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Tha Pharos psephisma in academic literature
No full textU radu se prikazuje Farska psefizma kroz znanstvena istraživanja filologa, uz kratki osvrt na povijesni i društveno politički kontekst kao nadopunu epigrafskom i gramatičkom. Iz tog su razloga izdvojena važnija istraživanja koja predstavljaju psefizmu s filološkog i povijesnog aspekta kako bi se osvijetlio životni ambijent u gradu u kojem je psefizma i pronađena - u Starom Gradu na otoku Hvaru.In this paper, philological research on the Pharos psephisma is presented. It is accompanied by an outline of the historical and socio-political context in which the psephisma was created, along with an epigraphic and grammatical outline. Thus, important research findings on the psefisma which review the topic from a philologica and historic aspect are presented, in order to bring to light the ambient of the city in which the psephisma was found, namely Stari Grad on the island of Hvar
The character of the leader in Ivan Kušan's detective novels
No full textIvan Kušan jedan je od najvažnijih romanopisaca za djecu u hrvatskoj književnosti. Njegov opus za djecu većinom čine detektivski romani od kojih su tri obrađena u ovom radu, Uzbuna na Zelenom Vrhu (1956.), Koko i duhovi (1958.) te Zagonetni dječak (1963.). Ratko (Koko) Milić je dječak koji se pojavljuje u svakom romanu te mi kroz te romane pratimo njegov razvoj. Kušan u svojim romanima prikazuje dječake koji nisu savršeni, oni duže drijemaju, neposlušni su, lažu odraslima i smišljaju spletke. Odrasli im na koncu sve to opraštaju jer dječaci nemaju loše namjere, oni samo žele uhvatiti kriminalce. Kušan u romanima spominje svoje prethodne romane, piše bogatim jezikom punim usporedbi, a na početku svakog romana se nalazi neka enigma.Ivan Kušan is one of the most important novelists for children in Croatian literature. His oeuvre for children consists moslty of detective novels, three of which are covered in this paper, The Mystery of Green Hill (1956.), Koko and the Ghosts (1958.) and Mysterious boy (1963.). Ratko (Koko) Milić is a boy who appears in every novel and we follow his development through those novels. In his novels, Kušan shows boys who are not perfect, they take longer naps, they are disobedient, they lie to adults and come up with schemes. In the end, adults forgive them because the boys have no bad intentions, they just want to catch criminals. In his novels, Kušan mentions his previous novels, writes in rich language full of similes, and at the beginning of each novel there is an enigma
Stopljenice u engleskom jeziku u televizijskoj domeni
No full textThis paper provides a corpus-based research on English blends in the television domain. On a sample of 49 English blends I calculated their observed and normalized frequency in the television domain and compared their frequency between 5 different genrescomedy, fantasy, action, horror and drama. After I got the results in which genre blends are the most common, I compared the frequency of blends between three different domainstelevision, blog and news. This paper gave an insight which domain is the most prolific in creating and using blends. Also, since the conclusion cannot be made from only one research, I collected a number of other corpus-based research that researched similar variablesfrequency or productivity of blends. Some of their data matched the data collected in this research, which might give a better view on the commonness of blends in different domains.Ovaj rad pruža korpusno istraživanje o stopljenicama u engleskom jeziku unutar televizijske domene. Na uzorku od 49 stopljenica, izračunala sam njihovu izmjerenu i normaliziranu frekvenciju u televizijskoj domeni te usporedila njihovu učestalost između 5 žanrova- komedije, fantastike, akcije, horora i drame. Nakon što sam dobila rezultate u kojem žanru su stopljenice najzastupljenije, usporedila sam učestalost stopljenica između 3 domenetelevizijske, blog i vijesti. Ovaj rad pružio je uvid u to koja domena je najplodnija za stvaranje i korištenje stopljenica. Osim toga, s obzirom da jedno istraživanje nije dovoljno kako bi se donijeli konkretniji zaključci, prikupila sam nekoliko drugih korpusnih istraživanja koja su se bavila sličnim varijablama- učestalošću i produktivnošću stopljenica. Neki od podataka su se poklapali s podatcima sakupljenim u ovom istraživanju, što može dati bolji uvid o učestalosti stopljenica u različitim domenama
Archaeological and historical topography of Gorski kotar region
No full textU radu su predstavljeni arheološki i povijesni lokaliteti na području Gorskog kotara te je iznesen povijesni pregled ovog prostora. U radu se obrađuju prapovijesni lokaliteti koji su uglavnom špiljskog karaktera, zatim je tu lokalitet Claustra Alpium Iuliarum u Prezidu, koji je dao najviše informacija o antičkom razdoblju u Gorskom kotaru. Slijede kasnosrednjovjekovni i novovjekovni lokaliteti poput zrinsko-frankopanskih kaštela, sakralne arhitekture te naposljetku važne prometnice 18. i 19. stoljeća. Ukratko su također spomenuti i neki recentni terenski pregledi provedeni u Gorskom kotaru.The paper presents archaeological and historical sites of Gorski kotar region with a historical overview of this area. The paper analyses some prehistoric sites that are mostly caves, then there is the site of Claustra Alpium Iuliarum in Prezid, which provided the most information about the period of antiquity in Gorski kotar. Late medieval and early modern sites follow such as the Zrinski-Frankopan castles, the sacral architecture and also important roads from the 18th and 19th centuries. Some recent field surveys conducted in Gorski kotar were also briefly referred to
Emotions and the sustainability of transnational intimate relationships
No full textOvaj se diplomski rad bavi transnacionalnim intimnim vezama, njihovom održivošću te emocijama budući da su one te koje imaju ključnu ulogu pri održavanju navedenih veza. Glavni cilj ovog teorijskog rada jest utvrditi i opisati sve aspekte transnacionalnih intimnih veza te odrediti čimbenike koji doprinose njihovoj održivosti. Pritom se ovaj rad oslanja na radove niza drugih autora i autorica koji/e su se prethodno bavili/e ovom temom. S obzirom na to da je važno obratiti pažnju na individualna iskustva, i budući da ne postoje univerzalna pravila koja bi se odnosila na sva iskustva, ovim se radom želi postaviti temelj za buduća istraživanja praktične primjene i evaluacije sustava emocionalne komunikacije, prisnosti i održivosti ovih veza, imajući na umu to da, uz individualna iskustva, kultura, dob, socio-ekonomski status, spol i seksualna orijentacija mogu utjecati na dinamiku i trajnost veze.This master's thesis deals with transnational intimate relationships, their sustainability, and emotions, since they are the ones that play a key role in maintaining said relationships. The main goal of this theoretical work is to determine and describe all aspects of transnational intimate relationships and determine the factors that contribute to their sustainability. Simultaneously, this paper relies on the work of numerous other authors who previously dealt with this topic. Considering that it is important to pay attention to individual experiences, and since there are no universal rules that could apply to all experiences, this work aims to lay the foundation for future research on the practical application and evaluation of emotional communication systems, intimacy, and sustainability of these relationships. In addition to individual experiences, it would be important to bear in mind that culture, age, socio-economic status, gender, and sexual orientation can influence the dynamics and durability of a relationship
Concordia Apostolorum: iconography of st. Peter and st. Paul in the 4th and 5th centuries
No full textPrikaz Concordiae Apostolorum jedan je od važnijih ikonografskih elemenata koji nastaje u drugoj polovici 4. stoljeća. Reforma koju papa Damaz pokreće sa štovanjem kulta mučenika u Rimu uzdiže značaj koji su dvojica apostola imali. Naime, prema apokrifnoj literaturi Petar i Pavao djelovali su zajedno u širenju evanđelja u Rimu, gdje su na kraju mučeni i ubijeni, što ih čini idealnim zaštitnicima grada. Apostolski autoritet koji su Petar i Pavao uživali u Rimu dovodi do toga da ih proglašavaju utemeljiteljima crkve u Rimu, ali i samoga grada, zamjenjujući mitske osnivače Romula i Rema. Tada ih crkva počinje u gotovo propagandnom stilu predstavljati u zajedničkoj konkordiji kako bi naglasili njihovo zajedništvo kao i jedinstvo države i crkve. Tada zapravo započinje rekonstrukcija carstva sa Kršćanstvom kao glavnom religijom. Ikonografija Petra i Pavla prvenstveno se razvijala u Rimu, ali širi se i po cijeloj Italiji, kasnije i u Carigradu i sjevernoj Africi. Kako je konkordija prikaz koji je trebao promicati određenu poruku morao je biti što više prisutan u svakodnevnom životu građana. Tako postoje razni predmeti na kojima nalazimo prikaz apostolske konkordije, kao što su: čaše s zlatnim dnom, keramički predmeti, predmeti od bronce ili srebra, kameni spomenici i predmeti od bjelokosti. Uz prikaz konkordije, Petar i Pavao se u 4. i 5. stoljeću pojavljuju i u Kristocentričnim scenama kao što su tradicio legis, tradicio clavium i maiestas Domini.The representation of the Concordiae Apostolorum is one of the most important iconographic elements created in the second half of the 4th century. The reform that Pope Damasus initiates with the veneration of the cult of martyrs in Rome elevates the importance that the two apostles had. Namely, according to apocryphal literature, Peter and Paul worked together in spreading the gospel in Rome, where they were eventually tortured and killed, which makes them ideal protectors of the city. The apostolic authority that Peter and Paul enjoyed in Rome led to them being declared the founders of the church in Rome, but also of the city itself, replacing the mythical founders Romulus and Remus. Then the church begins to present them in an almost propaganda like style in a jointly concordia in order to emphasize their commonality as well as the unity of the state and the church. Then the reconstruction of the empire with Christianity as the main religion actually begins. The iconography of Peter and Paul was primarily developed in Rome, but it also spread throughout Italy, later also in Constantinople and North Africa. Since the concordia is a display that was supposed to promote a certain message, it had to be present as much as possible in the everyday life of citizens. Thus, there are various objects on which we find the representation of the apostolic concord, such as: gold glasses, ceramic objects, objects made of bronze or silver, stone monuments and objects made of ivory. In addition to the depiction of the concord, Peter and Paul also appear in Christocentric scenes in the 4th and 5th centuries, such as traditio legis, traditio clavium and maiestas Domini
Information and communication technology (ICT) in education: a review of research
No full textSvrha ovog završnog rada je predstaviti načine integracije Informacijske i Komunikacijske Tehnologije (IKT) u obrazovni proces. Razmatrat će se organizacija nastave s primjenom IKTa, s naglaskom na planiranju i pedagoškim principima. Nakon uvoda o tome kako je IKT integriran u odgojno-obrazovni sustav govori se o suvremenim informacijsko i komunikacijskim alatima u obrazovanju. Potom se u radu daje uvid u kurikulum međupredmetne teme; Uporaba informacijske i komunikacijske tehnologije za osnovne i srednje škole te na koji se način nastava treba organizirati pomoću IKT-a. U pregledu istraživanja predstavljeni su odabrani radovi na temu integracije IKT-a u odgojno-obrazovnom procesu.The purpose of this paper is to present ways of integrating Information and Communication Technology (ICT) into the educational process. The organization of classes with the application of ICT will be discussed, with an emphasis on planning and pedagogical principles. After the introduction about how ICT is integrated into the educational system, we talk about modern information and communication tools in education. Then, the paper provides an insight into the curriculum of the cross-curricular topic; The use of information and communication technology for primary and secondary schools and how teaching should be organized using ICT. This review of research presents a selection of scientific studies about ICT integration in the educational process
The competitiveness of the Republic of Croatia as a tourist destination on the international market
No full textKonkurentnost Republike Hrvatske kao turističke destinacije može se pratiti kroz stalan rast statističkih podataka o broju dolazaka i noćenja, te rastu nacionalnog bruto domaćeg proizvoda uzrokovanog rastom prometa u sustavu turizma. Iz tog razloga konkurentnost postaje ključan koncept pristupa i istraživanja u ovome radu. Tijekom godina razvili su se pokazatelji od strane raznih organizacija koje se bave određenim aspektima konkurentnosti, ali i dalje nedostaje sveukupni okvir mjerenja konkurentnosti u turizmu. Utvrdilo se kako je zapravo teško normirati idealan skup pokazatelja, stoga se mjerenju konkurentnosti turističke destinacije treba pristupati kao sustavnom procesu. Glavni cilj doktorskog rada bio je opisati model koji će se koristiti za identificiranje ključnih čimbenika utjecaja na konkurentnost Republike Hrvatske kao turističke destinacije na međunarodnom tržištu, uz istovremeni utjecaj čimbenika na poslovanje hotela. Istraživanje se provodilo u dvije faze. U prvoj fazi prikupljali su se sekundarni podaci iz izvještaja Svjetskog gospodarskog foruma (eng. World Economic Forum - WEF), turističkog prometa objavljenih od strane Ministarstva turizma i sporta, te izvještaja Tomas - stavovi i potrošnja turista u Hrvatskoj izdanih od strane Instituta za turizam Zagreb. Za potrebe empirijskog istraživanja prikupljeni su primarni podaci na daljinu pomoću metodološkog instrumentarija anketnog upitnika. Analiza podataka provedena je na uzorku od 75 hotela sa područja Jadranske Hrvatske. Radi ostvarenja ciljeva istraživanja i testiranja hipoteza koristile su se metode deskriptivne statističke analize, Hi-kvadrat testa i Pearsonovog koeficijenta korelacije (asimetrije). Rezultati analize stavova ispitanika ispunili su ciljeve istraživanja. Glavna i sve tri pomoćne hipoteze smatraju se nedvojbeno potvrđenima, te se zaključilo kako mjerenje konkurentnosti hrvatske turističke ponude povećava turistički promet hotela. Doprinos doktorskog rada ogleda se u znanstvenom pristupu empirijskog istraživanja, te usporedbi s poslovanjem u hotelijerstvu. U radu se uspostavlja jedinstveni model za sustavno ispitivanje i procjenjivanje konkurentnosti Republike Hrvatske usporedbom različitih pokazatelja te odstupa od ograničenih varijabli pružajući cjelovitije razumijevanje konkurentnosti. Osim toga, rad se može iskoristiti kao temelj za buduća istraživanja u turizmu.The competitiveness of the Republic of Croatia as a tourist destination can be monitored through the constant growth of statistical data regarding the number of arrivals and overnight stays, and the growth of national GDP caused by the overall growth in the tourism sector. For this reason, competitiveness becomes a key concept of approach and research in this paper. Over the years, indicators have been developed by various organizations dealing with certain aspects of competitiveness, but the overall framework for measuring competitiveness in tourism is still lacking. It was found that it is actually difficult to standardize an ideal set of indicators, so measuring the competitiveness of a tourist destination should be approached as a systematic process. The main goal of the doctoral thesis was to describe the unique model that will be used to identify key indicators that influence the competitiveness the Republic of Croatia as a tourist destination on the international market and at the same time their impact on hotel operation. The research was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, secondary data was collected from The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Reports of the World Economic Forum, publication Tourism in figures published by the Ministry of Tourism and Sports of Republic of Croatia and TOMAS - attitudes and expenditures of tourists in Croatia reports by the Institute for Tourism Zagreb. The second phase of the research included conducting an online questionnaire survey via Google Forms. The questionnaire was based on extensive review of previously published researches in the field of tourism industry and competitiveness in tourism. Selected set of questions were basically defined from the first phase of the research. The survey was conducted from November 2020. until November 2021. During this period the total of 75 completed questionnaire where received from hotels located in Adriatic Croatia. The collected sample was based on hotel category and included the range from three to five-star hotels. The largest share of answers 60 % refers to four-star hotels, representing a total of 45 completed questionnaires. This is followed by three-star hotels with a share of 26.7 % representing 20 completed questionnaires. And finally, five-star hotels share 13.3 % equals to10 completed questionnaires. The questionnaire included four integral sections. The first section was consisted of questions identifying the hotel and its operation in year 2019. respectively identifying the hotel category, number of rooms and beds, number of full-time employees, hotel occupancy level on an annual basis (this is the percentage of occupied and available rooms year-round), tourist turnover VI (arrivals and overnight stays) and the ranking of the top five hotel markets according to the number of overnight stays. The list of available markets to choose from was taken from the report Tourism in Figures 2019. These were Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Italy, Poland, the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic, Hungary, France, the USA and others. The second section of the questionnaire focuses on the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) that measured competitiveness from the aspect of four main subindexes, which included the Enabling Environment, T&T Policy and Enabling Conditions, Infrastructure and Natural and Cultural Resources. The questions were therefore divided into four groups marked A, B, C and D. The focus in this research was implication of TTCI index from the aspect of hotel operations in the international environment. It should be mentioned that the Likert-type scale was used to measure responses. In this section it included the seven degrees scale due to comparability with the WEF reports. Namely, in these reports the competitiveness of the tourist destination is measured from 1 to 7 where 1 represents the worst and 7 the best results, ie in the questionnaire 1 represents a Strongly disagreement while 7 represents a Strongly agreement with the statement. In this paper, all other sections of the questionnaire included the five-point scale 1 to 5 where 1 represents Strongly disagreement and 5 Strongly agreement with the statement. The third section consisted of questions based on Thomas research as this research provides data on the attitudes of tourists determined by their motivation to travel to Croatia. Namely, this section was selected because it discovered that the tourist motivation was indicator lacking in other reports but with direct impact on competitiveness indicators. Final section examined the believe of respondent whether this research would provide a better insight into planning and development of hotel competitiveness in the international market. The collected data were analyzed using MS Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences – SPSS. An empirical analysis was carried out using univariate non-parametric statistical methods which included arithmetic mean, standard deviation and asymmetry coefficient for all variables. The results indicate that the respondents partially agreed with the statements, which were rated with an average score of 3.85. Most of the results concentrated on higher values, ie they were affirmative, which confirms the respondents' positive attitude regarding the main tourism sector indicators of competitiveness. The combined results of all four groups of TTCI Index indicators showed an average score of 4.78, which means that the respondents expressed the highest degree of agreement with the statement “Partially agree”. The descriptive statistical analysis of travel motivation was rated with an arithmetic mean of 3.59 (s = 0.66), which means that the respondents expressed the highest degree agreement with a score 4 - Partially agree. The VII greatest value was recorded regarding the question, where the sea was identified as the main motive for tourists to arrive to the hotel. It also should be noted that the results of the statistical analysis from the first phase regarding the main sectoral indicators of tourism were analyzed by calculating the Linear trend model. It was found that in the comparison by years, the data show a certain tendency to move in line with the trend. Most naturally-occurring time series in business and economics are not at all stationary. Instead they exhibit various kinds of trends, cycles, and seasonal patterns noted in this research as well. The results of the analysis for tourist arrivals showed that in 2021 compared to the forecast based on the linear trend model was in decline for 38 %. Although this percentage drop is slightly higher compared to the number of overnight stays, it can actually be confirmed that such results are consistent with other reports. Therefore, it can be established that the decrease in the number of overnight stays on average was slightly smaller than the decrease in the number of tourist arrivals, while the results observed together indicate a positive trend in the competitiveness of Croatia as a tourist destination on the international market. Furthermore, for the next sectoral indicator such as Tourism revenue, projected values and actual results identified shortcomings in the assessment due to extraordinary circumstances such as the outbreak of the COVID 19 and the start of war in Ukraine. The results of the analysis showed that the decline in revenue in 2020 compared to the forecast was 72 %. Again, it was concluded that this sector indicator is an important element in the systematic monitoring of the competitiveness because it indicates the dependence of each country on tourism. This was followed by the next sector indicator, the share of tourism revenue in GDP. The results of the analysis revealed the lack of calculation of this indicator by the current model because it was calculated by simply taking over the total income from the balance of payments of the Croatian National Bank, which is of course not the same as the actual share of tourism in GDP. Namely, it is more appropriate to use the Tourism Satellite Account which showed that in 2019 the direct gross domestic product of tourism amounted to 11.8 % of the total GDP of the Republic of Croatia. It turns out that despite the high growth in the number of overnight stays, arrivals and tourism income, the overall share in GDP did not change significantly in the period from 2014 to 2019. It was concluded that it is obvious that tourism does not generate as much of the annual newly created value in the Republic of Croatia as it is often presented to the public.
It was determined that the monitoring of competitiveness is of great importance for all stakeholders and that it should be carried out continuously. The analysis of the attitudes of the respondents had a positive impact toward the design of the model for the systematic monitoring VIII of competitiveness. It was concluded that the research should be conducted biennially and that the operational definition includes the collection of data from four different sources. These are the World Economic Forum reports (TTCI Index), main tourism sector indicators including overnights and tourist arrivals, country tourism revenue and the share of tourism revenues in GDP (calculated on the basis of The Tourism Satellite Account), and reports examining tourists' motivation to travel. Reports regarding the tourist motivation should be rotated every two years according to a model where one-year TOMAS surveys would be used, and the next year an IQM DESTINATION platform would be used. Lastly, questionnaire survey should be carried out systematically among receptive tourism entities such as hotels and thus combine all the necessary data for the analysis of the competitiveness of a tourist destination. In this dissertation, the hypotheses are considered to be unquestionably confirmed, which was proved by a non-parametric chi-squared test (χ2 test). Analysis showed that the arithmetic mean (4.03) and Pearson's asymmetry coefficient (-1.37) indicate that most respondents partially or completely agreed with the statement that there is a link between the adjustment of hotel operation based on systematic monitoring of Croatia's competitiveness as a tourist destination and increasing its tourist figures. Calculation of the χ² test showed that the distribution of empirical frequencies deviated statistically significantly (χ² = 55.41; p <0.01) from the uniform distribution, which shows that scores 4 and 5 prevail to a larger extent, representing partially or strongly agreement with the statement. Therefore, it can be confirmed that measurement the competitiveness of the Croatian tourist offer increases the tourist figures of hotels, which in fact confirms the main hypothesis. Furthermore, the χ² test proved that the three auxiliary hypotheses are also considered unquestionably confirmed. It can be concluded that the results of this research have several practical implications that, among other things, allow hotels to identify the main characteristics of existing tourists demands and draw conclusions about the direction of hotel business and forecasts using Linear trend model. On the other hand, this research also showed that hotel companies in the Republic of Croatia are extremely sensitive of sharing their data, even though this concerned only the basic ones such as the number of arrivals and overnights, occupancy, number of employees, etc. It was concluded that in order to achieve more successful cooperation in future such cooperation must involve both parties on equal terms. Therefore, it is recommended for all future researches to find the mutual interest with individual stakeholders such as professional associations, large hotel groups and others because it can greatly facilitate the process of data gathering. Of course, with unique model presented in this IX doctoral thesis such obligation to participate should be determined by agreement. Ideally, primary research should become part of a systematic process in developing each hotel marketing plan and then they will find the interest in sharing data, once analyzed, becomes the basis for their own business planning and future operation
Upotreba engleskog jezika u digitalnim medijima i svakodnevnoj komunikaciji među hrvatskim govornicima kojima engleski nije materinski jezik
No full textIn the past five decades, development of technology has enabled a faster and more effective communication than ever before, and English has become a global language that allows people around the world to maintain such quality communication. The English language is present among younger Croats who are showing a growing excitement for the language and have been using it a lot in their digital and face-to-face communication. This paper focuses on the digital communication of non-native speakers of English in Croatia, and it explores the topic through language choice, language ideologies, and code-switching. Furthermore, it tries to answer the following research questions: why do some native Croatian speakers prefer using English over Croatian; when and where do they use English the most; does their communication style remain the same after switching to English; and do they practice code-switching, or they prefer speaking and writing only in English? I have conducted five semi-structured interviews with young respondents of approximately 20 years of age. After analysing the data, I realized that some interviewees preferred English over Croatian, and some of them only preferred it in certain situations whereas others preferred it at all times. One participant stated that even though they love English, their love for Croatian is stronger because they think it is a beautiful and a rare language. All participants stated that they prefer using English with young people and do not use it with their parents. They are active on various websites and social media such as TikTok, Reddit, Facebook, WhatsApp, etc., where they insert many English phrases or completely switch to English. Most of them have stated that their confidence increases when they write and/or speak in English. Some have stated that they feel like a different person, almost disconnected from the reality in which they speak Croatian. Whether they prefer digital communication or face-to-face communication depends on various reasons, for example, a participant mentioned that they feel more comfortable using English online because they can express themselves more eloquently, whereas another participant stated that they prefer face-to-face communication in English because it feels more natural to them. To conclude, English is a frequent language in daily communication, and this is especially visible among younger Croats. The extent of the use of English depends on the individuals and their views and feelings towards the language, and their language is influenced by the media they consume. This study is based on the results of only five participants, so it is not representative of the entire population, but it shows the tendencies in the use of English among young people in Croatia.U proteklih pedeset godina razvoj tehnologije omogućio je bržu i učinkovitiju komunikaciju nego ikad prije, a engleski je postao globalni jezik koji ljudima diljem svijeta omogućuje kvalitetnu komunikaciju. Engleski jezik prisutan je među mlađim Hrvatima koji pokazuju sve veće oduševljenje jezikom te ga sve više koriste u digitalnoj komunikaciji i komunikaciji uživo. Ovaj se rad usredotočuje na digitalnu komunikaciju neizvornih govornika engleskog jezika u Hrvatskoj i istražuje tu temu kroz izbor jezika, jezične ideologije i prebacivanje kodova. Nadalje, pokušava odgovoriti na sljedeća istraživačka pitanja: zašto neki izvorni govornici hrvatskog radije koriste engleski nego hrvatski; kada i gdje najviše koriste engleski; ostaje li njihov komunikacijski stil isti nakon prelaska na engleski; prakticiraju li promjenu koda ili preferiraju govoriti i pisati samo na engleskom? Provela sam pet polustrukturiranih intervjua s mladim ispitanicima od približno 20 godina. Nakon analize podataka, shvatila sam da neki ispitanici preferiraju engleski jezik u odnosu na hrvatski, neki od njih samo u određenim situacijama, dok ga drugi preferiraju uvijek. Jedan je sudionik izjavio da iako voli engleski, njihova ljubav prema hrvatskom je jača jer smatraju da je to lijep i rijedak jezik. Svi sudionici izjavili su da preferiraju engleski jezik s mladima, ali ne i s roditeljima. Aktivni su na raznim web stranicama i društvenim medijima kao što su TikTok, Reddit, Facebook, WhatsApp itd., gdje ubacuju mnoge engleske fraze ili u potpunosti prelaze na engleski. Većina njih izjavila je da im se samopouzdanje poveća kada pišu i/ili govore na engleskom. Neki su izjavili da se osjećaju kao druga osoba, gotovo isključena iz stvarnosti u kojoj govore hrvatski. Hoće li više voljeti digitalnu komunikaciju ili komunikaciju uživo ovisi o brojnim razlozima, na primjer, sudionik je naveo da im je ugodnije koristiti engleski na internetu jer se mogu elokventnije izražavati, dok je drugi sudionik izjavio da preferiraju komunikaciju uživo na engleskom jer im se to čini prirodnijim. Naposljetku, engleski je jezik koji se koristi često u svakodnevnoj komunikaciji, a to je osobito vidljivo među mlađim Hrvatima. Opseg korištenja engleskog jezika ovisi o pojedincima i njihovim pogledima i osjećajima prema jeziku, a na njihov jezik utječu mediji koje konzumiraju. Ovo istraživanje temelji se na rezultatima samo petero sudionika te stoga nije reprezentativno za cjelokupnu populaciju, ali pokazuje tendencije u korištenju engleskog jezika među mladima u Hrvatskoj
Regulation of thyroid disease by diet
No full textMikronutrijenti, uključujući jod, cink, selen, vitamin D, bakar, željezo, magnezij, vitamin B12 i vitamin B8, imaju važnu ulogu u održavanju zdravlja štitnjače u nekoliko stanja, uključujući Hasimotovu bolest, Gravesovu bolest, nodularnu gušu i papilarni karcinom štitnjače. Jod je ključni element u sintezi hormona štitnjače, stoga je bitan za pravilno funkcioniranje štitnjače. Osobe s nedostatkom joda mogu imati povećan rizik od razvoja gušavosti i ostalih poremećaja štitnjače. Kod autoimunih stanja kao što su Hasimotova bolest ili Gravesova bolest, konzumacija prekomjerne količine joda može pogoršati simptome. Cink je važan mineral koji ima ključnu ulogu u imunološkom sustavu te može imati blagotvoran učinak na štitnjaču. Selen je mikronutrijent koji ima antioksidacijska svojstva i važan je za pravilno funkcioniranje štitnjače. Neki studijski rezultati sugeriraju da dodatak cinka kao i selena može smanjiti upalu, potaknuti regulaciju autoimunih procesa i poboljšati funkciju štitnjače kod osoba s Hasimotovom bolešću. Vitamin D igra važnu ulogu u imunološkom sustavu i također može biti koristan u upravljanju autoimunim stanjima poput Hasimotove bolesti. Nedostatak vitamina D povezan je s većim rizikom od autoimunih bolesti stoga se ponekad osobama s autoimunim stanjima štitnjače preporučuje provjera razine vitamina D te nadopuna istog ako je potrebno. Bakar je mineral koji je važan za pravilno funkcioniranje štitnjače. Iako je važan za zdravlje, visoke razine bakra mogu biti povezane s oksidativnim stresom i disfunkcijom štitnjače. Stoga prekomjerno uzimanje bakra nije preporučljivo tj. unos treba biti uravnotežen i prilagođen individualnim potrebama. Željezo je važno za pravilnu proizvodnju hormona štitnjače. Osobe s autoimunim stanjima štitnjače mogu imati povećane razine upale koje mogu uzrokovati povećane potrebe za željezom. Međutim, neki oblici autoimunih stanja štitnjače, poput Hashimotove bolesti, mogu biti povezani s povećanim rizikom od anemije. Magnezij je mineral koji je važan za opće zdravlje i može imati ulogu u regulaciji štitnjače. Vitamin B12 ima važnu ulogu u proizvodnji energije i zdravom funkcioniranje živčanog sustava stoga osobe s autoimunim stanjima štitnjače mogu biti podložnije nedostatku vitamina B12. Vitamin B8, poznat i kao biotin, ima važnu ulogu u metabolizmu tiroksina. Međutim, trenutno nema dovoljno dokaza da bi se mogli donijeti čvrsti zaključci o učinku vitamina B8 na autoimuna stanja štitnjače. Sve ove informacije su općenite te individualni slučajevi mogu varirati. Prilagođavanje prehrane i uzimanja dodataka trebalo bi se provoditi pod nadzorom liječnika i nutricionista koji će uzeti u obzir specifične potrebe i stanje svake pojedine osobe.Micronutrients, including iodine, zinc, selenium, vitamin D, copper, iron, magnesium, vitamin B12, and vitamin B8, play an important role in maintaining thyroid health in several conditions, including Hashimoto's disease, Graves' disease, nodular goiter, and papillary thyroid cancer. Iodine is a key element in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, therefore it is essential for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland. People with iodine deficiency may have an increased risk of developing goiter and other thyroid disorders. In autoimmune conditions such as Hashimoto's disease or Graves' disease, consuming excessive amounts of iodine can worsen symptoms. Zinc is an important mineral that plays a key role in the immune system and can have a beneficial effect on the thyroid gland. Selenium is a micronutrient that has antioxidant properties and is important for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland. Some study results suggest that zinc supplementation as well as selenium may reduce inflammation, promote regulation of autoimmune processes, and improve thyroid function in people with Hashimoto's disease. Vitamin D plays an important role in the immune system and may also be useful in the management of autoimmune conditions such as Hashimoto's disease. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with a higher risk of autoimmune diseases, so people with autoimmune thyroid conditions are sometimes recommended to have their vitamin D levels checked and supplemented if necessary. Copper is a mineral that is important for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland. Although important for health, high levels of copper may be associated with oxidative stress and thyroid dysfunction. Therefore, excessive intake of copper is not recommended, i.e. intake should be balanced and adapted to individual needs. Iron is important for the proper production of thyroid hormones. Some people with autoimmune thyroid conditions may have increased levels of inflammation that can cause increased iron needs. However, some forms of autoimmune thyroid conditions, such as Hashimoto's disease, may be associated with an increased risk of anemia. Magnesium is a mineral that is important for general health and plays a role in thyroid regulation. Vitamin B12 plays an important role in energy production and the healthy functioning of the nervous system, so people with autoimmune thyroid conditions may be more susceptible to vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B8, also known as biotin, plays an important role in the metabolism of thyroxine. However, there is currently insufficient evidence to draw firm conclusions about the effect of vitamin B8 on autoimmune thyroid conditions. All this information is general and individual cases may vary. Adjusting the diet and taking supplements should be carried out under the supervision of a doctor and nutritionist who will take into account the specific needs and condition of each individual person