“Lituanistika”, International Research Database
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"The Workshop for the nation's soul" vs. "a rabbi factory" - contrasting the Lithuanian Yeshiva with the rabbinical seminary
No full textThe central institutional model that served Jewish Orthodoxy in its struggle with the threat to the tradition of the modern era and from which grew its intellectual leadership was ultimately the model of the Lithuanian Yeshiva. However, from the second half of the nineteenth-century, new models of Jewish higher education institutions emerged and were even adopted by Orthodox circles. How, then, did the trustees of the Lithuanian yeshiva model see the new institutional models? Our discussion will focus on the modern yeshivas and rabbinical seminaries that accepted the Orthodox halakhic view, including the Tahkemoni rabbinical seminary in Warsaw, the Hildesheimer Seminary in Berlin (1873–1938), and the Seminary for the Diaspora in Jerusalem (1956). The Lithuanian rabbis held to the supremacy of the Lithuanian Yeshiva model. However, until World War II, they saw the Orthodox rabbinical seminary as an institute suitable to its time and place—Germany, most of whose Jews were liberal—and did not consider it able to produce a Torah scholar worthy of his name. They opposed the establishment of rabbinical seminaries in Eastern Europe and the Land of Israel, and after the war, when the issue of establishing a rabbinical seminary in Jerusalem was raised, they rejected the Orthodox rabbinical seminary outright and no longer recognized its contribution to its time and place—Germany. Keywords: Lithuanian Yeshiva; rabbinical seminary; Esriel Hildesheimer; Jewish Orthodoxy
Changes in the structure of agriculture in Central and Eastern Europe in the light of the European Green Deal
No full textThe economic transformation following the collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the accession of Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries to the European Union (EU) are milestones that have set the current course for their agricultural sectors. With their accession to the EU, the CEE countries obliged, among other things, to adapt their agricultural activities to the requirements of the common organization of agricultural market and the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). In 2004, the agricultural sectors of Central and Eastern European countries (the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland and Slovakia), and in 2007, the agricultural sectors of Bulgaria and Romania, were significantly different from those of the EU countries. After almost two decades in EU structures and in the face of climate challenges, it is interesting to discuss the assessment of changes that have taken place in the agricultural sectors of CEE countries and their future. Based on FADN data, the structure of agricultural sectors in Central and Eastern Europe and selected EU countries for 2004–2021 was estimated in terms of types of farming and economic size classes. The agricultural sectors of CEE countries have become similar to those of EU countries in terms of agricultural production structure, and in 2021 will be characterized by a higher level of production specialization than when they accessed the EU. There was also an increase in the economic size of their production, but it was still significantly lower compared to the economic size of farms in EU countries. In light of the goals of the European Green Deal (EGD), this observation may be useful for moving into the next stage of development of the agricultural sector in Central and Eastern Europe. Indeed, achieving the EGD’s goals will require setting adopted development directions, i.e., formulating agricultural practices that facilitate the transition to more sustainable agriculture, such as practices based on the concept of sustainable intensification or ecological intensification. Keywords: agricultural structure; European Green Deal; Central and Eastern Europe
The Role of Lithuanian heritage language schools in cultural identity and language learning: perceptions of parents and teachers
No full textThis study aims to examine how children growing up in Norway develop Lithuanian heritage language skills and maintain their Lithuanian identity based on the perceptions of parents and teachers. Theoretical Basis: The study is grounded in social identity theory, which helps to understand how personal and social identity is formed and transformed through interactions in various social environments. Methodology: A case study strategy was chosen, allowing the phenomenon to be interpreted in different environments and perspectives. The study describes the environments and contexts of three Lithuanian heritage language schools operating in Norway, as the participating teachers (n = 5) and parents (n = 8) are from these schools. The results showed that in Lithuanian cultural schools, which operate every other Saturday, the spoken Lithuanian language is developed, children are introduced to Lithuanian history, traditions, and culture, and Lithuanian holidays are celebrated. However, parents have different expectations when sending their children to these Lithuanian heritage language schools; some are satisfied with the spoken Lithuanian language, while others want deeper learning of Lithuanian writing so their children can take the Lithuanian language exam. Keywords: Lithuanian heritage language; preservation of cultural identity; perceptions of parents and teachers; Lithuanian life in Norway
Green growth in agriculture: long-term evidence from European Union countries
No full textIn agriculture, the relationship between economic growth and environmental pressures is complex and difficult to measure and compare between countries. This study had two objectives; the first was to build a new green growth accounting framework for agriculture in relation to natural capital and air pollution, and the second was to assess the long-term green growth of agriculture in EU countries. The data for EU27 from 2005 to 2021 were collected and used in the empirical analysis of green growth in agriculture. The findings showed positive real growth in agriculture from both the economic growth and green growth perspectives in most EU countries in the long term. Slow changes in air pollution (expressed in net GHG emissions from agriculture) and in natural capital (expressed in quality-adjusted agricultural land) did not have a significant impact on green growth in agriculture. The empirical analysis also revealed that most EU countries increasingly rely on technological progress to promote agricultural growth, and half of them rely on investments in produced capital. Labour input only made a positive contribution to agricultural growth in Ireland and Malta. This study will significantly contribute to improving the measure of green growth in agriculture, and the results of the empirical analysis will be used by policymakers and economists. Keywords: agriculture; green growth; environmentally adjusted multifactor productivity (EAMFP); pollution-adjusted GVA; quality-adjusted agricultural land
Usual trends of Lithuanian politics in the 2024 Lithuanian parliamentary elections
No full text2024 m. Seimo rinkimai vyko po ketverių sudėtingų Seimo kadencijos metų. Šalis patyrė ne vieną krizę, pirmą kartą istorijoje buvo įvesta nepaprastoji padėtis, siekiant užkardyti galimas grėsmes, kylančias dėl nelegalių migrantų antplūdžio pasienyje. Praėjusios kadencijos Seimas priėmė Rinkimų kodeksą bei dvi Seimo rinkimų procesui labai aktualias Konstitucijos pataisas. Rinkimuose dalyvavo 1740 kandidatų ir 15 kandidatų sąrašų. Suveikė politinė švytuoklė – daugiausia balsų gavo opozicinė Lietuvos socialdemokratų partija, antroje vietoje liko valdančioji Tėvynės sąjunga-Lietuvos krikščionys demokratai. Į Seimą pateko dvi naujos politinės jėgos, penkių procentų barjero nebeperžengė taip pat dvi partijos, viena jų – Laisvės partija – pratęsė ilgą seriją rinkimų, per kuriuos bent viena valdančioji partija nebepatenka į Seimą. Po rinkimų koaliciją sudarė Lietuvos socialdemokratų partija, politinė partija „Nemuno aušra“ ir Demokratų sąjunga „Vardan Lietuvos“, trys parlamentinės partijos pakeitė pirmininkus. Šiame straipsnyje siekiama apžvelgti 2024 m. Seimo rinkimų procesą ir jų rezultatus, remiantis duomenimis išanalizuoti keletą svarbių jų parametrų lyginamajame parlamento rinkimų kontekste. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Seimas, 2024 m. Seimo rinkimai, naujos partijos.The 2024 Seimas elections was held after four difficult years. For the first time in history, a state of emergency was declared. During the last term, the Seimas adopted the Electoral Code and two amendments to the Constitution that are relevant to the Seimas election process. 1,740 candidates and 15 candidate lists participated in the elections. The opposition Lithuanian Social Democratic Party won the elections, while the ruling Homeland Union–Lithuanian Christian Democrats finished in second place. Two new political forces entered the Seimas, and two parliamentary parties failed to cross the 5% barrier, one of which—the Freedom Party—continued a long series of elections in which at least one ruling party no longer entered the Seimas. After the elections, three parties, the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party, the Dawn of Nemunas and the Union of Democrats For Lithuania, formed the coalition. Three parliamentary parties changed their leadership. This article provides an overview of statistical and other parameters of the 2024 Seimas elections in a comparative context. Keywords: Seimas, parliamentary elections of 2024, new parties
The Need of intercultural competence in a multicultural work environment (Lithuanian case).
No full textWorking in a multicultural environment is quite little analyzed in Lithuania but is widely discussed in the world scientific literature and is very relevant in the course of globalization processes. The aspect of multiculturalism has been studied relatively actively and interest in it has increased especially as Lithuania integrates into the European Union and NATO. A lot of research has been already done about intercultural cooperation and its problems, but analyzing and studying the intercultural aspect, its peculiarities and intercultural communication efficiency in a multicultural environment at work, in negotiations, intercultural projects working in multicultural teams in companies or outside is not analyzed enough. At that meanwhile, in the current scientific literature there are no clear descriptions for individual multicultural aspects of communication, as most scientific works present conclusions and proposals based on classification of cultures, by cultural differences, but with little consideration of cultural background or intersection of cultures – the reason for the communication and its productivity, also the necessity of intercultural competence. The aim of this article is – to analyze the scientific literature about working in multicultural environments and to present the recent research of intercultural competence analysis of intercultural communication in Lithuanian companies where people constantly work in multicultural teams. After analyzing the peculiarities of the work of the multicultural teams, make proposals for the improvement of multicultural teamwork, corresponding to today's trends. Keywords: intercultural competence, multiculturalism, teamwork, multicultural work environment
Assessment of sustainable waste management: a case study in Lithuania
No full textSustainable waste management is a very important issue that has received increasing attention in recent years due to its significant impact on the environment and human health. As the population and urbanization increase, more and more waste is generated, leading to problems such as pollution, resource depletion, climate change, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to develop effective waste management strategies that are sustainable and do not harm the environment. The EU is making progress in sustainable waste management within the wider context of a circular economy, but challenges remain, particularly in reducing material consumption and effectively managing specific waste streams. The EU’s approach involves setting clear targets, monitoring progress in a comprehensive framework, and supporting Member States in achieving these targets. In 2019, Lithuanian companies invested about 40% more in environmental protection than in 2018. Notably, 15% of them are invested in waste management. An inhabitant throws out an average of 278 kilograms of mixed municipal waste per year. According to the global waste index in 2022, Lithuania ranked 16th (up from 23rd place), Latvia 37th (down from 35th place), and Estonia 32nd (down from 30th place). The purpose of this article is to identify the factors that determine sustainable waste management in cities and to predict the changes that will occur. Research methods: synthesis and comparison of concepts and methods in scientific literature, secondary data analysis, statistical data processing, and expert interview methods. Research results: It has been determined which factors and how they determine sustainable waste management in the country. The experts evaluated the alternatives—waste prevention, reuse, recycling, and optimization of landfills—according to the following criteria: economic, social, environmental protection, and technology. The most important criterion was determined to be the environmental protection criterion. Keywords: sustainable waste management; expert interview methods; urbanization
When do voters reveal candidate gender preferences? Evidence from individual-level ballot data.
No full textDoes candidate gender matter for vote choice? Whereas experimental research suggests an average preference for female candidates, observational studies tend to find null effects. In this note, we address the recent debate on how to measure voter preferences on the aggregate and the individual level. We argue that candidate gender preferences exist, but that whether and when they are revealed varies between and within voters. Drawing on an observational design and using data from over 500,000 individual ballots in Lithuanian elections, we employ multilevel regression and exponential random graph models to show how voters’ candidate gender preferences are distributed across the electorate and how they vary in size and direction. We find that about half of all voters prefer either male or female candidates. Whereas preference for male candidates tends to be revealed in the first and second preference votes, preference for female candidates is first revealed in lower preference votes. Our results help explain contradictory findings in the literature and illustrate how observational data and methods can be used to assess voter preferences within electorates. Keywords: candidate gender; Eastern Europe; open list proportional representation system; social network analysis; voting behaviour
Kuršių nerijos kuršininkų kalbos tekstai: transkribuotų tekstų rinktinė.
No full textPratarmė -- Įvadas: Kuršininkų kalbos raida ir statusas; Dvikalbystė ir daugiakalbystė Kuršių nerijoje; Kuršininkų kalbos išnykimas ir paskutinių jos vartotojų kalbos dokumentavimas; Kalbos užrašymo problema. Rašybos ir transkripcijos pritaikymas; Medžiagos rinkimas, tekstų pobūdis ir atrankos principai; Pateikėjai; Kuršininkų kalbos ypatybės; Transkripcijos ženklai -- Tekstai: Dievticība; Tikėjimas; Meža zagļi; Miško vagys; Maizes cepšana; Duonos kepimas; Kāpu spoks; Kopų vaiduoklis; Zvejošana kolhozā; Žvejyba kolūkyje; Zirgu ganīšana; Arklių ganymas; Ielūza ledū; Įlūžo į ledą; Labi laiki; Puikūs laikai; Noburta cūka; Užkerėta kiaulė; Sievas un tīkli; Moterys ir tinklai; Zivju uzvedība; Žuvų elgesys; Siena pļauja; Šienavimas; Slīkonis Skenduolis; Deportācija; Deportacija -- Summary -- Literatūra.Šioje knygoje pateikiamas mūsų dienomis išnykusios baltų kalbos ‒ Kuršių nerijos kuršininkų kalbos ‒ tekstų rinkinys. Juo siekiama užpildyti baltistikos moksle esančią spragą – kuršininkų kalbos šaltinių trūkumą ir prieinamumą. Rengiant šį rinkinį ypač trūko tekstų, atspindinčių paskutinę kalbos raidos fazę. Leidinys sudarytas remiantis 1961‒2011 m. ekspedicijose surinkta garso įrašų medžiaga. Medžiagos pateikėjai yra XIX a. pabaigoje ‒ XX a. ketvirtajame dešimtmetyje gimę asmenys, užaugę Kuršių nerijos šiaurinėje dalyje (dabartinės Lietuvos Respublikos Neringos mieste). Didžioji dalis pateikėjų baigiantis Antrajam pasauliniam karui emigravo į Vokietiją, kai kurie – į Švediją, kur jų kalbos pavyzdžiai ir buvo įrašyti. Tačiau ankstyviausi įrašai yra iš pateikėjų, gyvenusių Kuršių nerijoje iki amžiaus pabaigos. Tekstai atrinkti geografiniu principu ‒ atstovauja kiekvienai nerijos gyvenvietei ir sudėti chronologine tvarka pagal pateikėjo gimimo datą. Naudojama latvių dialektologijos darbuose įprasta transkripcija, kuri papildyta specialiais tik kuršininkų kalbos fonetikai pritaikytais diakritikais. Atskirą darbo dalį sudaro įvadas, kuriame supažindinama su Kuršių nerijos kuršininkų kalbos raida ir jos ypatybėmis, daugiausia dėmesio skiriant fonetikai, paaiškinami transkripcijos principai. Priede pateikiami tekstų garso įrašai mp3 formatu.This book presents a collection of texts from the extinct Baltic language ‒ the Kursenieku (also called New Curonian) language spoken on the Curonian Spit. It aims to fill a gap in Baltic studies, which is the lack of and accessibility to sources of the Kursenieku language. There was a severe lack of texts reflecting the state of the last phase of the language’s development. The collection is based on audio recordings made during expeditions from 1961 to 2011. The informants were individuals born in the late 19th century to the 1930s who grew up in the northern part of the Curonian Spit (in the present-day city of Neringa of the Republic of Lithuania). At the end of World War II, most speakers emigrated to Germany, some to Sweden, where the recordings were made. However, the earliest recordings are from informants who lived on the Curonian Spit all their lives. The selected texts represent each settlement on the spit and are arranged according to the informant’s date of birth. The transcription used in Latvian dialectology works is supplemented with diacritics adapted to the phonetics of the Kursenieku language. A separate part of the book consists of an introduction, which introduces the development of the Kursenieku language and its features, paying particular attention to phonetics and explaining the principles of transcription. The appendix contains audio recordings of the texts in mp3 format
Čiurlionis's works in sheet music: dissemination in interwar periodicals and typological publishing aspects after 2000
No full textMikalojaus Konstantino Čiurlionio muzikos leidyba, nuo XX a. antrosios pusės pasižyminti pastovumu ir nuoseklumu kaip nė vieno kito Lietuvos kompozitoriaus, laikytina tam tikru orientyru vertinant bendrą natų leidybos situaciją Lietuvoje, nes aprėpia ir lietuviškos muzikos leidybos istoriją, ir redagavimo, spausdinimo bei platinimo praktikų raidą. 2003 m. Knygotyros t. 40 gana išsamiai aptarus Čiurlionio natų leidybos pirmojo šimtmečio kelią, šiandien kyla poreikis apžvelgti kompozitoriaus muzikinės kūrybos publikavimo situaciją po 2000-ųjų metų. Atsižvelgiant į pasaulines muzikos natų leidybos, redagavimo tendencijas, pastarųjų dešimtmečių Čiurlionio muzikos leidybinėje veikloje įžvelgiamos šios kryptys: aranžuočių ir transkripcijų, urtekstų, skaitmeniniai ir pan. leidiniai. Taip pat straipsnyje skelbiami susisteminti faktologiniai duomenys apie trumpalaikį, tačiau gana sistemingą Čiurlionio natų spausdinimą tarpukario užsienio spaudoje – JAV žurnale Margutis, drauge tapusį tam tikru lietuviškumo emigracijoje palaikymo simboliu. Raktažodžiai: Čiurlionio muzikos leidyba, natų sklaida užsienio spaudoje, muzikos redagavimas, urtekstai, tekstologija.Characterised by consistency and continuity unlike that of any other Lithuanian composer since the 1900s, the publication of Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis’s music serves as a benchmark for assessing the overall state of sheet music publishing in Lithuania. This encompasses not only the history of Lithuanian music publishing but also the evolution of editing, printing, and distribution practices. While Volume 40 of Knygotyra in 2003 provided a detailed overview of the first century of Čiurlionis’s sheet music publishing, there is now a need to review the situation of publishing of his musical works after 2000. Considering global trends in sheet music publishing and editing, recent decades of the activities of publishing Čiurlionis’s music reveal certain directions: arrangements and transcriptions, urtexts, digital publications, and others. The article also presents systematic factual data on the short-lived yet relatively systematic printing of Čiurlionis’s sheet music in the interwar foreign press, specifically in the journal Margutis (USA), which also served as a symbol of maintaining Lithuanian identity in the diaspora. Keywords: publishing of Čiurlionis’s music, sheet music dissemination in the foreign press, music editing, urtexts, textual criticism