregnancy planning
The relationship between certain aspects of social networks usage and self-esteem of adolescents
No full textDruštvene mreže su platforme usmjerene na društvenu interakciju i kreiranje sadržaja pri čemu korisnici društvenih mreža potonje uglavnom koriste u svrhu ispunjavanja potreba za samoprezentacijom. Uzevši u obzir da korisnici društvenih mreža na svojim profilima dijele fotografije i videozapise, nerijetko prikazane u uljepšanom obliku, stvaraju se brojne prilike za socijalne usporedbe. Navedene socijalne usporedbe usko su povezane sa samopoštovanjem korisnika te se ovisno o smjeru usporedbe, kao i o samom intenzitetu korištenja društvenih mreža, mogu pozitivno ili negativno odraziti na samopoštovanje adolescenata. Uzimajući u obzir ranije navedeno, cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi koje društvene mreže adolescenti najčešće koriste, kao i ispitati odnos između određenih aspekata korištenja društvenih mreža te sklonosti uspoređivanja s drugima na društvenim mrežama i samopoštovanja adolescenata. Također, dodatni cilj bio je provjeriti postoje li rodne razlike u određenim aspektima korištenja društvenih mreža i sklonosti uspoređivanja s drugima na društvenim mrežama. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 209 sudionika, 173 korisnice i 36 korisnika društvenih mreža u dobi od 16 do 25 godina. Istraživanje je provedeno putem online upitnika, pri čemu su sudionici ispunjavali Revidiranu ljestvicu samoprihvaćanja i samokompetentnosti, Skalu sklonosti uspoređivanja s drugima te Ljestvicu intenziteta korištenja Facebooka koja je u ovom istraživanju bila prilagođena za ispitivanje intenziteta korištenja društvenih mreža općenito. Obradom podataka utvrđeno je kako adolescenti od društvenih mreža najčešće koriste WhatsApp, Instagram i Tik Tok. Analizom rodnih razlika nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike u sklonosti uspoređivanja s drugima, samopoštovanju niti vremenu provedenom na društvenim mrežama između adolescenata i adolescentica. Nadalje, analizom povezanosti utvrđene su negativna umjerena povezanost između sklonosti uspoređivanja s drugima na društvenim mrežama i samopoštovanja adolescenata te negativna niska povezanost između količine vremena dnevno provedenog na društvenim mrežama i samopoštovanja adolescenata. Međutim, nisu utvrđene statistički značajne povezanosti između emocionalne vezanosti za društvene mreže te broja pratitelja na društvenim mrežama i samopoštovanja adolescenata.Social networks are platforms focused on social interaction and content creation, with users of social networks mainly using the latter to fulfil their needs for self-presentation. Considering that users of social networks share photos and videos on their profiles, often presented in an embellished form, they create numerous opportunities for social comparison. The aforementioned social comparisons are closely related to the user's self-esteem and, depending on the direction of the comparison, as well as the intensity of the use of social networks, can have a positive or negative effect on the self-esteem of adolescents. In accordance with what was previously stated, the aim of this research was to determine which social networks adolescents use most often, as well as to examine the relation between certain aspects of the social networks usage and the tendency to compare with others on social networks and adolescent self-esteem. Also, an additional aim was to test whether there are gender differences in certain aspects of the social networks usage and the tendency to compare with others on social networks. The research involved 209 participants, 173 female users and 36 male users of social networks between the ages of 16 and 25. The research was conducted through an online questionnaire, with participants completing the Self-liking/Self-competence Scale-Revised Version, the Scale of Comparison with Others, and the Facebook Intensity Scale, which in this research was adapted to examine the intensity of social network use in general. Through data analysis, it was determined that adolescents use WhatsApp, Instagram and Tik Tok most often. The analysis of gender differences did not reveal statistically significant differences in the tendency to compare with others, self-esteem, or time spent on social networks between male and female adolescents. Furthermore, the correlation analysis revealed a negative moderate correlation between the tendency to compare with others on social networks and adolescent self-esteem, and a negative low correlation between the amount of time spent daily on social networks and adolescent self-esteem. However, no statistically significant correlations were found between emotional attachment to social networks and the number of followers on social networks and adolescent self-esteem
The speech act of disapproval as an expression of emotionality in youth literature
No full textDie Diplomarbeit behandelt das Thema des Sprechakts der Missbilligung in zwei Jugendliteraturbüchern. In beiden Büchern kommt der Sprachakt der Missbilligung sehr häufig zum Ausdruck, da er die negativen Gefühle der Charaktere zueinander sowie das mangelnde Verständnis zwischen den jüngeren und älteren Charakteren zum Ausdruck bringt. Das Hauptziel der Diplomarbeit besteht darin, zu zeigen, welche Sprachelemente verwendet werden, um Missbilligung auszudrücken, und welche Emotionen die Sprecher am meisten dazu bewegen, jemanden oder etwas zu missbilligen. Die Analyse ergab, dass negativ konnotierte Adjektive die am häufigsten verwendeten Wortarten zum Ausdruck von Missbilligung sind. Die am zweithäufigsten verwendeten Wortarten sind Substantive und Verben mit negativer Bedeutung. Die Charaktere verwenden negativ konnotierte Wörter, um ihre negative Bewertung von jemandem oder etwas auszudrücken. Die Analyse ergab auch, dass der Grund dafür, dass Charaktere eine negative Sprache verwenden, d. h. der Grund, warum sie die Handlungen des anderen missbilligen, darin besteht, das Gefühl der Unzufriedenheit auszudrücken, das in den analysierten Beispielen das am häufigsten empfundene Gefühl ist.Diplomski rad obrađuje temu govornog čina neodobravanja u dvjema knjigama književnosti za mlade. Upotreba govornog čina neodobravanja vrlo je česta u obje knjige jer izražava negativne emocije koje likovi osjećaju jedni prema drugima, kao i nedostatak razumijevanja između mlađih i starijih likova. Glavni cilj diplomskog rada je pokazati koji se jezični elementi najčešće koriste kako bi se izrazilo neodobravanje, kao i koje emocije potiču govornike na to da izraze svoje neodobravanje nekoga ili nečega. Analizom je utvrđeno da su pridjevi s negativnom konotacijom najčešće korištene vrste riječi za izražavanje negodovanja. Druge najkorištenije vrste riječi su imenice i glagoli koji sadrže negativno značenje. Likovi koriste riječi s negativnom konotacijom kako bi izrazili svoju negativnu evaluaciju nekoga ili nečega. Analiza je također otkrila da je razlog zbog kojeg likovi koriste negativan jezik, tj. razlog zbog kojeg ne odobravaju postupke drugih, izražavanje emocije nezadovoljstva, što je najčešća emocija koju likovi osjećaju u svim analiziranim primjerima.The final paper deals with the topic of the speech act of disapproval in two youth literature books. The use of speech act of disapproval is very common in both books because it expresses the negative emotions the characters feel towards each other, as well as the lack of understanding between the younger and the older characters. The main goal of the paper is to show which language elements are most often used in order to express disapproval, as well as to show which emotions move the speakers to disapprove of someone or something the most. The analysis found that negatively connoted adjectives are the most used word types for expressing disapproval. The second most used word types are nouns and verbs that contain negative meaning. The characters use negatively connoted words in order to express their negative evaluation of someone or something. The analysis also found that the reason characters employ negative language, i.e. the reason they disapprove each other's actions, is to express the emotion of dissatisfaction, which is the most prominent emotion felt in analyzed examples
Partnerships and extended family
No full textU suvremenom društvu obitelj pruža osjećaj zajedništva kroz različite životne situacije i izazove. Uz obitelj, zajednički život partnera suočava se s promjenama i problemima, a njihovo prevladavanje kriznih situacija ovisi o prilagodbi partnera i zajedničkom riješavanju konflikata. Poštovanje i razumijevanje igraju ključnu ulogu u jačanju partnerskih odnosa i njih kao samih pojedinaca. Kako se društvo mijenja tako se i tradicionalne uloge mijenjaju, te partneri sve više dijele odgovornost unutar i izvan obitelji, u domanćinstvu i u odgoju djece. Šira obitelj utječe na odnos partnera u pružanju podrške i pomoći u kriznim životnim situacijama, te preuzimaju različite uloge stvarajući odnos zadovoljstva i stabilnosti. Tradicionalni obrasci unutar šire obitelji utječu na partnerske odnose pružajući osjećaj pripadnosti i sigurnosti. Obiteljski i partnerski odnosi postaju snažniji kroz međusobno poštovanje i podršku.In modern society, the family provides a sense of community through different life situations and challenges. Along with the family, the life of the partners is faced with changes and problems, and their overcoming of crisis situations depends on the adaptation of the partners and the joint resolution of conflicts. Respect and understanding play a key role in strengthening partner relationships and them as individuals. As society changes, so do traditional roles, and partners increasingly share responsibility inside and outside the family, in the household and in raising children. The family influences the relationship of partners in providing support and help in crisis life situations, and they take on different roles creating a relationship of satisfaction and stability. Traditions within the family shape partner relationships, providing a sense of belonging and acceptance. Family and partner relationships become stronger through mutual respect and support