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Heathcliff - "pakleni zlikovac" ili žrtva traume?
No full textThis paper addresses the question of whether the character of Heathcliff from Emily Bronte’s 1847 literary classic Wuthering Heights suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder, a topic that has been partially neglected due to the fact that in the Victorian era the concept of trauma was considered to be a “woman’s disease.” In various analyses, Heathcliff is often viewed from a negative angle – as an arrogant and vindictive man – and specific mental disorders or illnesses are not adequately studied. However, given the presence of several symptoms of PTSD, it is appropriate to examine the possibility that Heathcliff suffers from this disorder. The paper first offers a broad introduction of Heathcliff’s life. It then characterizes Heathcliff as a Byronic hero. The following chapter focuses on the link between this type of hero, trauma, and PTSD, which then leads to the analysis of some anomalies in Heathcliff’s behavior that could be observed as symptoms of PTSD, as well as the possible reasons for their development. Ultimately, the paper highlights that Heathcliff does indeed suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder, the primary cause of which is the trauma he suffered from abuse in his youth and the death of Catherine.Ovaj rad proučava posttraumatski stresni poremećaj na primjeru Heathcliffa, lika iz Orkanskih visova (1847.), književnog klasika Emily Bronte. Ta je poveznica nedostatno istražena zbog toga što se u viktorijansko doba trauma smatrala „ženskom bolesti“. Heathcliff se najčešće negativno percipira i to kao iznimno arogantan i osvetoljubiv pojedinac. Radovi u kojima se istražuju uzroci njegova ponašanja, kao na primjer određeni psihički poremećaji, su iznimno rijetki. No, s obzirom na to da se u njegovom ponašanju mogu iščitati neki od simptoma PTSP-a, ovaj rad istražuje mogućnost da Heathcliff pati od navedenog poremećaja. Rad prvo nudi opći pregled Heathcliffova života. Slijedom toga, pozicionira Heathcliffa kao byronovskog junaka. Sljedeće poglavlje fokusira se na poveznicu između byronovoskog junaka, traume i PTSP-a, što zatim vodi prema analizi nekih anomalija u Heathcliffovom ponašanju koje bi se mogle promatrati kao simptomi PTSP-a. Posljednje poglavlje ističe kako je Heathcliff doista patio od posttraumatskog stresnog poremećaja. Uzrok poremećaja je trauma koju je pretrpio zbog zlostavljanja u mladosti i Catherinina smrt
The desire for parenthood in relation to attachment in family and partner relationships
No full textPrivrženost označava trajnu, snažnu vezu među uglavnom dvije osobe, karakterizira ju emocionalna povezanost i održavanje bliskosti osobito u stresnim situacijama. Dosadašnja istraživanja koja su proučavala poveznicu želje za roditeljstvom i dimenzijama privrženosti (anksioznost i izbjegavanje) relativno su nedavna, malog broja i vrlo nekonzistentna. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je istražiti povezanost želje za roditeljstvom i privrženosti u kontekstu obiteljskih i partnerskih odnosa. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 173 sudionika od kojih je nešto više od 80% ženskog spola, sudionike se na istraživanje pozvalo putem elektroničke pošte i društvenih mreža, a upitnik su ispunjavali online putem. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da oni sudionici koji nisu bili u vezi u trenutku ispitivanja u prosjeku imaju više izraženu karakteristiku izbjegavanja kao dimenziju privrženosti unutar partnerskih odnosa od sudionika koji su u trenutku ispitivanja bili u vezi. Oni sudionici koji su imali kraće veze karakterizira veće izbjegavanje kao dimenzija privrženosti unutar partnerskih i obiteljskih odnosa od sudionika koji su imali dulje veze. Utvrđena je značajna pozitivna povezanost anksioznosti unutar partnerskih odnosa i izbjegavanja unutar obiteljske i partnerske domene odnosa, te anksioznosti u okviru odnosa s članovima obitelji. Također, rezultati ukazuju na značajnu pozitivnu povezanost anksioznosti unutar obiteljskih odnosa i izbjegavanja kod partnerskih odnosa. Sudionici koji su izrazili veću želju za roditeljstvom manje su skloni izbjegavanju kao dimenziji privrženosti u partnerskim i obiteljskim odnosima. Konačno, oni sudionici koji su izvijestili o većem doživljaju neispunjenosti u slučaju da nemaju djecu manje su skloni anksioznosti i izbjegavanju kao dimenzijama privrženosti unutar obitelji.Attachment represents a permanent, strong bond between usually two people, it is characterized by emotional connection and maintaining closeness, especially in stressful situations. Previous studies that explored the link between desire for parenthood and dimensions of attachment (anxiety and avoidance) are relatively recent, rare and very inconsistent. The aim of this research was to examine the connection between the desire for parenthood and attachment in the context of family and romantic relationships. Total of 173 participants took part in the research of whom slightly more than 80% were female, participants were invited to the research via electronic mail and social networks and they filled out the questionnaire online. The results of the research showed that those participants who were not in a relationship at the time of measurement have, on average, more pronounced characteristic of avoidance in attachment within partner relationships than participants who were in a relationship at the time of measurement. Those participants who had shorter relationships were characterized by greater attachment avoidance within partner and family relationships than respondents who had longer relationships. A significant positive correlation was determined between anxiety within romantic relationships and avoidance within the family and romantic relationship domains, as well as anxiety within relationships with family members. Also, the results indicate a significant positive connection between anxiety within family relationships and avoidance in romantic relationships. Participants who express greater desire for parenthood are less prone to avoidance in romantic and family relationships. Finally, those participants who reported greater feelings of unfulfillment in case they do not have children are less prone to anxiety and avoidance within the family domain of relationships
The history of showing the LGBT(Q+) community in television series
No full textTema završnog rada je Povijest prikazivanja LGBT(Q+) zajednice u televizijskim serijama. U ovom radu objasnit će se glavni pojmovi potrebni za razumijevanje spomenute tematike te potkrijepiti primjerima televizijskih serija u kojima je uveden LGBT(Q+) lik. Također, s obzirom na to da su pojedine serije dobile svoj noviji 'reboot' rad će se osvrnuti i na promjene u prikazu LGBT(Q+) likova prve verzije i danas, proučit će se prikaz te način na koji su likovi predstavljeni publici odnosno gledateljima. Temelj ovog rada su LGBT(Q+) zajednice prikazane medijskom slikom. LGBT(Q+) zajednice tema su koja se i dalje smatra kontroverznom, ne u mjeri kao prijašnjih godina, ali svakako je i dalje na meti društvaThe topic of the final paper is the History of showing the LGBT(Q+) community in television series. This paper will explain the main concepts needed to understand the mentioned topic and support it with examples of television series in which the LGBT(Q+) character has been introduced. Also, since some series have received their newer 'reboot', the paper will look at the changes in the presentation of LGBT(Q+) characters of the first version today, we will study the display and the way the characters are presented to the audience. The basis of this paper are LGBT(Q+) communities presented in the media image. LGBT(Q+) communities are a topic that is still considered controversial, not as much as in previous years, but it is certainly still a target of society
Digital and media literacy programs for the elderly in public libraries
No full textPromjene u svakodnevnom životu koje donose nove tehnologije zahtijevaju stjecanje i usavršavanje vještina povezanih s digitalnom i medijskom pismenošću. Tema ovog rada usmjerena je na upotrebu tehnologije u starijoj dobi te korištenje društvenih medija s naglaskom na masovne medije i utjecaj lažnih vijesti na svakodnevni život osoba starije životne dobi te ulogu narodne knjižnice u tom procesu. Digitalna i medijska pismenost su važne kako bi se osobe starije životne dobi znale suočavati s modernom tehnologijom. Digitalna pismenost podrazumijeva rad na računalu, korištenje pametnih telefona, pronalazak određenih mrežnih sjedišta i dr., dok medijska pismenost omogućuje svakoj osobi da svjesno i s razumijevanjem odabire informaciju koja je važna za njih. Od pomoći su narodni knjižničari kao edukatori koji pokazuju svoju volju za pomaganje osobama starije životne dobi, usmjereni su na razvoj edukacija koje im pomažu da savladaju nedoumice u korištenju računala ili pametnih telefona. Kao istraživačka metoda u radu se koristila analiza sadržaja i polustrukturirani intervju. Rezultati istraživanja odabranih narodnih knjižnica u inozemstvu, Hrvatskoj i unutar Zadarske županije ukazuju na to da su narodne knjižnice i knjižničari fokusirani na pružanje podrške starijoj populaciji kako bi im se tehnologija približila na prihvatljiv način. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da, ako knjižničari provode edukacije o digitalnoj i medijskoj pismenosti za starije osobe, starija populacija pokazuje interes za tim programima i redovito sudjeluje u njima. S druge strane, knjižnice koje ne pružaju takve edukacije također žele unaprijediti svoje usluge i ponuditi ovakve programe starijim osobama kako bi im omogućile jednostavniji i samostalniji život.Changes in everyday life brought about by new technologies require the acquisition and refinement of digital and media literacy skills. The topic of this paper is focused on the use of technology in older age, including the use of social media with an emphasis on mass media and the impact of fake news on the daily lives of older individuals, as well as the role of public libraries in this process. Digital and media literacy are important for older individuals to cope with modern technology. Digital literacy involves computer skills, the use of smartphones, finding specific websites, and more, while media literacy enables individuals to consciously and understandingly select information that is important to them. Public librarians are helpful as educators who demonstrate their willingness to assist older individuals and are focused on developing education programs to help them overcome uncertainties in using computers or smartphones. The research method used in the paper included content analysis and semi-structured interviews. The results of the research in selected public libraries abroad, in Croatia, and within the Zadar County indicate that public libraries and librarians provide support to the older population to make technology more accessible to them in an acceptable manner. The research results show that if librarians conduct digital and media literacy education for older individuals, the older population shows interest in these programs and regularly participates in them. On the other hand, libraries that do not provide such education also aim to improve their services and offer such programs to older individuals to enable them to lead simpler and more independent lives
Knowledge and attitudes of healthcare professionals in the Šibenik-Knin and Zadar Counties regarding care for patients at the end of life
No full textPalijativna skrb predstavlja sveobuhvatan način pružanja potrebne skrbi pacijentima koji imaju neizlječivu bolest i/ili su na kraju svoga života. U istraživanju na području Šibenskokninske i Zadarske županije sudjelovalo je 112 zdravstvenih djelatnika (84,8% medicinskih sestre, 15,2% drugi zdravstveni radnici). Korišten je anketni upitnik sastavljen od nekoliko validiranih upitnika. Upitnikom se ispitivala razina znanja o palijativnoj skrbi, stavovi o skrbi na kraju života te stavovi o eutanaziji. Za prikaz rezultata korištene su deskriptivne metode, a razlike među skupinama testirane su Mann Whitney testom. Rezultati pokazuju dobro znanje zdravstvenih djelatnika o palijativnoj skrbi, pozitivan stav o skrbi za pacijente na kraju života te pretežno negativan stav o provođenju eutanazije. Međutim, zdravstveni djelatnici imaju manje spoznaja o trenutku započinjanja palijativne skrbi u pacijenata u kojih se dijagnosticira neizlječiva bolest te pružanju palijativne skrbi svakom pacijentu s malignom bolesti (Me=2,0 (Q1=1,0; Q3=3,0); za oboje). Medicinske sestre pokazale su nešto višu razinu znanja (Me=3,67 (Q1=3,53; Q3=4,0)) o palijativnoj skrbi u odnosu na druge zdravstvene profesije (Me=3,43 (Q1=3,53; Q3=4,0), (p=0,01). Skoro trećina ispitanika (27,6%) bi se osjećala nelagodno tijekom razgovora s osobom na kraju života, dok je 23,2% ispitanika iskazuje neodlučnost. Nije pronađena statistički značajna razlika u stupnju pozitivnog (p=0,50) i negativnog stava (p=0,14) o skrbi na kraju života između medicinskih sestra i ostalih zdravstvenih profesija. Eutanaziju ne podržavaju ni medicinske sestre (Me=1,8 (Q1=1,3; Q3=2,7)), ni ostale profesije (Me=1,9 (Q1=1,7; Q3=2,7)), a razlike u jačini tog stava među profesijama nisu pronađene (p=0,31). Iako je razina znanja pozitivno usmjerena ovo istraživanje potvrđuje potrebu za dodatnim povećanjem razine znanja zdravstvenih djelatnika, posebice o trenutku započinjanja palijativne skrbi i komunikaciji s pacijentom na kraju života. Negativan stav prema eutanaziji i njezinim oblicima može se objasniti doprinosom različitih osobnih, profesionalnih i kulturoloških čimbenika. Studija ukazuje na potrebu za novim istraživanjima posebice na području komunikacije, edukacije zdravstvenih djelatnika i etičkih pitanja. Uzimajući u obzir veći porast oboljelih od neizlječivih bolesti ovi rezultati mogu doprinijeti i većoj senzibilizaciji javnosti za potrebe pacijenata s potrebama za palijativnom skrbi.Palliative care is a comprehensive form of care for patients who are suffering from an incurable illness and/or are at the end of life. 112 healthcare workers (84,8% nurses, 15,2% other healthcare workers) participated in the survey in Šibenik-Knin and Zadar counties. A survey questionnaire was used, which consisted of several validated questionnaires. The questionnaire examined the level of knowledge about palliative care, attitudes toward end-oflife care, and attitudes toward euthanasia. Descriptive methods were used to present the results, and differences between groups were tested using the Mann-Whitney test. The results show that health professionals are well aware of palliative care, have positive attitudes toward end-of-life care, and are overwhelmingly opposed to performing euthanasia. However, health professionals have less significant knowledge about the timing of initiation of palliative care for patients diagnosed with a terminal illness and the provision of palliative care for each patient with a malignant disease (Me=2.0 (Q1=1.0; Q3=3.0); for both). Nurses had a slightly higher level of knowledge (Me=3.67 (Q1=3.53; Q3=4.0)) about palliative care than other health professionals (Me=3.43 (Q1=3.53; Q3=4.0), (p=0.01). Almost one-third of respondents (27.6%) would feel uncomfortable talking to a person at the end of life, while 23.2% expressed indecision. No statistically significant difference was found in the degree of positive (p=0.50) and negative attitudes (p=0.14) toward end-of-life care between nurses and other health professionals. Euthanasia was not endorsed by nurses (Me=1.8 (Q1=1.3; Q3=2.7)) or other professions (Me=1.9 (Q1=1.7; Q3=2.7)), and no differences in the strength of this attitude were found between professions (p=0.31). Although the level of knowledge is positively oriented, this study confirms the need to further increase the level of knowledge of health professionals, especially regarding the timing of the start of palliative care and communication with the patient at the end of life. Negative attitudes toward euthanasia and its forms can be explained by the contribution of various personal, professional, and cultural factors. The study points to the need for new research, particularly in the areas of communication, education of health professionals, and ethical issues. Given the increasing number of patients with terminal illnesses, these findings may contribute to greater public awareness of the needs of palliative care patients
Imperial portraits of Roman Histria in the era of the Principate
No full textPadom Nezakcija 117. godine prije Krista završava Drugi histarski rat. Histri su tada pokoreni od Rimljana, čime započinje intenzivan proces romanizacije. Tijekom sredine 1. stoljeća prije Krista odvio se prvi trijumvirat nakon kojeg je Gaj Julije Cezar veteranima osigurao posjede te osnovao prve veteranske kolonije - Pola (Colonia Pietas Julia Pola) 44. godine prije Krista i Parentium, također oko 44. godine prije Krista. U kasnijim razdobljima, posljedicom rimske ekspanzionističke politike, kada dolazi do organizacije rimskih provincija, ovaj prostor ostat će sastavni dio apeninskih pokrajina kao italska Regio Decima. Uz sva antička dostignuća koja su se procesom romanizacije širila i prihvaćala na rimskom administrativnom području, od velikog značaja bio je i umjetnički izričaj. Rimsku skulpturu na našem prostoru poznajemo već od sredine 1. stoljeća prije Krista. Bez obzira bila ona privatna ili javna, službena ili kultna, kao bitnu sastavnicu uvijek ističe portrete koji su najčešće od kamena, a javlja se u vidu statue, nadgrobnih spomenika ili biste. Većina primjera s područja Histrije u doba Principata produkt je rada lokalnih radionica, dok je manji dio importiran iz važnih produkcijskih središta poput Rima, Atene ili Male Azije. Šest odabranih primjera iz Arheološkog muzeja Istre i Zavičajnog muzeja Poreštine nose tipološke značajke portretistike pojedinog carskog prerioda ili fizionomske karakteristike cara, odnosno carice. Pojedine primjere moguće je povezati s portretnim prikazima na aversima novaca koji potvrđuju dataciju ustanovljenu temeljem tipova frizure ili fizionomskih karakteristika. Zbog izuzetne očuvanosti većine portreta bilo je moguće dobiti jasan uvid u tehniku i stil pojedinog razdoblja te njihovu mijenu tijekom vremena.With the fall of Nesactium in 117 BC, the Second Histrian War ends. Histrians are then conquered by the Romans, which starten the intensive process of Romanization. During the middle of the 1st century BC the first triumvirate took place, followed by GaiusJulius Caesarsecuring properties for veterans and founded the first veteran colonies - Pola (Colonia Pietas Julia Pola) in 44 BC and Parentium, also around 44 BC. In later periods, as a result of the Roman expansion policy, when it comes to organization of the Roman provinces, this area will remain an integral part of the Apennine provinces like the Italian Regio Decima. Along with all the ancient achievements that were spread and accepted through the Romanization process in the Roman administrative area, artistic expression was also of great importance. We know examples of Roman sculpture in our area since the middle of the 1st century BC. Regardless of whether it is private or public, official or cult, as an essential component always highlights the portraits, which are most often made of stone and appears in the form of statues, gravestones monuments or busts. Most of the examples from the area of Histria during the Principate period are products work of local workshops, while a smaller part is imported from important production centers like Rome, Athens or Asia Minor. The six selected examples from the Archaeological Museum of Istria and the Local Museum of Poreština bear typological features of portraiture of a particular imperial period or physiognomy characteristics of the emperor and empress. Some examples can be connected with portrait representations on the obverses of coins that confirm the dating established on the basis of types hairstyle or physiognomic characteristics. Due to the exceptional preservation of most of the portraits, it is possible to get a clear insight into the technique and style of a particular period and their changes over time
Information needs and behavior of adult users in the Tisno Public Library
No full textOvaj rad bavi se skupinom odraslih korisnika knjižnice i njezinim informacijskim potrebama i ponašanjima. Zanimljivo je istražiti ovakva ponašanja i potrebe male otočne zajednice koja nema dugu tradiciju knjižničarstva. Naime, Narodna knjižnica i čitaonica Tisno uskoro obilježava devetu godinu postojanja u ovom sadašnjem obliku. Cilj ovog istraživanja je proučiti informacijske potrebe i ponašanja specifične zajednice (odraslih korisnika NKČ Tisno) kako bi se dobivenim rezultatima unaprijedilo poslovanje knjižnice i saznale realne potrebe odraslih korisnika. Metodom fokus grupe istraženi su stavovi, mišljenja i iskustva odraslih korisnika o njihovim potrebama i ponašanjima kada koriste knjižnicu. Ovim istraživanjem želi se uči u razloge, mišljenja i stavove odraslih korisnika o uslugama i programima koje bi knjižnica trebala imati i nuditi. Istraživanje se temelji na informacijama prikupljenih metodom fokus grupe na uzroku dvije fokus grupe. U istraživanje su uključene punoljetne osobe, odrasli korisnici Narodne knjižnice i čitaonice Tisno. Istraživanje je pokazalo da su korisnici zadovoljni radom knjižnice i knjižničarkama. Problem vide u razmještaju knjižnične građe na policama, veličini i boljoj vidljivosti narodne knjižnice.This paper deals with adults as group of library users and its information needs and behaviors. It is interesting to investigate these behaviors and needs of a small island community that does not have a long tradition of librarianship. Namely, the Tisno Public Library will soon celebrate its ninth year of existence in its current form. The goal of this research is to study the information needs and behaviors of a specific community (adult users Tisno Public Library) in order to use the results to improve the library's operations and to find out the real needs of adult users. The Focus group method was used to investigate the attitudes, opinions and experiences of adult users about their needs and behaviors when using the public library. This research aims to learn the reasons, opinions, and attitudes of adult users about the services and programs that the library should have and offer. The research is based on information collected through the Focus group method on the cause of two focus groups. Each group has 3 to 4 subjects. Adult users of the Tisno Public Library were included in the research. The research showed that the users are satisfied with the work of the library and librarians. They see the problem in the arrangement of library materials on the shelves, the size and better visibility of the public librar
Monitoring, checking and assessment within the subject field of physical education
No full textOcjenjivanje je treća sastavnica vrednovanja učenikova odgojno-obrazovnog rada. U tjelesnom i zdravstvenom području ocjenjivanje je postupak pridavanja brojčane vrijednosti svim obrazovnim, kinantropološkim i odgojnim pojavnostima na temelju rezultata praćenja i provjeravanja. Brojčana ocjena u Republici Hrvatskoj izražava se po skali vrijednosti 1 – 5, a imenuje se u osnovnom i srednjem školstvu nazivima: odličan (5), vrlo dobar (4), dobar (3), dovoljan (2), nedovoljan (1). U nastavi Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture primjenjuju se tri načina ocjenjivanja: Brojčano ocjenjivanje – kojim se uspjeh izražava brojčanom ocjenom na skali 5 do 1. Opisno ocjenjivanje – kojim se uspjeh izražava opisnom ocjenom. Kombinirano ocjenjivanje – kojim se uspjeh izražava uz pomoć brojčane i opisne ocjene. U ovom radu ispitana su mišljenja učitelja i roditelja o načinu provjeravanja, praćenja i ocjenjivanja učenika u okviru predmetnog područja Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture. Rezultati istraživanja provedenog u ovom radu ukazuju kako učitelji i roditelji preferiraju kombinirano ocjenjivanje, potom opisno ocjenjivanje i na kraju brojčano ocjenjivanje u okviru predmetnog područja Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture. U provedenom istraživanju nije utvrđeno postojanje statistički značajnih razlika vezanih za mišljenje učitelja i roditelja o načinima provjeravanja, praćenja i ocjenjivanja u okviru predmetnog područja Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture. Statistički značajna razlika utvrđena je samo kod jedne čestice upitnika prema kojoj učitelji smatraju kako je kriterijsko ocjenjivanje objektivnije u odnosu na mišljenje roditelja. Uz navedeno, istraživanjem nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike između ispitanika vezanih za mišljenje učitelja i roditelja o načinima provjeravanja, praćenja i ocjenjivanja u okviru predmetnog područja tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture s obzirom na mjesto stanovanja (urbano – ruralno). Nadalje, u istraživanju su utvrđene statistički značajne razlike između roditelja i učitelja vezanih za načine ocjenjivanja a uzimajući u obzir kriterij razine njihova obrazovanja. Prema tom kriteriju, rezultati ukazuju kako ispitanici više razine obrazovanja preferiraju kombinirani tip ocjenjivanja u većoj mjeri od ispitanika niže razine obrazovanja.Assessment is the third component of evaluating the student's educational work. In the physical and health field, assessment is the process of assigning a numerical value to all educational, kinanthropological and educational phenomena based on the results of monitoring and checking. Excellent (5), very good (4), good (3), sufficient (2), insufficient (1). In physical education three methods of assessment are used: Numerical assessment - in which success is expressed by a numerical assessment on a scale of 5 to 1. Descriptive assessment - in which success is expressed through a descriptive assessment. Combined assessment - in which success is expressed with the help of numerical and descriptive assessment. In this paper, the opinions of teachers and parents on the method of checking, monitoring and evaluating students in the subject area of physical education were examined. The results of the research conducted in this paper indicate that teachers and parents prefer combined evaluation, then descriptive evaluation and finally numerical evaluation in within the subject area of physical and health culture. The conducted research did not establish the existence of statistically significant differences related to the opinion of teachers and parents about the methods of checking, monitoring and evaluation within the subject area of physical education. A statistically significant difference was found only in one part of the questionnaire, according to which teachers believe that criterion evaluation is more objective compared to parents' opinion. In addition to the above, the research did not establish any statistically significant differences between respondents related to the opinion of teachers and parents about the methods of checking, monitoring and evaluation in the subject area of physical culture with regard to the place of residence (urban-rural). Furthermore, the research found statistically significant differences between parents and teachers related to assessment methods, taking into account the criterion of their level of education. According to this criterion, the results indicate that respondents with a higher level of education prefer the combined type of assessment to a greater extent than respondents with a lower level of education
Comparison of Static Site Generators and Content Management Systems
No full textU današnjem digitalnom dobu uočljiva je rastuća potreba tvrtki, organizacija i pojedinaca za objavljivanjem i upravljanjem sadržajem. Ovaj izazov današnjice stvara potrebu za odgovorom na ključno pitanje, a to je koji je najoptimalniji i najpraktičniji način objavljivanja i upravljanja sadržajem. Istraživanjem načina i tehnologija dolazi se do dvije najzastupljenije opcije – CMS sustavi i generatori statičnih stranica. Ovaj završni rad analizira i uspoređuje ove dvije vodeće strategije upravljanja sadržajem detaljno razmatrajući njihove prednosti i ograničenja, a kako bi se osigurala precizna usporedba razvijena su dva identična portala čija izrada pruža dublji uvid u situacije u kojima je optimalnije koristiti CMS sustav ili generatore statičnih stranica.In today's digital age there is a growing need for companies, organizations, and individuals to publish and manage content. This challenge of today creates the need to answer the key question: What is the most optimal and practical way to publish and manage content? Research into methods and technologies reveals that the two most popular content management options are CMS systems and static site generators. This final paper analyzes and compares these two leading content management strategies, considering their advantages and limitations in detail. To ensure an accurate comparison, two identical portals were developed, whose development provides a deeper insight into situations in which it is optimal to use a CMS system or static page generators
The Role of Feelings and Moral Feeling in Spinoza and Kant
No full textDisertacija se sastoji od uvodnog dijela, glavnog dijela s dva duža poglavlja i završnog dijela. U glavnom dijelu tema je pojam kauzalnosti u djelima Spinoze i Kanta, pobliže odnos ovog pojma prema afektima i moralnom djelovanju. Budući da je ovaj koncept sastavni dio teorije afekata, autorica je smatrala potrebnim raspraviti probleme, pitanja i kritike njegove definicije. Analizira se razlika u Kantovom i Spinozinom shvaćanju kauzalnosti i posljedice te razlike. Cilj rada je kroz analizu uloge osjećaja i njihovog mogućeg utjecaja na proces prosuđivanja i djelovanja pokazati u kojoj su mjeri Spinozini i Kantovi pogledi na problem kauzalnosti slični ili različiti i zbog čega, i kako to utječe na njihovo razumijevanje morala i slobode. Razlika između Kantovog shvaćanja kauzalnosti u kontekstu njegove transcendentalne filozofije i Spinozinog korištenja pojma uzročnosti u kontekstu njegova racionalističkog pristupa stvarnosti najizraženija je u njihovim teorijama spoznaje. Međutim, kada je u pitanju praktična sfera, u radu se tvrdi da je Spinozino i Kantovo shvaćanje kauzalnosti u osnovi slično. Slažu se da ljudi u praktičnom djelovanju mogu biti djelomično samoodređeni. Time su ljudska bića u stanju djelomično nadvladatirazličite oblike vanjske determiniranosti i mogu se u toj mjeri smatrati slobodnima. Drugi dio glavnog dijela disertacije bavi se vezom afekata, djelovanja i prosuđivanja. Tumačenje transformativnog procesa oslobađanja od strasti korištenjem aktivnih afekta objašnjava način na koji određeni afekti igraju vrlo pozitivnu i značajnu ulogu u prosuđivanju i spoznaji. Analiza specifičnih afekta poput osjećaja poštovanja moralnog zakona, osjećaja ugode u sudu o lijepom i uzvišenom, srdačnosti i plemenitosti dodatno potvrđuje slaganje Kanta i Spinoze u pogledu međusobnog odnosa afekta i njihovog utjecaja na spoznaju i moralno djelovanje. Pri tome se naglasak stavlja na značajne elemente racionalnosti u tim osjećajima. Spinozin pogled na ublažavanje negativnih afekata pomoću pozitivnih aktivnih afekata vidi se u odnosu na Kantovo razlikovanje između patoloških i moralno praktičnih afekata. Potonje se pokazalo središnjim za razvoj estetskog ukusa i prosuđivanja. U tome, međutim, kao što nastojim pokazati, Kant ide dalje od Spinoze. Razlikovanje aktivnih, praktično-proizvedenih afekata od pasivnih, patoloških afekata implicitno ukazuje na određenu hijerarhiju afekata. Tim poretkom koji se kroz analizu uloge i utjecaja afekata u radu očitava, dano je prostora emocionalnosti da zauzmu važno mjesto. Uloga afekata tako ostaje nezamjenjiva u konstituiranju ljudske moralnosti i prosudbe što je bio jedan od ciljeva argumentacije ovog rada. Pozitivna i racionalna uloga koju afekti mogu igrati u konstituiranju i prosudbi moralnosti središnja je za ovu studiju, polazeći od Spinozine teorije afekata i njegova gledišta o transformaciji strasti. Pokazalo se da je to usporedivo s Kantovim stavom o osjećaju moralnog poštovanja, kao i osjećaju ugode povezanog s prosuđivanjem lijepog i uzvišenog. Ovom usporedbom pokazuje se da su oba filozofa složna u pogledu načina prevladavanja negativnih afekta, odnosno u uvjerenju da se samo jačim afektom, utoliko ukoliko je aktivniji i uže povezan s umom, može prevladati drugi afekt.The dissertation consists of an introductory part, a main part with two longer chapters and a concluding part. In the main part, the main topic is the notion of causality in the works of Spinoza and Kant, with a closer look at the relation of this notion to the affects and to moral agency. Since this concept is an integral part of the theory of affects, the author has found it necessary to discuss the problems, questions and criticisms of its definition. The difference in Kant’s and Spinoza’s understanding of causality and the consequences of this difference are analysed. The aim of the work is to show, through an analysis of the role of feelings and their possible impact on the process of judgment and action, to what extent Spinoza's and Kant's views of the problem of causality are similar or different and for what reason, and what significance this has for their understanding of morality and freedom. The difference between Kant’s understanding of causality as used in the context of his transcendental philosophy and Spinoza’s employment of the notion of causality in the context of his rationalist approach to reality is most pronounced in their theories of knowledge. However, when it comes to the practical sphere, the paper argues that Spinoza’s and Kant’s understanding of causality is fundamentally similar. They agree that humans in practical action can be partial self - determining. With this, human beings are able to partially overcome various forms of external determination and can to this extent be regarded as free. The second subsection of the main part of the dissertation deals with the connection between affects, actions and judgment. The interpretation of the transformative process of liberation from passions using active affects explains the way in which certain affects play a very positive and significant role in judgment and cognition. Analysis of specific affects such as the feeling of respect for moral law, beauty and sublimeness, cordiality and nobility further confirms the agreement of Kant and Spinoza with regard to the interrelationship of affects and their influence on cognition and moral action. Emphasis is placed thereby on significant elements of rationality in these feelings. Spinoza's view of the mitigation of negative affects by means of positive active affects is seen in relationship to Kant's distinction between pathological and morally practical affects. The latter prove to be central for the development of aesthetic taste and judgment. In this, however, as I strive to show, Kant moves beyond Spinoza. The distinction between active, morally significant affects and passive, pathological affects implicitly indicates their hierarchy, and allows the possibility for affects and emotionality to play a positive role in moral action. The role of affects is thusshown to be indispensable in the constitution of human morality and judgment, which was one of the goals of the argument presented in my dissertation. The positive and rational role which affects may play in morality is central to the present study, taking its point of departure from the Spinoza's theory of affects and his view of the transformation of the passions. This is shown to be comparable to Kant's position regarding the feeling of moral respect, as well as the feeling of pleasure connected with the judgment of the beautiful and the sublime. By this comparison, is shown that both philosophers are in agreement regarding the means of overcoming negative affects, that is, in their conviction that it is only by an affect which is stronger that another affect can be overcome, and that such affects are stronger only insofar as they are more active and more closely related to the mind