“Lituanistika”, International Research Database
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Sustainable development solutions: growing and processing raspberries on Lithuanian farm
No full textThe EU’s goals by 2050 are to ensure food security, prevent bio-diversity loss, and strengthen the EU food system’s resilience. Recent scientific research and the situation in the global market show that the cultivation and processing of raspberries is currently completely unsustainable. This sector is experiencing a huge decline in Lithuania. Therefore, we chose the sustainability of raspberry growing (from farm) and processing (to fork) as an object. The aim of this article was (i) to analyze the raw material of the raspberry plant for product sustainable processing, (ii) to create a digital sustainability measurement model, and (iii) to present sustainable development solutions for effective raspberry growing and processing on Lithuanian farms using content and descriptive methods. This paper discusses how to help small raspberry growers and processors achieve sustainable economic, environmental, and social performance from field raw material to processed products. Analysis of the scientific literature has revealed qualitative and quantitative sustainability indicators for improving raspberry production. The assessment of the sustainability according to our created model revealed the (un)sustainable factors and the current situation in raspberry farms on a Likert scale from very unsustainable to very sustainable. Based on the evaluation we have determined sustainable development solutions. Raspberry growing and processing in Lithuania can contribute to environmental conservation, economic growth, and social well-being, fostering a more sustainable and resilient agricultural sector by investing in R&D, improving productivity, creating employment opportunities and supporting rural communities, establishing a robust waste management system, and embracing renewable energy sources. Raspberry growers and processors can use the digital model we created for the sustainability, efficiency, and development directions of their farm. Keywords: food loss and waste; raspberry products; value-added cultivation and processing; holistic management and economy; sustainable; digital transformation
Jewish urbanization and the midsize city: the case of Kaunas, Lithuania
No full text[...] The history of the Jewish community of Kaunas, as well as of this city in general, has not received proper attention in historical research. Unlike the historical capital of Lithuania, Vilnius, and its Jewish community, Kaunas has largely remained on the margins of historical research. An initial, and very partial, attempt to describe the early history of the Jewish community in this city was made in the early 1930s by the journalist David Lippman in his book on the history of the Jews in Kaunas and the adjacent suburb of Sloboda. This was part of his historiographical project on the history of the Jews of Lithuania, which unfortunately did not come to fruition. Lippman published only the first part of this book, which ends at the middle the nineteenth century, just before the beginning of the dramatic changes that the local Jewish community underwent. Another overview of the history of the Jewish community in Kaunas was published by Miriam Niv in 1996. An initial and significant contribution to the issue discussed here is Remigijus Civinskas’s article, “Kauno žydų integracija į miestiečių luomą” [Integration of Kaunas’ Jews into the Townspeople Estate], which deals with the early stages of the process and especially in its political context. Along these lines, the recently published catalogue Žydų gyvenimas Kaune iki Holokausto [Jewish Life in Kaunas before the Holocaust] by Michailas Duškesas is also an important contribution to our knowledge and the research of Jewish life in Kaunas. [...] The emerging reality of Kaunas during this period can be seen as a kind of laboratory, where two complex experiments were simultaneously carried out-an attempt to design a national-cultural environment by the ethnic Lithuanian majority group, certainly after the 1926 coup d’état, and at the same time an attempt to design a new Jewish living space by tending to reduce the national aspect while focusing on the economic and cultural aspects. Both experiments were carried out on a “substrate” of accelerated urbanization processes. As for the results of these experiments, however, unfortunately the historical reality, and especially the dramatic events that took place in Lithuania in the early 1940s, did not allow these experiments to reach their full potential. Everything written above is only a preliminary discussion of the cultural, demographic, economic, religious, and social processes that Jewish society in Kaunas went through from the mid-nineteenth century until World War II. However, this community, which played a central and crucial role in the history of Lithuanian Jewry, undoubtedly deserves a wide and in-depth study
Self creation of Indian tradition
No full textThe text explicates the fundamental difference between Western notion of “history” designed to answer the question of “who, what, when and why” and a tradition, carried by eminent texts which are not written in the past and repeated today, but which provide a play space for a great variety of interpretations and creative transformations. Thus two eminent text of India, the Ramajana and Mahabharata will be used for a brief exposition of the way India “plays” its tradition through numerous story lines, their composition and recomposition in different places and situations. Both texts were made into television serials and provoked furious debates, such that the latter continues to play with the tradition and to transform the lines of discourse about the very tradition to which such lines belong. Keywords: history, tradition, right action, story, selfinitiation, creative recreation
Participation of women in library and bibliophile societies, and as friends of libraries in interwar Vilnius
No full textStraipsnio tikslas – apžvelgti moterų veiklą tarpukario Vilniaus bibliotekininkų, knygų mėgėjų ir bibliotekų bičiulių draugijose, tokiose kaip: Lenkijos bibliotekininkų sąjungos Vilniaus ratelis, Lenkų bibliofilų draugija, Stepono Batoro universiteto bibliotekos bičiulių draugija, Eustachijaus ir Emilijos Vrublevskių mokslinės pagalbos draugija, Eustachijaus ir Emilijos Vrublevskių vardo bibliotekos bičiulių draugija. Bus siekiama nustatyti, kokių profesijų moterys stodavo į tas draugijas, jų skaičių, veiklos pobūdį. Plačiau bus nušviesta pačių aktyviausių veikėjų – Helenos Drège, Helenos Hleb-Koszańskos, Marijos Kotwiczównos, Helenos Romer- Ochenkowskos – veikla aptariamosiose draugijose. Rengiant straipsnį remtasi archyvine ir publikuota dokumentine medžiaga, to meto spauda, lenkų autorių darbais. Esminiai žodžiai: tarpukario Vilnius, Vilniaus bibliotekos, bibliotekininkų draugijos, bibliotekininkystė.The purpose of this article is to review the participation of women in library and bibliophile societies, and as friends of libraries in interwar Vilnius, such as the Vilnius Branch of the Union of Polish Libraries, the Polish Bibliophile Society in Vilnius, and the Society of Friends of the Eustachy and Emilia Wroblewski State Library. Members of these societies consisted of librarians, literary figures and teachers. The largest membership of women belonged to the Vilnius Branch of the Union of Polish Librarians (27), and the smallest to the Polish Bibliophile Society in Vilnius (3). Most active in the work of the societies were Helena Drege, Helena Hleb-Koszanska, Maria Kotwiczowna, Helena Romer-Ochenkowska. They were elected to the various boards, presented reports at society meetings, wrote and published works in both Vilnius and national publications, organized events and worked toward increasing the collections in Vilnius’s libraries. Keywords: interwar Vilnius, Vilnius libraries, librarian societies, bibliophiles
Artist of nature as a shaman in the eye of the challenges of the anthropocene
No full textStraipsnyje gvildenama antropoceno iššūkių raiška gamtos menuose, apimančiuose įvairias gamtos reiškinių perteikimo ir tų reiškinių meninio įprasminimo bei vizualizavimo sritis. Iškeliamas ir aptariamas vis labiau ryškėjantis gamtos menų ir mokslinių tyrinėjimų ryšys, meno kūriniais stengiantis ugdyti publikos ekosąmoningumą, praplėsti antropoceno iššūkių suvokimą, skatinant žiūrovus išgyventi bendro antropoceninio likimo ir atsakomybės už savąją veiklą jauseną. Kaip gamtos menas apibendrinamai įvardijami įvairiai vadinami susisaistę menai ir meninės praktikos: žemės menas, aplinkos menas, kraštovaizdžio menas, ekologinis menas, aplinkosauginis menas, ekomenas, biomenas. Meninės ir mokslinės veiklos sąsajomis grindžiamas pagreitį įgaunančiais įvairiapusiais filosofiniais tyrinėjimais, padedančiais įsisąmoninti būtinumą peržengti modernybės laikais susiklosčiusį gamtos, natūros ir kultūros, žmogaus priešinimą, kuris gamtą verčia žmogaus poreikiams tinkamais ištekliais, todėl žmogus įprato elgtis su gamta savanaudiškai ir neatsakingai, užmiršęs, kad aplinka yra jo paties gyvybinė terpė. Gamtos menai kaip tik ir paryškina savaiminį gamtos grožį bei didingumą, žmogaus priklausomybę nuo jos galių, žmogaus ir kitų gyvybės rūšių susisaistymą. Iškeliama „klimato kaitos“ diskurso svarba naujiesiems ekomenams, jis tampa esminiu sąvokiniu branduoliu, palaikančiu meniniuose kūriniuose ir meninėse praktikose išskleidžiamus mokslinius, politinius kultūrinius pasakojimus ir jiems būdingą vaizdinę papildomą medžiagą, kuri reikalinga bendrauti su publika ir dalyviais laiduoti. Aptariami gamtos menų raidai svarbūs pavyzdiniais laikytini darbai: Roberto Smithono „Spiralinis molas“ (1970) ir Agnes Denes „Kviečių laukas – konfrontacija“ (1972) bei „Medžių kalnas – Gyvoji laiko kapsulė“ (1982). Iškeliamos ir svarstomos dvi gamtos menų tendencijos – vakarietiškoji ir Lotynų amerikietiškoji. Pastaroji siejama su „ontologiniu posūkiu“, kurį paskatino Amerikos indėnų perspektyvizmo įsitvirtinimas kultūrinės antropologijos ir etnologijos tyrinėjimuose, iškėlęs šamaniškosios kosmogonijos svarbą vietiniams iki šiolei gyvybingiems gyvenimo būdams. Gvildenamos bendresnės „ontologinio posūkio“ menų tendencijos, pateikiama tokių menų pavyzdžių. Gamtos menuose įžvelgiamus šamaniškuosius bruožus, taip pat jų politinį veiksmingumą kildina pastangos „prakalbinti“ gamtos reiškinius, ieškoti būdų bendrauti su gamtos jėgomis, jų atsakus verčiant žmonėms suprantamais paveikiais vaizdais bei garsais, įkalbinti bendruomenes sutelktiems aplinkosauginiams darbams bei kūrybai, tvirtinti gamtos sąmoningumo ir dvasingumo pasaulėjautą, tad menininkai savo kūrybiniuose „skrydžiuose“ keliauja tarp įvairių pasaulių – mitologinių, mokslinių ir kasdieniškųjų, teikdami dabarties žmonėms jai būtinos praamžės žinijos. Šamaniškumą galima įsivaizduoti ir kaip esminį ant-meniškumo bruožą – gebėjimą ne tik pakilti „virš“ ir susieti įvairias tikrovės plotmes su moksline, bet ir „regėti kito akimis“, padėti įsijausti į gamtos galių ir joje gyvuojančių rūšių apraiškas. Esminiai žodžiai: antropocenas, Denes, gamtos menai, klimato kaita, ontologinis posūkis, perspektyvizmas, Smithsonas, šamaniškoji pasaulėjauta.The article explores the expression of Anthropocene challenges in Nature arts, including various areas of rendering natural phenomena and artistic interpretation and visualization of those phenomena. The connection between Nature arts and scientific research, which is becoming more and more apparent, is raised and discussed, and works of art strive to develop the public’s eco-awareness, broaden the grasping of the challenges of the Anthropocene, encouraging the audience to experience a sense of common Anthropocene destiny and responsibility for their own activities. Nature art is a general term for variously called related arts and artistic practices: Earth art, Land art, eco-art, environmental art, ecological art, bio-art. The connection between artistic and scientific activities is based on the gaining momentum multifaceted philosophical research, which helps to realize the necessity of overcoming the ontological Modern times opposition of nature and culture, who turns nature into suitable resources for human needs, therefore, man has become accustomed to treating nature selfishly and irresponsibly, forgetting that the environment is his own living medium. The arts of Nature emphasize its inherent beauty and majesty, the dependence of man on its powers, the connection between man and other species of life as multispecies encounters. The importance of the discourse of “climate change” for the new eco-arts is highlighted, it becomes an essential conceptual core that supports the scientific, political and cultural narratives unfolded in artistic works and artistic practices and their characteristic visual additional material, which is necessary to guarantee communication with the audience and participants. Exemplary works important to the development of Nature arts are discussed: Robert Smithon’s Spiral Jetty (1970), Agnes Denes Wheatfield – A Confrontation (1972) and Tree Mountain – A Living Time Capsule (1982). Two trends in Nature arts are raised and discussed – Western and Latin American. The latter is associated with the “ontological turn”, which was prompted by the establishment of Amerindian perspectivism in the research of cultural anthropology and ethnology, which highlighted the importance of shamanic cosmogony for indigenous ways of life that are still alive today. More general trends in the arts of the “ontological turn” are explored, and examples of such arts are presented. The shamanic features discernible in the arts of Nature, as well as their political effectiveness, are caused by efforts to “talk” to natural phenomena, to find ways to communicate with natural forces, translating their responses into effective images and sounds that are understandable to people, to persuade communities to focus on environmental work and creativity, to strengthen the worldliness of universal consciousness and spirituality, so artists in their creative “flights” travel between various worlds – mythological, scientific and everyday, providing contemporary audiences with the necessary primary shamanic knowledge. Shamanism can also be imagined as an essential feature of over-artism – the ability not only to rise “above” and connect various planes of reality with the scientific one, but also to “see through the eyes of another”, to help empathize with the manifestations of the powers of nature and their species. Keywords: Anthropocene, climate change, Denes, Nature arts, ontological turn, perspectivism, shamanic worldview, Smithson
Tradition and development of Lithuanian terminology
No full textLietuvių terminologijos raida apima kelis etapus. Pirmasis – stichinis terminijos raidos etapas. Tai nesisteminis terminijos kūrimasis iki pramoninės revoliucijos. Dėl Lietuvos sociokultūrinės padėties – mokslo plėtros tarptautinėmis kalbomis, valstybės viešosios lietuvių kalbos nebuvimo, okupacijos ir imperijos pakraščio statuso – terminija daugiausia rėmėsi gyvąja liaudies šneka, o terminologija kaip mokslas visai nesiplėtojo. Vėliau pradeda gausėti verstinės ir skolintos terminijos. Antrasis raidos etapas sutampa su Lietuvoje kiek pavėlavusia pramonine revoliucija – tai maždaug XIX a. vidurys. Tada kartu su pramonės, kai kurių mokslo šakų, švietimo, spaudos, populiarios mokslinės literatūros plėtra lietuvių kalba atsiranda naujos sisteminės terminijos poreikis, o ankstesnių amžių išteklių nei kokybiškai, nei kiekybiškai negali pakakti. Todėl šiuo laikotarpiu greta originalios lietuviškos terminijos randasi daug verstinės, vertimo kalkių, šiaip svetimų kalbų įtakos, didelė terminė įvairovė (sinonimija). Neretas sugrįžęs arba grįžtantis prie lietuvių kalbos patriotas ar mokslo vyras, švelniai tariant, nepakankamai išmano lietuvių kalbos žodžių darybą, gramatiką – iš čia gana prasta terminijos kokybė. Trečiasis raidos etapas – tai sistemingo ir sąmoningo terminologijos darbo pradžia, terminologijos kaip svarbios pagalbinės mokslo disciplinos suvokimas ir jos principų postulavimas – tai XX a. pirmoji pusė. Būtent šiuo laikotarpiu randasi įvairių mokslo sričių vadovėlių ir sisteminių žodynų (matematikos, geometrijos, zoologijos, technikos, filosofijos, teisės...). Pasitelkiamas net administracinis resursas – kuriasi įvairių dalykinių sričių terminologijos komisijos. Būtent šiuo metu iškyla Stasio Šalkauskio terminologijos genijus – kurdamas ir apmąstydamas filosofijos terminiją, jis kloja ir lietuvių terminologijos mokslo pagrindus. Jo idėjos susišaukia su terminologijos pradininku laikomo Eugeno Wüsterio idėjomis. Ketvirtasis terminologijos raidos etapas sutampa su sovietine okupacija. Nepaisant prieštaringos ir dviprasmės tautos ir bendrinės kalbos padėties, šiuo metu suklesti įvairių mokslo sričių terminų žodynų leidyba. Ypač svarbi aplinkybė: visas mokslas – nuo pradžios mokyklos iki disertacijos gynimo – galimas lietuvių kalba. Aišku, kad ši aplinkybė lemia audringą terminijos plėtrą, nors labai ryški rusų kalbos įtaka, o terminologijos moksle dominuoja sovietinė mokykla. Penktasis etapas – naujausieji laikai po nepriklausomybės atgavimo. Terminologijos darbas smarkiai pagyvėja ir paįvairėja, įgyja tikrą tarptautinį pobūdį, plačiai įsileidžiamos ir Vakarų terminologijos idėjos. Randasi valstybinė kalbos politika. Deja, bendrame Europos Sąjungos kalbų lygiateisiškumo fone, mokslo kalba vis labiau tampa anglų kalba, mokslo publikacijų lietuvių kalba mąžta. Todėl kartais neramu mąstant, kas laukia terminologijos mokslo Lietuvoje ir lietuviškos terminijos. Terminologijos mokslas jaunas. Tiek Europoje, tiek Lietuvoje. Jo užuomazgos galbūt ir siekia XIX a. pradžią, bet susiformavimo metas – tai XX a. vidurys. Tačiau per šį neilgą laiką terminologų – tiek lingvistų, tiek dalykinių sričių specialistų – pastangomis lietuviška terminija sėkmingai atlieka jai deramą vaidmenį mokslo ir technologijų lietuvių kalboje. Reikia tikėtis, kad liguistai suvokiamas tarptautiškumas apskritai neužgoš lietuvių kalbos, o nauji gyvenimo vėjai nesutrukdys lietuviškos terminijos plėtros, kuri, nepaisant „kartais pasitaikančių nesklandumų“, ir toliau tarnaus intelektiniam lietuvių tautos gyvenimui. Raktažodžiai: terminas, sąvoka, terminija, terminologija, terminologijos raida.The development of Lithuanian terminology has undergone several stages. The first stage is characterised by elemental terminology development, marked by unsystematic progress before the Industrial Revolution. Due to Lithuania’s socio-cultural circumstances—such as the prevalence of science in international languages, the absence of a standardised public Lithuanian language, occupation, and its peripheral status within the empire— terminology primarily relied on the spoken folk language, lacking a structured scientific foundation. The second stage aligns with Lithuania’s industrial revolution in the middle of the 19th century. With advancements in industry, science, education, the press, and the popular scientific literature, there emerged a demand for new, systematic Lithuanian terminology. The resources from previous centuries proved insufficient in both quality and quantity. Consequently, alongside original Lithuanian terminology, a considerable number of translated terms, calques, and foreign language influences emerged, leading to synonymy issues. Often a patriot or a man of science, who has returned or is returning to the Lithuanian language, has, to put it mildly, insufficient knowledge of Lithuanian word formation and grammar, and hence the rather poor quality of terminology emerges. The third stage of development marks the beginning of systematic and conscious work on terminology, the recognition of terminology as an important auxiliary scientific discipline, and the postulation of its principles in the first half of the 20th century. It is during this period that textbooks and systematic dictionaries were produced in various fields of science (mathematics, geometry, zoology, engineering, philosophy, law, etc.). Even administrative resources are used, with the creation of terminology commissions in various subject areas. It is at this moment that the terminology genius of Stasys Šalkauskis stands out because by creating and reflecting on the terminology of philosophy, he lays the foundations of the science of Lithuanian terminology. His ideas are in line with those of Eugen Wüster, who is considered to be the founder of terminology. The fourth stage of terminology development coincides with the Soviet occupation. Despite the complex situation and language dynamics, the publication of term dictionaries in diverse scientific fields flourished. Notably, all education, from primary school to dissertation defence, was available in the Lithuanian language. Although the influence of Russian was strong and the Soviet school dominated terminology science, this period witnessed substantial development. The fifth stage refers to the recent post-independence times. Terminology work has become much more lively and varied, acquiring a truly international character, and Western ideas of terminology have been widely adopted. A national language policy has emerged. Unfortunately, against the background of the general equality of the languages of the European Union, the language of science is increasingly becoming English, and the number of scientific publications in Lithuanian is decreasing. Therefore, it is sometimes worrying to think what lies ahead for the science of terminology in Lithuania and for the Lithuanian terminology. The science of terminology is young. Both in Europe and in Lithuania. It may have its roots in the early 19th century, but the time of its formation is the middle of the 20th century. However, during this short period of time, due to the efforts of terminologists—both linguists and specialists in the subject areas - the Lithuanian terminology has successfully played its proper role in the Lithuanian language of science and technology. The hope is that the morbidly perceived internationality will not overshadow the Lithuanian language altogether and that the new winds of life will not hinder the development of Lithuanian terminology, which will continue to serve the intellectual life of the Lithuanian nation, despite “occasional setbacks”. Keywords: term, concept, terminology, terminology development
Effect of auditory-visual stimuli in the Lithuanian non-word repetition test
No full textIšgalvotų žodžių pakartojimo testas, kuomet tyrimams reikalingi kalbos pavyzdžiai renkami vaikui kartojant pirmą kartą girdimus žodžius, plačiai taikomas visame pasaulyje. Šiuo testu duomenys gali būti renkami taikant skirtingas procedūras: 1) išgalvoti žodžiai įrašomi ir tiriamiesiems duodama klausyti įrašo; 2) tyrėjas išgalvotus žodžius kiekvienam vaikui taria gyvai. Mokslinėje literatūroje svarstyta apie tai, kaip svarbu palyginti šių dviejų procedūrų įtaką išgalvotų žodžių pakartojimo tikslumui (Chiat, Roy 2007), tačiau išsamių lyginamųjų tyrimų nėra atlikta. Šiuo tyrimu siekiama palyginti lietuvių kalbos išgalvotų žodžių, pristatytų skirtingomis procedūromis, testo rezultatus. Tyrime dalyvavo 100 ketverių penkerių metų vaikų ir 45 suaugusieji. Išanalizavus gautus duomenis, nustatyta, kad gyvai pristatytus žodžius tiriamieji (vaikai ir suaugusieji) pakartojo reikšmingai tiksliau nei įrašytuosius. Išsamesnė analizė leido pastebėti, kad trijų ir keturių skiemenų žodžius vaikai tiksliau pakartojo, kai šie buvo jiems pristatyti gyvai nei girdint tik įrašą. Šie skirtumai rodo, kad būdas, kuriuo pasirenkama rinkti duomenis išgalvotų žodžių pakarojimo testu, yra svarbus, ypač atliekant lyginamuosius tyrimus (pvz., tipinės ir netipinės vaikų kalbos raidos); svarbu, kad duomenys būtų renkami taikant tokią pačią išgalvotų žodžių pateikimo tiriamajam procedūrą. Raktažodžiai: išgalvotų žodžių pakartojimo testas, kalbos suvokimas, kalbos produkcija, vaizdiniai stimulai, garsiniai stimulaiThe aim of this study is to compare research data collected using two different non-word repetition test procedures (live stimuli vs. audio-recorded stimuli). The study sample consists of 100 typically developing children (aged 4;00–5;11) and 50 adults (mean age ~ 30). The comparison of the different modes of the non-word repetition test suggests that the presentation of the stimuli (live vs. audio-recorded) influences the accuracy of the test results. The study found that visual stimuli significantly improved non-word repetition accuracy for both children and adults compared to audio-recorded stimuli (F(1.98) = 8.250, p <0.005) and (F(1.43) = 8.927, p <0.005), respectively. It was expected that visual stimuli would have a greater effect on adults than on children, but this hypothesis was not supported by the results. Keywords: Non-word repetition test, language perception, language acquisition, auditory-visual stimul
Lietuvių kalbos denominatyvinės priesagos -yti, -ija kilmė
No full textBaltų denominatyvinės priesagos lie. -yti, -ija, la. -ît, -ĩju nėra kilusios iš i kamieno daiktavardžių denominatyvų, kaip įprasta manyti. Ši priesaga atsirado iš bl.-sl. ī-veiksmažodžių, turinčių prezenso kamiene *-i (ide. 3 vns. *prokéieti >bl.-sl. *praśīti >*praśīt >bl. *praśī >3 asm. *praśi) + *-ia (universali denominatyvinių veiksmažodžių prezenso kamieno priesaga baltų kalbose). Šios priesagos raida yra įprasta bl.-sl. ī-veiksmažodžiams baltų kalbose.The Baltic denominative suffix Lith. dal-ýti, -ìja, Latv. sàl-ît, -ĩju does not go back to denominatives from i-stems, as generally assumed. It was an offshoot of the Balto-Slavic ī-verbs consisting of the present stem vowel *-i (PIE 3 sg. *prokéieti >Bl.-Sl. *praśīti >*praśīt >Bl. *praśī >3rd person *praśi) + *-ia (the universal present stem suffix for denominatives in Baltic). This is in accordance with the development of Balto-Slavic ī-verbs in Baltic. Keywords: Baltic; Balto-Slavic; verb; ī-verbs; causatives; iteratives; denominatives
Alcohol control policies reduce all-cause mortality in Baltic countries and Poland between 2001 and 2020
No full textAlcohol consumption in the Baltic countries and Poland is among the highest globally, causing high all-cause mortality rates. Contrary to Poland, the Baltic countries have adopted many alcohol control policies, including the World Health Organization (WHO) “best buys”. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of these policies, which were implemented between 2001 and 2020, on all-cause mortality. Monthly mortality data for men and women aged 20+ years of age in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland were analysed for 2001 to 2020. A total of 19 alcohol control policies, fulflling an a-priori defned defnition, were implemented between 2001 and 2020 in the countries of interest, and 18 of them could be tested. Interrupted time-series analyses were conducted by employing a generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) for men and women separately. The age-standardized allcause mortality rate was lowest in Poland and highest in Latvia and had decreased in all countries over the time period. Taxation increases and availability restrictions had short-term efects in all countries, on average reducing the age-standardized all-cause mortality rate among men signifcantly (a reduction of 2.31 % (95 % CI 0.71 %, 3.93 %; p = 0.0045)). All-cause mortality rates among women were not signifcantly reduced (a reduction of 1.09 % (95 % CI − 0.02 %, 2.20 %; p = 0.0554)). In conclusion, the alcohol control policies implemented between 2001 and 2020 reduced all-cause mortality among men 20+ years of age in Baltic countries and Poland, and thus, the practice should be continued
The Role of health-consciousness and de-stress motivation on travel desire and intention
No full textHealth-consciousness is an important reason for travelling to resorts that offer health andwellness services. Additionally, during stressful periods, health-consciousness may trigger de-stress mo-tivation, which is another reason to travel to destinations that help exiting from the stressful conditions. The post-pandemic context presents a situation in which health-consciousness, together with de-stress motivation, could play an important role for travelling to nearby resorts, the services of which together with opportunities to socialize could be seen as desired objectives. However, evidence on the impact of de-stress motivation on desire and intention to travel in post-restriction period is scarce, presenting a notable research gap. This gap is addressed with modelling on the basis of goal-directed behaviour that predicts travelling with the consideration of travel desire and travelintentions. This study concentrates on the impact of health-consciousness and de-stress motivation on desire and intention to travel, with the analysis of data collected from 793 respondents in Lithuania. It was found that health-conscious-ness and de-stress motivation are positively related to each other and have a significant impact on both travel desire and intention. Keywords: de-stress motivation, health-consciousness, travel desire, travel intention