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How the Yalta conference shaped the post-war world
No full textKonferencija u Jalti osmodnevni je susret američkog predsjednika Franklina Roosevelta, britanskog premijera Winstona Churchilla te sovjetskog vladara Josifa Staljina. S uvodom kao prvim poglavljem, rad se sastoji od još dodatna četiri poglavlja. U drugom poglavlju spominju se prijašnje konferencije koje su se održale tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata, kao što su Teheranska konferencija i konferencija u Malti. One su bitne za razumijevanje same Jaltske konferencije, pa se u kratkim crtama opisuju i te dvije konferencije. Treće poglavlje bazira se na Jaltsku konferenciju, odnosno na same zahtjeve, prijedloge te ideje Velike Trojke koje su podnesene za stolom. Prijedlozi su formulirani u potpoglavlja, odnosno svako potpoglavlje obuhvaća državu o kojoj se raspravljalo za stolom. Četvrto poglavlje je kraće, te navodi sve konačne dogovore donesene na konferenciji. U petom poglavlju fokus je na same posljedice Jalte, odnosno kako je Jalta imala ulogu u poslijeratnim državama.The Yalta Conference is an eight-day meeting between American President Franklin Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. With the introduction as the first chapter, the work consists of four additional chapters. The second chapter mentions previous conferences held during the Second World War, such as the Tehran Conference and the Malta Conference. They are essential for understanding the Yalta Conference itself, so these two conferences are briefly described. The third chapter is based on the Yalta Conference, that is, on the demands themselves, proposed by the ideas of the Big Three that were submitted at the table. The proposals are formulated in sub-chapters, and each sub-chapter covers the country that was discussed at the table. The fourth chapter is shorter and lists all the final agreements reached at the conference. In the fifth chapter, the focus is on the consequences of Yalta, that is, how Yalta played a role in the post-war states
The presence of lexemes recorded in Rječnik dubrovačkoga govora from the authors Mihajlo Bojanić and Rastislava Trivunac
No full textPredmet ovoga završnog rada jest aktualnost leksema zabilježenih u Rječniku dubrovačkoga govora (2020) Mihajla Bojanića i Rastislave Trivunac. Dubrovački govor, kao dio bogate kulturne baštine, obuhvaća specifičnosti i značajke koje se rabe u Dubrovniku i okolnim područjima. Rječnik dubrovačkoga govora predstavlja obiman skup karakterističnih riječi i izraza. Cilj ovoga rada jest procijeniti aktualnost leksema zabilježenih u rječniku u suvremenom kontekstu. Pitanje aktualnosti odnosi se na to koliko se odabrane riječi i izrazi i dalje koriste u svakodnevnom govoru Dubrovčana. Internetskim upitnikom ispitana je aktualnost leksema iz semantičkih polja flore i faune zabilježenih u Rječniku dubrovačkoga govora. Rezultati istraživanja pružaju uvid u aktualnost odabranih leksema iz Rječnika dubrovačkoga govora, odnosno predodžbu o tome koliko su leksemi prisutni u suvremenome dubrovačkom govoru. Ovaj rad doprinijet će razumijevanju statusa i važnosti dubrovačkoga govora kao dijela kulturne baštine te pružiti uvid u promjene u leksiku i njegovu evoluciju kroz vrijeme.The subject of this final paper is the presence of lexemes recorded in Rječnik dubrovačkoga govora (2020), from the authors Mihajlo Bojanić and Rastislava Trivunac. Dubrovnik speech, as part of the rich cultural heritage, includes specificities and features that are used in Dubrovnik and the surrounding areas. Rječnik dubrovačkoga govora represents an extensive set of characteristic words and expressions. The aim of this paper is to estimate the relevance of lexemes recorded in the dictionary in the contemporary context. The issue of presence refers to the extent to which the selected words and expressions are still used in the everyday speech of the people from Dubrovnik. An online questionnaire was used to examine the relevance of lexemes from the semantic fields of flora and fauna recorded in Rječnik dubrovačkoga govora. The results of the research provide an insight into the relevance of selected lexemes from Rječnik dubrovačkoga govora, that is, an idea of how many lexemes are present in contemporary Dubrovnik speech. This paper will contribute to the nderstanding of the status and importance of Dubrovnik speech as a part of the cultural heritage and provide insight into the changes in the lexicon and its evolution through time
The relationship between test anxiety and academic self-efficacy with subjective and objective indicators of academic achievement
No full textU suvremenom društvu ljudi se učestalo nalaze u situacijama u kojima se provjeravaju njihova znanja, sposobnosti i vještine. Takve evaluativne situacije mogu znatno utjecati na njihovu budućnost. Zbog relevantnosti tematike, istraživači se sve više fokusiraju na konstrukt akademskog postignuća i faktora koji pridonose uspjehu i neuspjehu studenata. Iako su tijekom života često bili izloženi evaluativnim situacijama, većina studenata i dalje izjavljuje da prilikom ispita osjećaju anksioznost i strah. Brojna istraživanja utvrdila su da je viša razina ispitne anksioznosti povezana s lošijim akademskim uspjehom (Borekci i Uyangor, 2018). Osim toga, rezultati brojnih istraživanja ukazuju na to da je i samoefikasnost važan konstrukt u kontekstu akademskog postignuća. Tako je utvrđeno da osobe s visokom procjenom samoefikanosti imaju bolji akademski uspjeh i nižu razinu ispitne anksioznosti od osoba s niskom procjenom samoefikasnosti (Chemers i sur., 2001). Cilj ovoga završnog rada bio je ispitati značaj ispitne anksioznosti i akademske samoefikasnosti za objektivne i subjektivne pokazatelje akademskog postignuća. Istraživanje je provedeno na prigodnom uzorku studenata različitih studijskih godina i različitih studijskih usmjerenja u Republici Hrvatskoj (92 žene i 11 muškaraca). Sudionici su popunili online upitnik koji se sastojao od upitnika sociodemografskih podataka u kojem su studenti između ostaloga dali podatke o prosjeku ocjena te procijenili koliko su zadovoljni dosadašnjim akademskim postignućem, subskale anksioznosti preuzete iz ,,Upitnika ispitnih emocija“ (TEQ – Test Emotion Questionnaire, Pekrun i sur., 2004, hrvatska verzija Burić, 2012) te „Skale akademske samoefikasnosti“ (Lončarić, 2014). Analiza podataka pokazala je da postoji statistički značajna umjerena i pozitivna povezanost između subjektivnog i objektivnog akademskog postignuća. Nadalje, utvrđeno je da razina ispitne anksioznosti i akademske samoefikasnosti objašnjavaju 28,5 % varijance objektivnog akademskog postignuća (prosjek ocjena) i 24,18 % varijance subjektivnog akademskog postignuća (zadovoljstvo postignućem). Utvrđen je statistički značajan doprinos akademske samoefikasnosti u objašnjenju varijance kako objektivnog postignuća tako i subjektivnoga. Međutim, razina ispitne anksioznosti nije se pokazala statistički značajnim prediktorom ni objektivnog, niti subjektivnog akademskog postignuća.In modern society, people often find themselves in situations where their knowledge, abilities and skills are tested. Such evaluative situations can significantly affect their future. Due to the relevance of the topic, researchers are increasingly focusing on the construct of academic achievement and the factors that contribute to the success and failure of students. Although they have often been exposed to evaluative situations throughout their lives, most students still state that they feel anxiety and fear during exams. Numerous studies have found that higher levels of test anxiety are associated with poorer academic performance (Borekci and Uyangor, 2018). In addition, the results of numerous studies indicate that selfefficacy is also an important construct in the context of academic achievement. Thus, it was determined that people with a high self-efficacy assessment have better academic success and a lower level of test anxiety than people with a low self-efficacy assessment (Chemers et al., 2001). The goal of this final paper was to examine the significance of test anxiety and academic self-efficacy for objective and subjective indicators of academic achievement. The research was conducted on a convenience sample of students of different study years and different study areas in the Republic of Croatia (92 women and 11 men). The participants filled out an online questionnaire that consisted of a sociodemographic data questionnaire in which, among other things, the students provided data on the grade point average and assessed how satisfied they were with their current academic achievement, the anxiety subscale taken from the "Test Emotion Questionnaire" (TEQ - Test Emotion Questionnaire, Pekrun et al., 2004, Croatian version Burić, 2012) and the "Academic Self-Efficacy Scale" (Lončarić, 2014). Data analysis showed that there is a statistically significant moderate and positive relationship between subjective and objective academic achievement. Furthermore, it was shown that the level of test anxiety and academic self-efficacy explained 28.5% of the variance of objective academic achievement (grade point average) and 24.18% of the variance of subjective academic achievement (satisfaction with achievement). A statistically significant contribution of academic self-efficacy in explaining the variance of both objective and subjective achievement was determined. However, the level of test anxiety did not prove to be a statistically significant predictor of either objective or subjective academic achievement
Konceptualne metafore u engleskim i hrvatskim medijima u vrijeme Covid-19 pandemije
No full textThis thesis analyses the linguistic changes that occurred due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The focus of the analysis were conceptual metaphors detected in the articles published from October 2021 until March 2022 in the chosen English and Croatian media. The first aim of the analysis was to determine which conceptual metaphors occurred in the COVID-19 discourse. The second aim was to discover which types of conceptual metaphors were found most frequently. The third aim was to identify whether there are some similarities in their usage in the English and Croatian media. The first part of the thesis consists of the explanations of English as a lingua franca and its influence on Croatian, the role of English as a lingua franca during the COVID-19 pandemic, the explanations of public discourse and the role of media during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the definition of conceptual metaphors. The second part of the thesis provides the corpus-based analysis of conceptual metaphors found in the chosen articles. The analysis revealed that the most frequently detected type of conceptual metaphor was the WAR metaphor. There were also certain similarities in the usage of conceptual metaphors in the English and Croatian media, which suggests that speakers of both languages conceptualize the pandemic in a similar way.U ovom se radu analiziraju jezične promjene nastale uslijed izbijanja pandemije COVID-19. Fokus rada su konceptualne metafore pronađene u člancima objavljenima u razdoblju od listopada 2021. do ožujka 2022. u odabranim engleskim i hrvatskim medijima. Prvi cilj analize bio je utvrditi koje se konceptualne metafore pojavljuju u diskursu o COVID19. Drugi cilj je bio otkriti koja se vrsta konceptualnih metafora najčešće pojavljuje. Treći cilj je bio prepoznati postoje li sličnosti njihove uporabe u engleskim i hrvatskim medijima. Prvi se dio rada sastoji od tumačenja engleskog kao lingua franca i njegovog utjecaja na hrvatski jezik, uloge engleskog kao lingua franca tijekom pandemije COVID-19, objašnjenja javnog diskursa i uloge medija tijekom pandemije COVID-19 te definicije konceptualnih metafora. Drugi dio rada bavi se korpusnom analizom konceptualnih metafora koje su uočene u odabranim člancima. Ratne metafore su se u analizi pokazale najfrekventnijima. Također, utvrđeno je kako postoje određene sličnosti u korištenju konceptualnih metafora u engleskim i hrvatskim medijima, što ukazuje na to kako govornici i jednog i drugog jezika konceptualiziraju pandemiju na sličan način
Monuments in Croatia Since 1991 to Present Day
No full textOva disertacija kontekstualizira motive i načine podizanja spomenika kao i odnos prema spomenicima u Republici Hrvatskoj tijekom razdoblja od 1991. do danas. Sadržajno je organizirana po poglavljima odnosno potpoglavljima koja odgovaraju uočenim izraženim trendovima i problemima u okviru naslovne teme. Od samostalnosti do danas u Republici Hrvatskoj sagrađeno je najmanje dvije tisuće spomenika različitog oblika i tematike. Njihov broj i izraženo zanimanje za njih u raznim oblicima predstavlja neku vrstu spomenikomanije. U sjeni toga zapušteno je stanje starije spomeničke baštine iste vrste. Građenje spomenika u Republici Hrvatskoj proizlazi iz uglavnom dva stvaralačka kruga; „pučkog“ (amaterskog, autodidaktičkog) i profesionalnog (umjetnici i arhitekti). Spomenici samoukih autora uglavnom su slabije kvalitete, redovito nastaju neovisno o natječaju i najčešće u manjim sredinama. U formulaciji javnog prostora i spomenika veliku ulogu prisvajaju i vladajuće političke nomenklature. Suvremena hrvatska spomenička djelatnost dominantno je posvećena iskustvu Domovinskog rata i njegovim protagonistima te s tom tematikom zbog brojnosti spomenika često poistovjećena. Povod za podizanje prvih spomenika u Republici Hrvatskoj ratna su događanja i potreba da se ovjekovječe događaji i akteri Domovinskog rata. Dominantni ili identifikacijski motivi na brojnim spomenicima su križ, kocka, kvadrat, šahovnica i pleter. Spomenuti motivi i uopće geometrijski i apstraktni oblici (iako su mnogi spomenici tek varijante nadgrobnih ili spomen-ploča) postali su opće mjesto suvremenog hrvatskog spomeničkog inventara. Figurativna spomenička plastika uglavnom je portretističke naravi. Poradi loših spomeničkih izvedbi posvećenih prvom hrvatskom predsjedniku cjelokupna ocjena spomenika figurativnog predznaka u Republici Hrvatskoj nije visoka. Spomenička figuracija koja se nalazi u okviru raznih institucija uglavnom spada u primjerena, mada neinventivna likovna ostvarenja. Osim manje-više iste motivike i značenjske neodređenosti (posebno kod apstraktnih spomenika tematski vezanih uz Domovinski rat i hrvatsku samostalnost), jedan od problematičnih trendova u okviru suvremene hrvatske spomeničke djelatnosti podizanje je spomenika religijske tematike u kojima se uočava i komercijalni i turistički sadržaj. Zbog isticane i moguće relativizacije krivnje sporna su memorijalna spomen-obilježja posvećena žrtvama svih ratova. To dovodi do brisanja posebnosti svakog događaja i auratičnosti spomenika, a posebice unutar višelokacijskih spomen-obilježja (uz izuzetak Drinkovićeve „golubice“). Najbolji primjeri spomeničke plastike u Republici Hrvatskoj zasnovani su na nekom obliku antimonumentalnosti. O spomenicima i sa njima vezanim temama promišljaju i suvremeni umjetnici. Oni rade instalacije ili intervencije na već podignutim spomenicima i na stanoviti način problematiziraju nacionalnu spomeničku kulturu ili sam pojam spomenika.This dissertation contextualizes the construction and attitude towards monuments in the Republic of Croatia from 1991 to the present day. It is organized in the form of chapters or subchapters that correspond to dominant trends and issues within the main topic. Since independence, at least two thousand monuments of different shapes and themes have been built in the Republic of Croatia, with a tendency of stable growth. Their number and expressed interest in monuments in various forms represent a kind of monumentomania. In the shadow of this, older heritage of the same type has been neglected. The construction of monuments in the Republic of Croatia mainly arises from two creative circles, the "folk" and the one composed of artists and architects. Political forces also play a certain role in the formulation of public space and monuments. Monuments by self-taught authors are generally of lower quality, often created independently of any kind of competition and mostly in smaller communities. Contemporary Croatian monument production is predominantly dedicated to the experience of the Homeland War and its protagonists, and is often identified with that theme because of the number of monuments. The reason for erecting the first monuments in the Republic of Croatia were the war events and the need of people to perpetuate them for future generations. Dominant or identification motives on these monuments are the cross, cube, square, checkerboard, and interlace. This especially applies to monuments thematically related to the Homeland War and the independence of the Croatian state. These motives and generally geometric and abstract shapes (although many monuments are just variations of tombstones or memorial plaques) have become commonplace in contemporary Croatian monument production. Figurative monumental sculpture is mostly portraiture in nature. The overall assessment of figurative monuments in the Republic of Croatia is lowered due to poor quality of monuments dedicated to the first Croatian president. Figurative monuments found within various institutions generally are appropriate, albeit uncreative, artistic accomplishments. In addition to unimaginative motifs and semantic vagueness (especially in abstract monuments thematically related to the Homeland War and Croatian independence), one of the problematic trends within contemporary Croatian monument activity is the construction of monuments of religious themes dominated by commercial and tourist content, as well as accompanying promotional discourse. Due to the possible relativization of victims, memorial commemorative plaques dedicated to victims of all wars are controversial, and due to the issue of the individuality of each event and the auratic nature of the monuments, multi-location memorials with a similar purpose are also contentious (with the exception of Drinković's "dove"). The best examples of monuments in the Republic of Croatia are based on some kind of antimonumentality. Artists also think about monuments and related themes. They express themselves less through the construction of the monuments, and more through various types of interventions on existing monuments or installations that problematize national monument culture or the very concept of monuments
Young users of the Solin City Library: opinions and practices related to library programs and services
No full textProšla 2022. godina je proglašena Europskom godinom mladih, a Mjesec hrvatske knjige koji se u Hrvatskoj tradicionalno odvijao od 15. listopada do 15. studenoga je bio posvećen upravo mladima. Tema mu je bila Generacija K što je ukazivalo na podjelu generacija (generacija Y, generacija Z.) s naglaskom na knjigu i knjižnicu uz geslo „Misli na sebe-čitaj“. Budući da je Solin prema posljednjem popisu stanovništva proglašen najmlađim gradom u Republici Hrvatskoj, ovim radom se pokušalo saznati koje su knjižnični interesi i navike mladih korisnika Gradske knjižnice Solin u cilju unaprjeđenja postojećih knjižničnih usluga za mlade te ostvarivanje njihovog većeg potencijala. Doprinos istraživanja je mnogostruk: osim što donosi stavove mladih o njihovim knjižničnim interesima i navikama, pruža i smjernice kako unaprijediti postojeće te uvesti nove koje bi doprinijele boljoj posjećenosti mladih u knjižnici.The year 2022 was declared The European Year of Youth, and the Month of Croatian Book, which took place from the 15th October till 15th November and was dedicated to young people. Its main theme was „Generation K“ which pointed out the division of generations (generation Y, generation Z) putting an accent on books and libraries, under the title „Think of yourself - read“. Since Solin has been declared to be the youngest city in Croatia, this work was aimed on investigating the reading interests and habits of young users of Solin Public Library with main goal of improving the existing services for young readers. The contribution of this survey is to explore the reading interests and habits of young people and to give instructions about introducing new facilities and services that will bring more young people into the library
Production process design of eletric cars
No full textAutomobilska industrija jedna je od relativno mladih svjetskih industrija za koju se ne može istaknuti kako seže daleko u povijest. Naime, svoj procvat doživjela je tek u 19. stoljeću, ali ono što je ključno je da od tada njezin razvoj nikad nije prestao. Put njezinog razvoja obilježen je vrlo važnim svjetskih inovacijama, poput parnih strojeva, diesel i benzinskih motora, te elektromotora. Pritom, iako se za električne automobile ne može reći kako su novost na tržištu, posebno iz razloga što je njihov razvoj započeo prije više od 100 godina, no tek u suvremenom svijetu ostvarili su zapažene rezultate na tržištu automobila. Naime, povećanje svijesti vozača o očuvanju okoliša, smanjenju buke te emisije štetnih plinova u atmosferu, zajedno s prihvatljivijom cijenom samih električnih automobila, unaprijeđenom proizvodnjom te boljim performansama potaknuli su njihovo sve veće korištenje u suvremenom svijetu. Upravo iz tog razloga cilj ovog rada je prikazati proces proizvodnje električnog automobila, zajedno sa svim njegovim karakteristikama te u empirijskom dijelu rada prikazati i konkretan primjer proizvodnog procesa i njegov dizajn kada je riječ o električnom automobilu koji se proizvodi na području Republike Hrvatske, u tvrtki Rimac Automobili d.o.o., model Nevera. Model Nevera pripada kategoriji električnih hiper automobila koji trenutno drži 23 svjetska rekorda kada su u pitanju performanse automobila, a vrlo je važna činjenica kako se glavnina njegove proizvodnje kao i samih potrebnih dijelova proizvodi u matičnoj zemlji.The automotive industry is one of the relatively young world industries that cannot be said to have a long history. Namely, it flourished only in the 19th century, but what is crucial is that since then its development has never stopped. The path of its development is marked by very important global innovations, such as steam engines, diesel and gasoline engines, and electric motors. At the same time, although electric cars cannot be said to be new on the market, especially for the reason that their development began more than 100 years ago, they have achieved notable results on the car market only in the modern world. Namely, the increase in driver awareness of environmental protection, reduction of noise and emission of harmful gases into the atmosphere, together with the more acceptable price of electric cars themselves, improved production and better performance have encouraged their increasing use in the modern world. Precisely for this reason, the aim of this work is to show the production process of an electric car, together with all its characteristics, and in the empirical part of the work to show a concrete example of the production process and its design when it comes to an electric car that is produced in the Republic of Croatia, in the company Rimac Automobili d.o.o., Nevera model. The Nevera model belongs to the category of electric hypercars, which currently holds 23 world records when it comes to car performance, and the fact that most of its production and the necessary parts are produced in the home country is very important
Insurance development through history and its impact on market and society
No full textU ovom radu posebna pozornost se posvećuje razvoju pojma osiguranja i njegovu utjecaju na društvo općenito od daleke povijesti do novijeg doba. Objasnit će se posebno utjecaj na generaciju Z i zastupljenost osiguranja u današnjem društvu. Osiguranje na radu kao jedno od najvažnijih je ujedno i sinonim za sam pojam osiguranja, pored ostalih ni malo manje važnih vrsta osiguranja. Razvojem i ostalih vrsta uvelike se povećala kvaliteta života i zadovoljstvo društva. Spriječili su se neki negativni utjecaji i smanjile stope kriminala i prevara. Poseban naglasak će biti kako društvo doživljava osiguranje. Zbog određenih skandala u prošlosti, slika osiguranja se na neki način podijelila, te danas imamo sukobljena shvaćanja osiguranja. Također, jedan od naglasaka će biti usporedba osiguranja u Republici Hrvatskoj, EU općenito s osiguranjem u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama. Govorit će se isto tako o izrazito bitnom pojmu za ekonomski svijet, kako je to osiguranje pospješilo ekonomski razvoj u Europskoj Uniji.In this worksheet special attention would be about insurance development and its impact on society through history until today. The main focus will be about generation Z and insurance presence in todays society. Workers compensation as one of the most important types of insurance and also synonym for insurance world will be explained next to other types, but not less important ones. Development of the whole insurance market led us to better life quality as also society living pleasure. Negative influences have been stopped as criminal ratio also. Due to several scandals in the past, insurance picture was little bit ruined and splitted so today we have confronted thoughts of insurance. Also, one of the focuses would be comparassion between Croatian, EU and USA insurance market. Word is gonna be also about economic world and how did it changed due to insurance development
Impact of ship recycling on human health
No full textRecikliranje brodova je najpovoljniji način njihovog zbrinjavanja nakon uporabnog vijeka kada se provodi u postrojenjima koja koriste tehnologiju i procedure koje osiguravaju zaštitu okoliša i zdravlja ljudi. Međutim, najveći udjel brodova (90% prema podacima iz 2018.) reciklira se u Bangladešu, Pakistanu, Indiji, Kini i Turskoj pri čemu se krše ljudska prava i onečišćuje okoliš. Brodove najčešće rastavljaju na plažama radnici bez obuke, zaštitne opreme i potrebnih alata i strojeva. Stoga su česte nesreće na radu, pa je recikliranje brodova jedno od najopasnijih zanimanja na svijetu. Poseban problem predstavlja dječji rad. Nadalje, prilikom rastavljanja brodova dolazi do ispuštanja štetnih tvari poput nafte i njezinih derivata, teških metala te azbesta u okoliš. U radu će se opisati sadašnja praksa recikliranja brodova, te navesti najveći problemi koji se javljaju. Opisat će se štetne tvari koje se emitiraju i njihov utjecaj na zdravlje ljudi. Prikazat će se zakonska rješenja i njihovi nedostaci. Predložit će se moguća uloga medicinskih sestara/tehničara u podizanju svijesti o ovom problemu.Ship recycling is the most favorable way to dispose of them after service life when carried out in facilities that use technology and procedures that ensure the protection of the environment and human health. However, the largest share of ships (90% according to 2018 data ) is recycled in Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, China, and Turkey, violating human rights and polluting the environment. Ships are most often disassembled on the beaches by workers without training, protective equipment, and the necessary tools and machines. Therefore, accidents at work are common, so recycling ships is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world. A special problem is child labor. Furthermore, when disassembling ships, harmful substances such as oil and derivatives, heavy metals, and asbestos are released into the environment. The BSc Thesis describes the current practice of ship recycling and lists the biggest problems that arise. The harmful substances that are emitted and their impact on human health are described. Legal solutions and their shortcomings are presented. A possible role for nurses/technicians in raising awareness of this problem is suggested
Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases
No full textUVOD: Izraz upalna bolest crijeva uobičajeni je izraz za upalu gastrointestinalnog sustava kroničnog tijeka. Do sada su se dijelile na Crohnovu bolest i ulcerozni kolitis, dok prema novijoj podjeli, pridružena su i novi oblici bolesti, a to su nedeterminirani kolitis i „pouchitis“ (upala u sluznici vrećice uslijedila za vrijeme operacije liječenja ulceroznog kolitisa). Upala je nastala zbog staničnog imunološkog odgovora gastrointestinalne sluznice, no točan uzrok nije poznat. Nije potvrđeno nikakvo postojanje specifičnog infektivnog čimbenika niti čimbenika okoliša i prehrane. Imunološka reakcije obuhvaća oslobađanje upalnih medijatora poput citokina, interleukina te faktor tumorske nekroze. Upalne bolesti crijeva se susreću u osoba svih dobnih skupina, no najčešće kod osoba mlađih od 30 godina. Mogu dovesti do značajnog pada kvalitete života te se pretpostavlja da su bolesnici izloženi povećanom riziku od depresije i anksioznosti. Simptomi variraju od blagih do vrlo jakih te se mogu razvijati postupno ili naglo. Dijagnostičke pretrage koje su koriste su digitorektalni pregled, kolonoskopija i pretrage na okultno krvarenje. Bolesti se liječe se medikamentozno i kirurški. Lijekovi koji se primjenjuju su aminosalicilati, imunomodulatori, kortikosteroidi i antibiotici. Izuzetno su važni redovite kontrole i liječnički pregledi. Medicinske sestre igraju važnu ulogu u multidisciplinarnom liječenju upalnih bolesti crijeva.
CILJ: Cilj rada je prikaz broja novooboljelih od upalnih bolesti crijeva u Općoj bolnici Zadar u vremenskom periodu od 2019.-2021. godine. Također prikazati incidenciju i prevalenciju Crohnove bolesti i Ulceroznog kolitisa u Europi i Sjevernoj Americi te incidenciju navedenih bolesti kod pedijatrijske populacije.
MATERIJALI I METODE: Prilikom izrade ovoga rada bit će upotrebljeni statistički podatci dobiveni iz informatičkog sustava OB Zadar. Također su korišteni statistički podatci objavljeni na stranicama Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, National Library of
Medicine te Digestive Medicine Research.
REZULTATI: Za rad su skupljeni podatci o ukupnom broju novooboljelih muškaraca i žena od Crohnove bolesti i ulceroznog kolitisa u Općoj bolnici Zadar. Ukupan broj novooboljelih muškaraca od Crohnove bolesti i ulceroznog kolitisa 2019. godine iznosio je 23, 2020. godine 23, a 2021. godine 11. Ukupan broj novooboljelih žena od Crohnove bolesti i ulceroznog kolitisa 2019. godine iznosio je 30, 2020. godine 13, a 2021. godine 15. Također su prikupljeni podatci o incidenciji i prevalenciji upalnih bolesti crijeva u Europi i Sjevernoj Americi, kao i podatci o incidenciji bolesti kod pedijatrijske populacije u europskim zemljama.
ZAKLJUČAK: Upalne bolesti crijeva su bolesti koje karakteriziraju ponavljajuće epizode upale gastrointestinalnog trakta. Sastoje se od dvije idiopatske bolesti: Crohnove bolesti i ulcerozni kolitis. Obe bolesti imaju genetsku predispoziciju, nisu izlječive i čine ogroman morbiditet. Najveću stopu incidencije i prevalencije čine Europa i Sjeverna Amerika, a u zadnjih se nekoliko godina povećava i u Aziji u kojoj je do sada učestalost bila jako niska. U pedijatriji su upalne bolesti crijeva postale najčešća dijagnosticirana bolest dječje dobi.INTRODUCTION: The term inflammatory bowel disease is a common name for chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal system. According to the older classification, they are divided into Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, while according to the newer classification, new forms of the illness are added, namely indeterminate colitis and "pouchitis" (inflammation in the mucous membrane of the pouch occurred during the treatment of ulcerative colitis). The inflammation was caused by the cellular immune response of the gastrointestinal mucosa, but the exact cause is unknown. Neither the existence of a specific infectious factor nor environmental and nutritional factors has been confirmed. Immunological reactions include the release of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, interleukins, and tumor necrosis factor. Inflammatory bowel diseases occur in people of all age groups, but most often in population younger than 30 years old. They can lead to a significant reduce in the quality of life, and it is assumed that patients are exposed to an increased risk of depression and anxiety. Symptoms vary from mild to very severe and can develop gradually or suddenly. Diagnostic tests that are used are digitorectal examination, colonoscopy, and tests for occult bleeding. Diseases are treated with medication and surgery. The drugs used are aminosalicylates, immunomodulators, corticosteroids and antibiotics. Regular controls and medical examinations are extremely important. Nurses play an important role in the multidisciplinary treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
OBJECTIVE: The plan of this work is to show a similarity of the quantity of men and women ordeal from inflammatory bowel illness in the Zadar General Hospital (gastroenterology clinic) in the period from 2019 to 2021. years.
It also shows the incidence and prevalence of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in Europe and North America and the rate of these illness in the pediatric people.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over the formation of this paper, statistical data obtained from the information system of the OB Zadar will be used. Statistical data presented on the pages of Journal of Crohn's and Colitis, National Library of Medicine and Digestive Medicine Research were also used.
THE RESULTS: This work collected statistics on the number of men and women newly diagnosed with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in Zadar General Hospital. The total number of newly recognized men with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in 2019 was 23, 23 in 2020, and 11 in 2021. The total number of newly diagnosed women with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in 2019 was 30, in 2020 13, and 15 in 2021. Data on the frequency of illness in Europe and North America were also collected, together with statistics on the incidence of the disease in the pediatric population in European countries.
CONCLUSION: Inflammatory bowel diseases are illness described by periodic part of inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. They consist of two idiopathic diseases: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Both diseases have a genetic predisposition, are incurable and cause enormous morbidity. The highest rate of incidence and frequency is in Europe and North America, and in the last few years it has also been increasing in Asia, where until now the frequency was very low. In pediatrics, inflammatory bowel diseases have become the most frequently diagnosed childhood disease