“Lituanistika”, International Research Database
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Restrictions on implementation of freedom of movement in times of COVID-19 pandemic before the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania: constant or evolving?
No full textIn democratic societies requirements on restrictions of implementation of freedom of movement remain a significant area challenged in different constitutional courts due to so-called the lockdown measures in times of COVID-19 pandemic. The question arises whether in Lithuania the standard of scrutiny on the level of protection of freedom of movement stays constant or evolves? Aiming to reveal these requirements, comprehensive analysis and comparison of them in the official constitutional doctrine of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania is made. The author uses the holistic approach by evaluating the case law until the COVID-19 pandemic and during this pandemic, as well as after it. As the previous case law does not change, it also suggests position for the future providing some additional requirements for assesing constitutionality of legal regulation restricting implementation of non-absolute rights comprising the right of movement. These requirements are: constitutionally justifiable basis of restrictions, their necessity, temporal character, proportionality, equality, as well as possibilities for persons to implement other constitutional rights. Keywords: freedom of movement; restrictions; COVID-19 pandemic; case-law of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania
Work meaningfulness and performance among healthcare professionals: the role of professional respect and participative management
No full textWhile the existing literature has accumulated much evidence for the impact of formal organizational interventions on employees’ experience of meaningfulness and outcomes, less is known about informal influences from coworkers. Drawing on self-determination theory, we propose a multilevel model that explains how professional respect by coworkers and unit participative management, individually and jointly, influence work meaningfulness, which in turn is associated with task performance and service quality. We tested our model using data from 217 nurse–general practitioner dyads from 27 primary healthcare units in Lithuania. The results showed that professional respect is positively related to work meaningfulness but unit participative management is not. Furthermore, work meaningfulness mediates the relationship between professional respect and performance outcomes. Finally, supporting a synergistic perspective, the impacts of professional respect on work meaningfulness and performance outcomes are stronger when unit participative management is high rather than low. Keywords: work meaningfulness, professional respect, unit participative management, service quality, task performance
Transparency and trust in the public sector: target and benchmarks to ensure macroeconomic stability
No full textThe article is devoted to the study of the relationship between a country's macroeconomic stability and the level of transparency and public trust in the financial sector and public authorities. Canonical analysis and structural modeling served as methodological tools of the research. The study examined the data from eight EU countries (Austria, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Czech Republic, and Italy) over the 2011-2021 period. Eight indicators of public sector transparency and one indicator of the degree of public trust (Consumer Sentiment Index) were chosen to establish the relationship between the components. The results of structural modeling proved that public trust has a much greater impact on macroeconomic stability than indicators of public sector transparency. A 1-point increase in public trust leads the GDP to increase by 0.018% and the stability of the currency exchange rate – by 0.352%. Meanwhile the same effect from a 1-point increase in the level of public sector transparency amounts to 0.061% and 0.021% increases, respectively. Keywords: public sector, public trust, transparency, macroeconomic stability, financial sector
Socioeconomic impacts of sustainability practices in the production and use of carrier bags
No full textAlthough the negative environmental impact of plastic carrier bags has long been known, their use in Europe continues undiminished. Lithuania stands out for its high use and production of plastic bags. Governments and sustainability-driven businesses are taking various measures to reduce the environmental impact. Such measures include strategies to replace conventional plastic bags with paper or bioplastic bags, to reduce plastic bags by encouraging consumers to reuse them, and similar strategies. In contrast to the environmental impact of plastic bags, the socioeconomic effects of strategies to reduce their use have been much less studied in the scientific literature. Therefore, this paper analyses the impact of sustainability practices in the producing and using of carrier bags on Lithuania’s gross domestic product (GDP), employment and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study uses the CleanProdLT computable general equilibrium model based on the latest available data for 2020. The model allows for analysis of economy-wide effects by considering cleaner production and more sustainable consumption scenarios at different levels of detail. The results of the analysis show that while the analysed substitution of plastic bags with bioplastic (BioPlastic scenario) or paper bags (PaperBags scenario) has positive socioeconomic impacts, the overall best results can be achieved by reducing their consumption (ConsReduction scenario). In detail, it is estimated that the GDP could increase by EUR 18 million under the PaperBags scenario, by EUR 47 million under the BioPlastic scenario, and by EUR 64 million under the ConsReduction scenario. At the same time, employment increases by 213 jobs, 891 jobs, and 449 jobs, respectively. While the PaperBags and the BioPlastic scenarios reveal increases in GHG emissions of 4.5 ktCO2eq. and 29 ktCO2eq., respectively, the ConsReduction scenario demonstrates a decrease in GHG emissions of 4 ktCO2eq. These findings suggest that the recent policy decision to charge for plastic bags in supermarkets will have positive environmental and socioeconomic impacts in the future. Keywords: carrier bag waste; socioeconomic impact; computable general equilibrium; cleaner production; sustainable consumption
Distance education quality: first-cycle university students' position
No full textIt is obvious that the COVID-19 pandemic has completely changed learning and study processes. It has become a serious test for university students. Although distance study organization, implementation, effectiveness, and the like are actively researched, it is not entirely clear which way of organization studies is the most appropriate and prospective. Too little attention is still paid to the model of distance studies, its implementation and improvement, especially in the future development of distance and mixed distance study organization and implementation. An empirical qualitative study was conducted, the aim of which was to analyze first-cycle (bachelor study) university students’ position on the study quality issue. 132 students in the field of social sciences from three Lithuanian universities participated in the study conducted in January-May 2022. The verbal data obtained were analyzed using quantitative content analysis. The extracted semantic units were grouped into subcategories and categories. It was established that the main advantages of distance studies were convenience and cost-effectiveness, while disadvantages were the deterioration of the study organization and the deterioration of quality. The ways (directions) of quality distance study improvement can also be seen, i.e., the study process realization improvement (e.g., the content presentation improvement, an increase in interactivity), and study organization improvement (e.g., teacher competence improvement and optimization of the schedule). Despite the revealed shortcomings, more than two-thirds of students positively value the possibility of continuing the study process remotely after the pandemic. More detailed research is needed on the impact of the pandemic on university studies and the further organization and implementation of distance studies. Keywords: distance education, quantitative content analysis, qualitative research, university students, university education
First synods of the diocese of Vilnius, 1520-1563
No full textPirmieji išlikusiuose šaltiniuose minimi Vilniaus vyskupijos sinodai labiausiai siejami su vyskupais Jonu iš Lietuvos kunigaikščių (1519–1536), Pauliumi Alšėniškiu (1536– 1555) ir Valerijonu Protasevičiumi-Šuškovskiu (1556–1579). Sinodas – vietinės dvasininkijos susirinkimas vyskupijos centre, kur vyskupas, prelatai, kanauninkai ir visi vyskupui pavaldūs dvasininkai svarsto einamuosius reikalus, susijusius, pvz., su dvasininkų drausme, būtinybe surinkti pinigų Bažnyčios arba valstybės reikmėms, Bažnyčios organizacijos klausimais. Taip pat svarstomi dvasininkų ir pasauliečių nusižengimai, neretai – bylos dėl nekilnojamojo turto. Iš kitos pusės, vizituodamas vyskupas iš centro išsiuntinėdavo savo atstovus, arkidiakoną arba jo išrinktus pavaduotojus aplankyti ir aprašyti vyskupijos parapijų būklę, t. y. jų turtą ir dokumentiką. Savaime tokios valdymo priemonės – svarbios Bažnyčios kultūros, administravimo raidos apraiškos. Straipsnyje aptariama, kaip XVI a. pirmoje pusėje vykdavo sinodai, koks buvo jų ceremonialas, jų tikslai; atkreipiamas dėmesys, kokie jų išlikę šaltiniai bei kokia jų platesnė įtaka Lietuvos dvasinės ir materialinės kultūros istorijai. Raktiniai žodžiai: Vilniaus vyskupija, vyskupijos sinodai, Gniezno provincijos sinodai, dvasininkija.The first synods of the diocese of Vilnius mentioned in surviving sources are connected with bishops John of the Lithuanian Dukes (1519–1536), Paulius Alšėniškis (1536–1555), and Valerijonas Protasevičius-Šuškovskis (1556–1579). A synod is a gathering of diocesan clergy in a central place, where the bishop, prelates, canons, and the whole diocesan clergy discuss current affairs concerning clerical discipline, the need to collect funds for the needs of Church and State, and matters of Church organisation. The miscreance of local clergy and lay folk, especially in matters concerning landed property are judged. On the other hand, a visitation involves the bishop sending out from the centre officials, connected with his archdeacon to assess the material and spiritual condition of parishes. Such means of diocesan administration are important expressions of ecclesiastical and social development. It is worthwhile examining the functioning of synods and their aims in Lithuania during the first half of the sixteenth century, including their ceremonies and organisation within the wider social context. KEYWORDS. Diocese of Vilnius, diocesan synods, Gniezno provincial synods, clergy
Development of Vilnius and its residential infrastructure between 1875 and 1939
No full textŠiame straipsnyje nagrinėjami 1875–1939 m. Vilniaus plėtros ir gyvenamosios infrastruktūros pokyčiai. Straipsnis papildys miesto sanitarinės infrastuktūros raidos tyrimus, išplės ir praturtins tyrimus apie būsto Vilniuje raidą ir transformacijas. Keliami klausimai: kaip plėtėsi Vilnius, kaip jame tvarkytasi su urbanizacijos iššūkiais, kaip modernizuota gyvenamoji infrastruktūra, keitėsi buitiniai patogumai. RAKTINIAI ŽODŽIAI: Vilnius, miesto plėtra, gyvenamoji infrastruktūra, būstas, buitiniai patogumai, elektros apšvietimas, vandentiekis, kanalizacija.The article examines the changes in the development and residential infrastructure of Vilnius between 1875 and 1939. It will complement the research on the development of the city’s sanitary infrastructure, expand and enrich the research on the development and transformation of housing in Vilnius. The article addresses the following questions: how Vilnius developed, how it coped with the challenges of urbanisation, how the residential infrastructure was modernised, and how household amenities changed. KEYWORDS: Vilnius, city development, residential infrastructure, dwelling, household amenities, electric lighting, water supply, sewerage, modernisation
Russian nationalists against the governor of Kaunas: non-Russian educational associations as a threat to the empire, 1907-1910
No full textŠiame straipsnyje paaiškinama, kodėl 1909 m. rusiškame viešajame diskurse atsirado raginimų uždaryti lietuvių katalikų švietimo draugiją „Saulė“, o kartu kritikuotas ir šią draugiją esą globojantis Kauno gubernatorius. Ši rusų nacionalistų akcija aiškinama kaip visos imperijos mastu prasidėjusios kovos su nerusiškomis visuomeninėmis organizacijomis atspindys. „Saulę“ norėjo uždaryti nacionalistinę tautinę politiką propagavę rusų visuomenės veikėjai ir valstybės tarnautojai. RAKTINIAI ŽODŽIAI: Rusijos imperija; lietuvių katalikų švietimo draugija „Saulė“; nacionalistinė tautinė politika; Šiaurės vakarų kraštas.The article explains why, in 1909, there appeared instigations in Russian public discourse calling for closure of the Lithuanian Catholic educational society ‘Saulė’ (The Sun), and at the same time criticism was directed at the governor of Kaunas, who supposedly was the patron of this association. This action of Russian nationalist is interpreted as a reflection of the empirewide struggle against non-Russian public organisations. It was Russian public figures and civil servants promoting a nationalistic nationality policy who wanted to close the ‘Saulė’. KEYWORDS: Russian Empire; Lithuanian Catholic educational association ‘Saulė’; nationalistic nationality policy; North-Western region
Ecosystem service value changes in response to land use dynamics in Lithuania
No full textChanges in land cover affect ecosystems and the services they provide. The aim of this study was to assess the spatial changes in land use from 1990 to 2018 and analyze the changes in ecosystem service value (ESV) in response to the changes in landscape structure in Lithuania. Croplands provided the majority of the ESV, followed by forests, grasslands, and wetlands. The total ESV in Lithuania was USD 29 billion year−1 in 2018, and land use had a significant impact on ESV, with a total decrease of USD 438 million year−1 between 1990 and 2018. The total ESV change was mainly influenced by the decrease in provisioning (USD 426 million year−1) and regulating (USD 208 million year−1 ) services. The reduction in cropland area was a major factor in the loss of ESV. The increase in the value of habitat and cultural services was not large enough to offset the reduction of the ESV. The highest elasticities were in the urban municipalities, indicating a significant change in ESV due to land use change. The results of this study provide valuable insight into the potential of the sustainable management and regeneration of ecosystems. Keywords: ecosystem service; land cover change; Lithuania; benefit transfer