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Sleep quality and some indicators of mental health in students
No full textPojava prvih simptoma narušenog mentalnog zdravlja, kao i pogoršanje već postojećih psiholoških teškoća, često se može uočiti već u razdoblju odlaska na studij. Taj prijelazni period obilježen je brojnim izazovima – uključujući promjenu sredine, povećane akademske zahtjeve te smanjen kontakt s obitelji i prijateljima – što može negativno djelovati na psihičku dobrobit studenata (Pedrelli i sur., 2015). Jedan od najznačajnijih psihosocijalnih faktora u tom kontekstu jest osjećaj usamljenosti, koji dodatno može biti pojačan iskustvom samoizolacije karakteristične za vrijeme pandemije COVID-19. Ispitanici u ovom istraživanju također su prošli kroz takva iskustva, što je kod mnogih moglo rezultirati povišenom razinom stresa, anksioznosti i depresivnih simptoma (Palgi i sur., 2024). Navedeni psihološki pritisci nerijetko se odražavaju i na kvalitetu sna, koja predstavlja ključnu komponentu za očuvanje kognitivnog funkcioniranja, emocionalne stabilnosti i opće sposobnosti prilagodbe studijskim obavezama (Alwhaibi i Al Aloola, 2023; Luo i sur., 2021). Stoga, cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati odnos kvalitete spavanja i mentalnog zdravlja studenata. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 200 studenata na području Republike Hrvatske, a provedeno je putem Google obrasca u kojem su ispitanici ispunjavali Pittsburgh indeks kvalitete spavanja (PSQI), Skalu depresivnosti, anksioznosti i stresa (DASS-21) i Skalu usamljenosti (TILS). Utvrđeno je da su ispitanici koji su spavali manje od 8 sati imali više razine stresa, anksioznosti, depresivnosti i usamljenosti od onih koji su spavali više od 8 sati. Što je kvaliteta spavanja ispitanika ovog istraživanja bila lošija i navedeni simptomi mentalnog zdravlja bili su lošiji. Također, utvrđena je i međusobna pozitivna povezanost varijabli mentalnog zdravlja ‒ stresa, anksioznosti, depresivnosti i usamljenosti.The onset of the first symptoms of impaired mental health, as well as the worsening of pre-existing psychological difficulties, can often be observed already during the period of leaving for studies. This transitional period is marked by numerous challenges – including a change in environment, increased academic demands and reduced contact with family and friends – which can negatively affect students’ psychological well-being (Pedrelli et al., 2015). One of the most significant psychosocial factors in this context is the feeling of loneliness, which can be further intensified by the experience of self-isolation characteristic of the COVID19 pandemic. The participants in this study have also gone through such experiences, which for many may have resulted in increased levels of stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms (Palgi et al., 2024). The aforementioned psychological pressures are often reflected in the quality of sleep, which is a key component for maintaining cognitive functioning, emotional stability and the general ability to adapt to study obligations (Alwhaibi and Al Aloola, 2023; Luo et al., 2021). Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between sleep quality and mental health of students. The study involved 200 students in the Republic of Croatia, and was conducted via a Google forms in which the respondents completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale – Short Form (DASS-21) and the Loneliness Scale (TILS). It was found that participants who slept less than 8 hours had higher levels of stress, anxiety, depression and loneliness than those who slept more than 8 hours. The worse the sleep quality of the participants in this study, the worse the listed mental health symptoms were. Also, a positive correlation between the mental health variables - stress, anxiety, depression and loneliness - was found. Also, a positive correlation between mental health variables - stress, anxiety, depression and loneliness - was also established
Heat pumps
No full textU završnom radu obrađene su dizalice topline, njihova podjela, načini rada te primjene. Naglasak je stavljen na razliku između kompresijskih i apsorpcijskih dizalica topline. Kompresijske dizalice koriste mehanički rad kompresora za prijenos topline kroz sustav sastavljen od isparivača, kompresora, kondenzatora i ekspanzijskog ventila. S druge strane, apsorpcijske dizalice umjesto kompresora koriste termički pogonjen ciklus temeljen na apsorpcijsko-desorpcijskom procesu, pri čemu važnu ulogu ima toplinski kompresor. U radu se analizira dvije vrste radnih tvari u apsorpcijskim sustavima: litijev bromid/voda i amonijak/voda. Također su opisani najčešće korišteni radni mediji u komercijalnim dizalicama kompresijskim dizalicama topline, kao što su fluorirani plinovi (R410A, R32), te prirodni mediji poput amonijaka, ugljikova dioksida i ugljikovodika. Apsorpcijske dizalice koriste različite izvore topline, uključujući otpadnu toplinu, toplinu iz termoenergetskih procesa i izgaranja goriva. Adsorpcijske dizalice topline funkcioniraju na principu adsorpcije, gdje dolazi do vezanja plinova ili tekućina na površinu čvrstih tvari. Također su obrađeni izvori topline poput tla, zraka, vode i sunčeve energije, te metode distribucije topline. Istaknuto je da podno grijanje omogućuje veću učinkovitost u odnosu na radijatorske sustave zbog nižih potrebnih temperatura vode. Rad pruža pregled rada dizalica topline, s naglaskom na njihove tehničke karakteristike, izvore i distribuciju topline te izbor radnih tvari.In the final paper, heat pumps, their division, modes of operation and applications are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the difference between compression and absorption heat pumps. Compression cranes use the mechanical operation of a compressor to transfer heat through a system composed of an evaporator, a compressor, a condenser, and an expansion valve. On the other hand, absorption pumps use a thermally driven cycle based on an absorption-desorption process instead of a compressor, where the heat compressor plays an important role. This paper analyzes two types of refrigerants in absorption systems: lithium bromide/water and ammonia/water. The most commonly used working media in commercial compression heat pump cranes, such as fluorinated gases (R410A, R32), and natural media such as ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons are also described. Absorption pumps use a variety of heat sources, including waste heat, heat from thermal power processes, and fuel combustion. Adsorption heat pumps work on the principle of adsorption, where gases or liquids bind to the surface of solids. Heat sources such as soil, air, water and solar energy, as well as heat distribution methods, are also covered. It was pointed out that underfloor heating allows for greater efficiency compared to radiator systems due to the lower required water temperatures. The paper provides an overview of the operation of heat pumps, with an emphasis on their technical characteristics, heat sources and distribution, and the choice of refrigerants
Comparison of knowledge and attitudes of graduate students about oral health
No full textCilj ovog rada bio je ispitati i usporediti znanje i stavove studenata diplomskog studija sestrinstva i ranog i predškolskog odgoja o oralnom zdravlju. S obzirom na njihove buduće profesionalne uloge u zdravstvu i obrazovanju, važno je razumjeti koliko su informirani i spremni djelovati u području promocije i prevencije oralnih bolesti. Istraživanje je provedeno pomoću anonimnog anketnog upitnika, a sudjelovalo je ukupno 242 studenta. Analizirani su njihovi odgovori vezani uz osnovne pojmove anatomije usne šupljine, najčešće bolesti, higijenske navike te percepciju profesionalne odgovornosti. Rezultati su pokazali da studenti sestrinstva posjeduju višu razinu znanja o oralnom zdravlju i iskazuju veću spremnost za uključivanje u preventivne aktivnosti, u usporedbi sa studentima ranog i predškolskog odgoja. Obje skupine pokazuju pozitivan stav prema očuvanju oralnog zdravlja, ali je prisutna potreba za dodatnom edukacijom, osobito među budućim odgojiteljima. Zaključak rada ukazuje na važnost uvođenja sadržaja o oralnom zdravlju u obrazovne programe te potiče interdisciplinarnu suradnju između zdravstvenih i odgojno-obrazovnih djelatnika u svrhu učinkovitije prevencije i promocije zdravih navika.The aim of this study was to examine and compare the knowledge and attitudes of nursing students and early childhood education students regarding oral health. Given their future professional roles in healthcare and education, it is essential to understand how informed and motivated they are to engage in the promotion and prevention of oral diseases. The research was conducted through an anonymous questionnaire completed by 242 students. The survey examined their understanding of oral anatomy, common oral diseases, hygiene habits, and perception of professional responsibility. The results showed that nursing students demonstrated a higher level of knowledge and a greater willingness to engage in preventive activities compared to early childhood education students. While both groups expressed a generally positive attitude toward oral health, the findings highlighted the need for additional education, particularly among future educators. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the importance of incorporating oral health topics into university curricula and encourages interdisciplinary collaboration between healthcare and education professionals to promote effective prevention and health education strategie
Acute intoxication in the internal medicine intensive care unit
No full textCilj rada: Prikazati klinička i demografska obilježja akutno intoksiciranih pacijenata primljenih u internističku jedinicu intenzivnog liječenja i prikazati ishode pacijenata koji su liječeni u internističkoj jedinici intenzivnog liječenja zbog akutne intoksikacije. Materijali i metode: Provedeno je retrospektivno istraživanje u internističkoj Jedinici intenzivnog liječenja. Ispitanici su bili odrasli pacijenti koji su primljeni u jedinicu intenzivnog liječenja sa dijagnozom akutne intoksikacije kojih je bilo 97. Pacijentima smo prikupili opće podatke iz medicinske dokumentacije te uzeli uzorke urina i krvi. Pri analizi podataka smo koristili Fisherov egzaktni test, Studentov t-test, Mann-Whitney U test i Spermanov koeficijent korelacije. Rezultati: U istraživanje su bile uključene 44 (45%) žene i 53 (55%) muškarca što čini 19,48% svih prijema u JIL (498). Većina pacijenata (95) prijavila je namjernu intoksikaciju, a 2 pacijenta (2,06%) slučajnu. Većina pacijenata (54,64%) koristila je jedno sredstvo za intoksikaciju. Alkohol i kanabinoidi najzastupljenije su vrste otrova kod muškaraca, a kod žena su najčešće sredstvo intoksikacije benzodiazepini. Sistolički arterijski tlak bio je značajno viši u ispitanika s trovanjem jednim sredstvom intoksikacije (P=0,007) u odnosu na one intoksicirane s 2 ili više. Zaključak: Akutne intoksikacije predstavljaju veliki izazov suvremenoj medicini i javnom zdravstvu. Kliničke manifestacije akutne intoksikacije su raznolike i ovise o vrsti i dozi sredstava intoksikacije. Istraživanje je pokazalo očekivanu dinamiku između sistoličkog arterijskog tlaka i broja sredstava intoksikacije te utjecaj potrebe za dijalizom na smrtni ishod.Aim: Present the clinical and demographic characteristics of acutely intoxicated patients admitted to the internal intensive care unit and to present the outcomes of patients who were treated in the internal intensive care unit for acute intoxication. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted in the Internal Medicine Intensive Care Unit. The respondents were adult patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit with a diagnosis of acute intoxication, of which there were 97. We collected general data from the patients' medical records and took urine and blood samples. When analyzing data, we used Fisher's exact test, Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and Sperman's correlation coefficient. Results: In the research were included 44 (45%) women and 53 (55%) men, which is 19.48% of all ICU patinets (498). Most patients (95) reported intentional intoxication, and 2 patients (2.06%) reported accidental. The majority of patients (54.64%) used one means of intoxication. Alcohol and cannabinoids are the most common types of poison in men, and in women are benzodiazepines. Systolic arterial pressure was significantly higher in subjects poisoned with one poison (P=0.007) compared to those intoxicated with 2 or more. Conclusion: Acute intoxications represent a great challenge to modern medicine and public health. Clinical manifestations of acute intoxication are diverse and depend on the type and dose of poisons. The research showed the expected dynamics between systolic arterial pressure and the number of poisons and the impact of the need for dialysis on the death outcome
Status of Women in Ancient Egypt
No full textOvaj diplomski rad se bavi temom položaja žena u drevnom Egiptu, od početka egipatske civilizacije sve do helenističkog razdoblja, to jest do vladavine Ptolemejevića. Istražit će se uloga žena u društvenom, religijskom i političkom životu Egipta. Približit će se obiteljski život staroegipatskog društva, s naglaskom na ulogu žene u obitelji - o braku, razvodu i rađanju djece. Također, bit će riječ o ulozi žena u religiji, te općenito o različitim zanimanjima kojima su se mogle baviti. Uz to, prikazat će se moda žena – što su odijevale i kako su se brinule o svom izgledu. Na kraju rada, fokus će biti na vladaricama Hatšepsut i Nefertiti, koje su ostvarile političku moć te su rijetki primjeri žena u drevnom Egiptu koje su postigle tako važne funkcije.This thesis deals with the topic of the position of women in ancient Egypt, from the beginning of Egyptian civilization until the Hellenistic period, that is, until the reign of the Ptolemaic dynasty. The role of women in the social, religious and political life of Egypt will be explored. The family life of ancient Egyptian society will be analysed, with an emphasis on the role of women in the family, i.e. on marriage, divorce and childbirth. The role of women in religion, and in general the different professions they could engage in will also be discussed. In addition, the fashion of women will be presented - what they wore and how they took care of their appearance. At the end of the paper, the focus will be on the rulers Hatshepsut and Nefertiti, who achieved political power and are rare examples of women in ancient Egypt who achieved such important functions
Film taste of students: gender and regional differences
No full textOvim radom prikazuju se rezultati anketnog istraživanja filmskog ukusa i praksi studenata u Zadru i Rijeci (N=651). Teorijsko polazište ovog rada je teorija kulturnog kapitala Pierra Bourdieua. Cilj ovog rada je istražiti postoje li razlike u filmskom ukusu s obzirom na rod i mjesto studiranja. Radom se također želi ispitati povezanost između filmskog ukusa i estetskih preferencija. Korištena je skala preferencije filmskih žanrova s ukupno četrnaest žanrova te su se ispitivale prakse i učestalost gledanja. Provedbom t-testa utvrđeno je da postoje rodne razlike u filmskom ukusu; studentice preferiraju filmove žanra romantike, a studenti žanra drame, scifi, akcije i indie filmove, ali ne postoje regionalne razlike. Nadalje, Pearsonovim koeficijentom korelacije pokazalo se da postoji statistički značajna povezanost između estetskih preferencija i filmskog ukusa; inovativni aspekti estetske dispozicije pozitivno koreliraju s legitimnim žanrovima. Jednosmjernom analizom varijance utvrđeno je da postoji statistički značajna razlika između praksi gledanja filmova i filmskog ukusa; ilegalno streamanje je vezano uz legitimni ukus, streaming servisi uz prosječni, a TV kanali uz popularni. Međutim, ne postoji statistički značajna razlika između estetskih preferencija i praksi gledanja filmova.This paper presents the results of a questionnaire research about film taste and practice of watching films of students population in Zadar and Rijeka (N=651). Theoretical background of this paper is the theory of Pierre Bourdieu and cultural capital. The aim of this study is to see if differences in film taste exist based on the gender and place of study. This paper also wants to examine the correlation between film taste and aesthetical preferences. A film genre preference scale was used with fourteen genres along with practice and frequency of watching films. T-test analysis of gender differences showed up significant; female students prefer romantic films, but male students prefer drama, sci-fi, action and indie films, regional differences did not show significant. Furthermore, Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that there is a statistically significant connection between aesthetical preferences and film taste; innovative aspect of aesthetical disposition positively correlate with legitimate genres. One-way analysis of variance showed that there were statistically significant differences between practice of watching films and film taste; illegally streaming is tied with legitimate taste, streaming services with average taste and TV channels with popular taste. However, there is not a statistically significant difference between aesthetical preferences and practice of watching films
Introduction of the euro as the official currency in Croatia
No full textKako bi materijalno onemogućile još jedan rat u Europi, države Europe su stvorile Uniju, koja se nakon niza godina pretvorila u današnju Europsku Uniju. Europska unija tako se razvila u ekonomsku uniju koju karakterizira stvaranje jedinstvenog europskog tržišta koje omogućuje slobodno kretanje robe, usluga, kapitala i radne snage. S ciljem formiranja jedinstvenog tržišta, Sporazumom iz Maastrichta stvorena je i jedinstvena Monetarna unija sa zajedničkom valutom – Eurom, kojoj je Hrvatska pristupila 2023. godine. Ciljevi rada, koji se primarno odnose na prepoznavanje prednosti i ograničenja uvođenja Eura kao nacionalne valute, postigli su se analizom statističkih podataka o gospodarskim i ekonomskim pokazateljima i provođenjem intervjua sa stanovništvom Republike Hrvatske. Statistički podaci pokazuju pretežito pozitivnu situaciju u Hrvatskoj nakon uvođenja Eura kao nacionalne valute, što se dosta razlikuje od stavova stanovništva prikupljenih intervjuom. Prema mišljenju stanovništva Republike Hrvatske, uvođenje Eura imalo je više ograničenja, nego nedostataka, a neki od najčešće spomenutih prilikom provođenja intervjua su rast cijena dobara i usluga, stagnacija plaća, visoka stopa inflacije, odbacivanje jedinstvene valute i gubitak monetarnog suvereniteta. Prema statističkim podacima, uvođenjem Euro ostvarilo se više koristi nego nedostataka, kao što su rast BDP-a, rast prosječne neto plaće, snižavanje stope inflacije u periodu visoke inflacije, razvoj turizma i najviši kreditni rejting u povijesti Hrvatske. Prilikom provedbe intervjua primjetno je također da stanovnici Republike Hrvatske u obzir ne uzimaju cjelokupnu situaciju u kojoj je Hrvatska pristupila Eurozoni i da je mišljenje možda pretežito negativno iz sentimentalnih razloga i privrženosti 'našoj' valuti – Kuni. Ako se u obzir uzmu samo statistički podaci, koji su objektivni prikaz situacije nakon uvođenja Eura, da se zaključiti da je hrvatsko pristupanje Eurozoni donijelo više prednosti nego ograničenja.In order to materially prevent another war in Europe, the countries of Europe created the Union, which after a number of years turned into today's European Union. The European Union thus developed into an economic union characterized by the creation of a single European market that enables the free movement of goods, services, capital and labor. With the aim of forming a single market, the Maastricht Agreement also created a single Monetary Union with a common currency – the Euro, which Croatia joined in 2023. The goals of the work, which primarily refer to the recognition of the advantages and limitations of the introduction of the Euro as a national value, are achieved by analyzing statistical data on economic and economic indicators and conducting interviews with the population of the Republic of Croatia. Statistical data show a predominantly positive situation in Croatia after the introduction of the Euro as a national value, which is quite different from the attitudes of the population gathered through interviews. According to the opinion of the population of the Republic of Croatia, the introduction of the Euro had more limitations than disadvantages, and some of the most frequently mentioned during interviews are the rise in prices of goods and services, stagnation of payments, high inflation rate, rejection of the single value and loss of monetary sovereignty. According to statistical data, the introduction of the euro brought more benefits than disadvantages, such as GDP growth, average net salary growth, lowering the inflation rate in a period of high inflation, tourism development and the highest credit rating in Croatia's history. During the interview, it is also noticeable that the inhabitants of the Republic of Croatia do not take into account the entire situation in which Croatia joined the Eurozone and that the opinion is perhaps predominantly negative for sentimental reasons and attachment to 'our' value - Kuna. If only statistical data are taken into account, which are an objective presentation of the situation after the introduction of the Euro, it can be concluded that Croatia's accession to the Eurozone brought more advantages than limitation
Development of a quality of life model based on the example of selected urban centers
No full textKvaliteta života sve je važnija tema jer izravno utječe na zadovoljstvo stanovnika, njihovo zdravlje i opću dobrobit. Teorijski okvir istraživanja kvalitete života obuhvaća razmatranje različitih modela i teorija koji se bave objektivnim i subjektivnim indikatorima kvalitete života. Istraživanje kvalitete života usmjereno je na definiranje i klasifikaciju različitih vrsta indikatora, uključujući objektivne i subjektivne, kvantitativne i kvalitativne. Posebna pažnja posvećena je funkcijama indikatora, kao što su procjena, praćenje, planiranje, donošenje odluka, komunikacija i participacija. Smjerniceglobalnih institucija, poput Ujedinjenih naroda i Europske unije, preporučuju da se mjerenja kvalitete života provode integriranim pristupom koji u obzir uzima dosad neistražene indikatore, poput održivog razvoja i pametnih gradova. Na temelju subjektivnih percepcija stanovnika Zagreba, Beča i Ljubljane, koji se razlikuju po socioekonomskom kontekstu i duljini članstva u Europskoj uniji, opisan je model mjerenja kvalitete života u urbanim centrima. Novi model mjerenja kvalitete života osmišljen je tako da osigura relevantnost za buduće političke odluke u urbanim centrima. Empirijskidio istraživanjauključujei mjerenjekvalitete života u tri gradska prstena i ukupno u Zagrebu. Obuhvatnom interpretacijom rezultata, istraživanje pruža dublje razumijevanje različitih dimenzija kvalitete života u različitim prstenima grada Zagreba. Zaključno, na temelju rezultata testiranja hipoteze izveden je zaključak da ne postoji razlika u ocjeni kvalitete života u Zagrebu između ispitanika iz tri gradska prstena. To znači da je model mjerenjakvaliteteživota u urbanimcentrimaprikladan za mjerenjekvalitete života u Zagrebu neovisno o tome u kojem dijelu grada se provodi mjerenje kvalitete života. Zaključci istraživanja ističu važnost kontinuiranog praćenja i prilagođavanja politika kako bi se osigurala dugoročna održivost urbanih sredina. Postavljaju se temelji za buduća istraživanja u području kvalitete života i nude se smjernice za primjenu modela u drugim urbanim centrima. Integracijom različitih indikatora i analizom suvremenih izazova, rad pridonosi razumijevanju kompleksnih dinamika kvalitete života u urbanim centrima i temelj je za kvalitetno upravljanje urbanim centrima.Quality of life is becoming an increasingly important topic because it directly affects the satisfaction of residents, their health and general well-being. The theoretical framework of quality of life research includes consideration of various models and theories that deal with objective and subjective indicators of quality of life. Quality of life research is focused on defining and classifying different types of indicators, including objective and subjective, quantitative and qualitative. Special attention is paid to the functions of indicators, such as assessment, monitoring, planning, decision-making, communication and participation. Guidelines from global institutions, such as the United Nations and the European Union, that quality of life measurements are carried out with an integrated approach that takes into account hitherto unexplored indicators, such as sustainable development and smart cities. Based on the subjective perceptions of the residents of Zagreb, Vienna and Ljubljana, who differ in socioeconomic context and length of membership in the European Union, a model for measuring the quality of life in urban centers is described. The new quality of life measurement model is designed to ensure relevance for future policy decisions in urban centers. The empiricalpart of the research includes measuring the quality of life in the three city rings and in Zagreb as a whole. Through a comprehensive interpretation of the results, the research provides a deeper understanding of the different dimensions of the quality of life in the different rings of the city of Zagreb. In conclusion, based on the results of the hypothesis testing, it was concluded that there is no difference in the assessment of the quality of life in Zagreb between respondents from the three city rings. This fact means that the model of measuring the quality of life in urban centers is suitable for measuring the quality of life in Zagreb, regardless of which part of the city the quality of life measurement is carried out. The research conclusionsemphasize the importance of continuous monitoring and adaptation of policies to ensure the long-term sustainability of urban environments. The foundations for future research in the area of quality of life are laid and guidelines are offered for the application of the model in other urban centers. Through the integration of various indicators and the analysis of contemporary challenges, the work contributes to the understanding of the complex dynamics of the quality of life in urban centers and represents the basis for quality management of urban centers
Children´s visual presentation of the natural and cultural heritage of the city of Zadar
No full textKomunikacija između djeteta, baštine i likovnosti omogućava djetetu da na svoj jedinstven način doživi, razumije i interpretira baštinu, u ovom slučaju prirodnu i kulturnu baštinu grada Zadra. Naša uloga kao odgojatelja je omogućiti djetetu slobodu izražavanja kroz likovne aktivnosti te mu na taj način pružiti podršku i razumijevanje u procesu stvaranja. Kroz proces likovnog izražavanja, dijete ne samo da istražuje i interpretira baštinu, već i razvija svoju kreativnost i maštu. Korištenjem različitih materijala, tehnika i medija, djeca imaju priliku vizualizirati i reinterpretirati kulturne simbole, ali i objekte. Na taj način dijete nije samo pasivni promatrač, već aktivno prenosi svoje unutarnje doživljaje prema baštini. Svako dijete, s obzirom na svoje specifične percepcije, emocionalne reakcije i iskustva, na različite načine prezentira svoje viđenje baštine, čineći sam proces stvaranja umjetnosti individualnim i osobnim. Možemo zaključiti da se dijete likovno izražava kako bi prikazalo ono što percipira, ali i doživljava te zbog toga nećemo nigdje vidjeti dva ista rada jer je u svakom radu prikazana djetetova individualnost. Diplomski rad se sastoji od dva dijela. Prvi dio je teorijski i obuhvaća cjeline koje općenito govore o zadarskoj baštini te od čega se ona sastoji, odnosno koji dijelovi iste su korišteni za diplomski rad. Drugi dio, onaj glavni, je istraživači dio. U njemu se govori od samom tijeku istraživanja, upoznavanja djece s baštinom, ali i usporedbi nekih dijelova zadarske s ninskom baštinom kako bi djeca lakše shvatila neke sadržajeCommunication between the child, heritage and art enables the child to experience, understand and interpret heritage in their unique way, in this case the natural and cultural heritage of the city of Zadar. Our role as educators is to provide the child with freedom of expression through artistic activities, thereby offering support and understanding in the process of creation. Through the process of artistic expression, the child not only explores and interprets heritage but also develops their creativity and imagination. By using different materials, techniques and media, children have opportunity to visualize and interpret cultural symbols and objects. In this way, the child is not just a passive observer but actively conveys their internal experiences of heritage. Each child, based on their specific perceptions, emotional reactions and experiences, presents their vision of heritage in different ways, making the process of artistic creation individual and personal. We can conclude that a child uses artistic expression to represent what they perceive and experience, which is way no two works will ever be the same, as every work reflects the child´s individuality. This final paper consists of two parts. The first part is theoretical and covers general topics about the heritage of Zadar, what it consists of, and which elements of it were used for the thesis. The second part, the main part, is the research part. This part discusses the research process itself, introducing children to the heritage and comparing some parts of Zadar´s heritage with Nin´s heritage to help children more easily understand certain content
Gender-Based Derivation and Occupational Nouns
No full textMocijska je tvorba tvorba ustrojstva prema spolu, a upravo su nazivi za zanimanja koja se nazivaju profesijski nazivi podskup mocijskih naziva. Mocijskih je parnjaka općenito najviše među profesijskim imenicama, uz koje je ujedno i povezano najviše normativnih problema, posebno u vezi s uporabom ženskoga mocijskog parnjaka koji se uglavnom tvori od svoga muškog mocijskog parnjaka. U teorijskom dijelu raspravlja se o mocijskoj tvorbi i mocijskim parnjacima, odnosu roda i spola, feminizmu i seksizmu u jeziku koji se često veže uz mocijske parnjake te o profesijskim imenicama. U drugom dijelu rada prikazuje se provedeno istraživanje o profesijskim imenicama. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 154 ispitanika koji su podijeljeni u tri skupine po spolu, trenutačnoj razini obrazovanja i srednjoj školi koju su ispitanici pohađali. Znanje ispitanika provjeravalo se na temelju upitnika koji se sastojao od tri dijela odnosno tri zadatka, svaki je sadržavao četrnaest rečenica. U radu su prikazani rezultati svih ispitanika, a zatim su se odgovori raščlanjivali prema trima spomenutim kriterijima (spol, trenutačna razina obrazovanja te srednja škola koju su ispitanici pohađali ili pohađaju). Cilj je istraživanja bio utvrditi znaju li ispitanici prepoznati pravilan oblik odgovarajućeg mocijskog parnjaka, te znaju li samostalno proizvoditi mocijske parnjake profesijskih imenica. Svrha je istraživanja istaknuti najčešća odstupanja te dvojbe ispitanika i pokušati ukazati na moguće razloge odstupanja pri uporabi mocijskih parnjaka. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da su ispitanici bili najuspješniji u trećem zadatku, odnosno u rečenicama u kojima su morali odabrati točan od triju ponuđenih odgovora. Nešto slabije riješili su prvi zadatak gdje su samostalno morali tvoriti mocijske parnjake profesijskih imenica ponuđenih u zagradama. Najslabije su riješili drugi dio upitnika koji je sadržavao ista pitanja kao i prvi dio upitnika. Od njega se razlikovao u tome što ispitanici nisu morali samostalno tvoriti profesijske imenice, već su morali odabrati točan odgovor od tri ponuđena odgovora. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da ni spol, ni trenutna razina obrazovanja ni srednja škola koju su ispitanici pohađali nema znatan utjecaj u prepoznavanju i tvorenju profesijskih imenica jer su rezultati bili približno jednaki. Nešto su bolju riješenost u upitniku ostvarile ženske ispitanice, te studenti diplomskog studija, a po kriteriju srednje škole gimnazijalci. Iako ispitanici pokazuju određenu jezičnu osviještenost kad je riječ o profesijskim imenicama rezultati ovog istraživanja ukazuju da je i dalje potrebna edukacija i normiranje ovakvih oblika u standardnom jeziku.Gender-based derivation refers to the formation of linguistic structures based on gender. Occupational titles, known as professional nouns, form a subset of gender-derived terms. The majority of gendered noun pairs are found among professional nouns, which also present the most significant normative challenges—particularly regarding the use of feminine counterparts, which are typically derived from their masculine forms. The theoretical section of this paper discusses gender-based derivation and gendered noun pairs, the relationship between gender and sex, as well as the issues of feminism and sexism in language, which are often associated with gendered forms, especially within professional contexts. The second part of the paper presents a study conducted on the use of professional nouns. The study involved 154 participants divided into three groups based on gender, current level of education, and the type of secondary school they attended. Participants' knowledge was assessed through a questionnaire composed of three tasks, each containing fourteen sentences. The results are presented first as a whole and then analyzed according to the three mentioned criteria (gender, current educational level, and secondary school background). The objective of the research was to determine whether participants are able to correctly identify the appropriate gendered forms of professional nouns, as well as whether they can independently produce such forms. The purpose of the study was to highlight the most common deviations and uncertainties among respondents and to identify possible reasons behind the incorrect use of gendered noun pairs. The findings revealed that participants were most successful in the third task, which required them to select the correct option from three provided answers within given sentences. They performed somewhat less successfully in the first task, where they had to independently generate feminine counterparts of professional nouns provided in parentheses. The poorest performance was recorded in the second task, which used the same sentences as the first, but required selecting the correct option from three choices rather than forming them independently. The research results showed that neither gender, nor the current level of education, nor the type of secondary school attended had a significant impact on the ability to recognize and form professional nouns, as the results were generally similar across groups. Slightly better 44 performance was noted among female participants, graduate students, and grammar school alumni. Although participants demonstrated a certain level of linguistic awareness regarding professional nouns, the results suggest that further education and standardization of such forms in the standard language remains necessary