“Lituanistika”, International Research Database
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Attorneys-at-law in the land courts of the Kaunas District at the beginning of the seventeenth century
No full textLDK pavietų teismų knygos dar nepakankamai ištirtos. Fragmentiški ir atskirų LDK regionų juridinės kultūros tyrimai. Straipsnyje aptariamas XVII a. pradžios LDK Kauno pavieto žemės teismų knygų turinys kaip pagrindinė advokatūros priešistorės tyrimų šaltinių bazė. Raktažodžiai: Kauno pavieto žemės teismo juridinė kultūra XVII a. pradžioje, rankraštinių LDK žemės teismo knygų sandara, Trečiasis Lietuvos Statutas, LDK bajorija, advokatūros priešistorė.The article discusses attorneys-at-law in the land courts of the Kaunas district at the beginning of the seventeenth century, whose names were found in six surviving manuscript land court books. This is a significantly smaller amount of information than in the court books of Žemaitija (Samogitia) of that time, which are discussed in the author’s earlier article. A total of 235 case examination records are discussed. The disputants litigated either verbally (appearing at the court with the litigants) or in writing (in the litigants’ absence). During this period, there were about 10–12 such permanent attorneys-at-law in Kaunas. Approximately 5–7 individuals worked most intensively as attorneys-at-law, while the names of others appeared in court books episodically, they worked briefly, or were from other regions of the state. Unlike in Samogitia, the residents of the neighbouring territories (Upytė, Ukmergė, Trakai districts, Samogitia) and representatives from more distant places (Grodno or Vilnius) worked as attorneys-at-law at the land court of Kaunas. This can be explained by the fact that Kaunas was an important crossroads of trade routes within the country and abroad, to Prussia and Livonia. All groups of nobility, from magnates to the petty nobility, had attorneys-at-law. Merchants, the clergy, and townspeople also often used their services, usually of the same individuals who took part in the disputes of ‘pure’ nobility. The interests of subordinates were represented by their lord or his servant, who also had attorneys-at-law. More influential nobles or magnates had ‘permanent’ attorneys-at-law who represented them, just like the Tatars of Lithuania, whose status was close to nobility and they could litigate in courts. The most active attorneys-at-law would represent several cases in one session. It would happen that the same pairs of attorneys-at-law defended different clients in several cases on the same day. Work intensity of attorneys-at-law suggests that they must have had assistants to help them navigate the multitude of cases, but due to the lack of sources this statement cannot be proved yet. Keywords: juridical culture, land court of the Kaunas district, early seventeenth century, structure of manuscript land court books of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Third Statute of Lithuania, nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, pre-history of attorneys-at-law
Connections of Čiurlionis' paintings with Redon and Chagall
No full textČiurlionio tapybos sąsajos su modernistinio meno kryptimis neapsiribojo čiurlionistikoje dažniausiai aptarinėjama iš įvairių neoromantinių krypčių, pirmiausia simbolizmo, išplaukiančia magistraline ankstyvųjų užgimstančio modernizmo krypčių plėtotės tendencija, vedančia į abstrakcijos įsigalėjimą. Lygiagrečiai, greta jos lietuvių dailininko kūryboje skleidėsi ir kita, menkiau išreikšta bei regima pakraipa, susijusi su pasąmoninės vaizduotės, fantazijos galios sklaida. Ji susiejo antrajame kūrybinės evoliucijos etape išryškėjusius kitokius Čiurlionio modernistinius meninius ieškojimus bei atradimus su didiesiems individualistams Odilonui Redonui, Markui Chagallui, Giorgio de Chirico būdingais estetiniais bei meninės kūrybos principais. Pradėję šios, antrosios, ne mažiau svarbios tendencijos lyginamąją analizę, glaustai tyrinėdami Čiurlionio ir prancūziškojo simbolizmo korifėjaus Redono tapybinių vaizdinių sistemas bei spalvinius, koloritinius ypatumus, nuosekliai pereisime prie pastarojo tapyboje vyravusių motyvų bei spalvos sampratos, paveiktos Chagallo, ir Čiurlionio pagrindinių meninės kūrybos bruožų palyginimo. Svarbu atskleisti menkai tyrinėtus Čiurlionio kūrybos sąlyčius su Redonu, Chagallu, de Chirico, siekiant geriau suvokti po ankstyvojo, epigoniško, literatūrinio psichologinio simbolizmo tarpsnio Čiurlionio tapyboje išryškėjusias naujas stilistines tapybos tendencijas, susijusias su vaizduotės ir fantazijos išlaisvinimu. Raktažodžiai: Čiurlionis, simbolizmas, tapyba, siurrealizmas, Redonas, Chagallas, De Chirico.Čiurlionis’ painting connections with the trends of modernist art were not limited to the developmental tendency of the emerging early modernism directions, usually discussed in Čiurlionistics, arising from various neo-romantic directions, firstly from symbolism and leading to the rise of abstraction. Another direction acting in parallel and alongside, less expressed, and visible with the spread of the subconscious imagination and fantasy power unfolded in the works of a Lithuanian artist, which connected his diverse modernist artistic quests and discoveries, emerging in the second stage of his creative evolution, to characteristic aesthetic and artistic creation principles of the great individualists Odilon Redon, Marc Chagall, and Giorgio de Chirico. Having started the comparative analysis of this second but no less critical trend with a concise study of pictorial visual systems and peculiarities of Redon, the coryphaeus of French symbolism, and Čiurlionis’ colours and colour palette, that were hardly studied before, we will successively move on to the comparative analysis of the main features of the prevailing motifs and the concept of colour in Redon’s painting which was influenced by Chagall and Čiurlionis’ artistic creations. It is important to reveal the so far unexplored links of Čiurlionis’ work with Redon and Chagall yet to better understand the new stylistic tendencies of Čiurlionis’ painting related to the liberation of imagination and fantasy that emerged in Čiurlionis’ painting after the early stage of epigonic literary, psychological symbolism. Key Words: Čiurlionis, symbolism, painting, surrealism, Redon, Chagall, De Chirico
"I have a lot of island in me" - the light green religious identity of Lithuanian lifestyle migrants in Fuerteventura
No full textStraipsnyje analizuojamas gamtinio dvasingumo vaidmuo, įgyvendinant Fuerteventūros salos lietuvių gyvenimo būdo migracijos projektą. Atliekant gyvenimo būdo migracijos tyrimus, neekonominės migracijos pasirinkimas iš emic perspektyvos siejamas su siekiu pabėgti nuo Vakarų visuomenės problemų į kitą vietą, kuri suvokiama kaip teikianti geresnę gyvenimo kokybę bei prasmę ir keičianti tapatybę. Atsižvelgiant į religijų studijų srityje suformuluotą gamtinio dvasingumo perspektyvą, straipsnyje teigiama, kad, vadovaujantis kai kurių migrantų artikuliuojamomis prasmėmis bei vertybėmis, vartotojiška orientacija netikėtai suderinama su aplinkosauginiu sąmoningumu ir dvasinėmis idėjomis bei praktikomis. Šis netikėtas hibridiškumas aiškinamas, pasitelkiant „žaliosios religijos“ sąvoką, leidžiančią atskleisti tapatybės (re)konstrukcijos, kitos vietos ir migracijos, kaip gyvenimo būdo, pasirinkimo bei įprasminimo, dinamiką. Raktažodžiai: migracija kaip gyvenimo būdas, gamtinis dvasingumas, tamsiai žalia religija, neošamaniškas turizmas.The article examines the role of nature spirituality in the Lithuanian lifestyle migration project on the island of Fuerteventura. Within lifestyle migration studies, the choice of non-economic migration from an emic perspective is linked to the aspiration of escaping Western societal issues to an alternative location perceived as offering an improved quality of life and meaning, while also facilitating a transformation of identity. Drawing on the perspective of natural spirituality articulated in the field of religious studies, the paper argues that some migrants articulate meanings and values that unexpectedly combine a consumerist orientation with environmental awareness and spiritual ideas and practices. This unforeseen hybridity is expounded through the concept of „Green Religion“ which enables the exploration of the dynamics of identity (re)construction, alternative places, and migration as a way of life, choice, and sense-making. Keywords: lifestyle migration, nature spirituality, dark green religion, neoshamanic tourism
Rytą or ryte? Vakarą or vakare? Competition between the accusative and locative in Lithuanian temporal expressions denoting parts of the day
No full textThis paper aims to reveal differences between the competing accusative and locative forms of Lithuanian temporal expressions denoting parts of the day (rytas "morning", diena "day", vakaras "evening", naktis "night"). Since the accusative of time expresses a wider semantic spectrum, it was first necessary, using a prototypical approach, to define exactly what the morphosyntactic and semantic characteristics of the competing pairs are (i.e., prototypical verbal modifiers expressing location of an action/state in time). Then, analysing the DLKT corpus data confirmed that the competition be-tween the accusative and locative forms is present using the word vakaras ‘evening’ and rytas ‘morning’. This study reveals that the choice of case depends on the interaction of the given word with the (non)presence of an attribute and on the concrete type of attrib-ute as well. It was confirmed that the accusatives of all the studied words predominate over the locatives, but the strength of the dominance varies. This may be caused by the different degree of adverbialization of the locative forms and by the different semantic implications embodied in the lexemes themselves, which is related to how successfully the locative resists the expansion of the accusative. Keywords: Lithuanian temporal expressions, parts of the day, locative, accusative, prototype theory, corpus analysis
Laste tundlikkus visuaalse teabe suhtes: mittesõna kordamise testi metodoloogilised kaalutlused
No full textThis study introduces a Lithuanian non-word repetition test and explores methodological issues by comparing two stimuli presentation conditions (live mode vs audio mode). The study aims to discuss methodological issues of the non-word repetition test and its potential consequences for the results. The study sample comprises 100 typically developing children (2 age groups: 4;00–4;11 and 5;00–5;11). The inquiry assessed the impact of presentation mode on the accuracy of the task performance, focusing on the effect of age. The comparison of the different stimuli of the non-word repetition test indicates that the mode of presentation impacts the accuracy of the test results. The study showed that observing the target’s visual articulation helped children identify the non-words: performance in the live presentation mode was more accurate than with audio-recorded stimuli, particularly by the group of older children. Regardless of the stimuli and age, an overall comparative analysis confirmed the tendency for non-word repetition accuracy to decline in longer and structurally more complex words. Keywords: first language acquisition; non-word repetition test; speech perception; experiment; Lithuanian
The Gaze of the implicated subject: non-Jewish testimony to communal violence during the German occupation of Lithuania
No full textThe outbreak of communal violence against Jews catalysed by the German invasion of the USSR was long neglected by scholarship due to biases against eyewitness testimony and the opacity of local events to outside observers. A growing number of studies on the topic have recently emerged, drawing from the eyewitness testimonies of Jewish survivors and previously inaccessible Soviet archives. This article analyses the lesser known audio-visual recordings of interviews with non-Jewish witnesses to communal violence in provincial towns and villages of Lithuania. Collected decades after the events, they relate the same cruelty and destruction as recalled by Jewish survivors. As insider accounts from the local, non-Jewish community, they disclose manifold and divergent subject positions in the face of extreme violence. Marked by a forensic mode of discourse that accentuates individual agency and responsibility, they diverge from the prevailing apologetics of national narratives of the period. Instead, they reflect an immediacy of apprehension rooted in the intimate topographical setting of rural Lithuania under German occupation, a local memory not yet assimilated to national narratives of heroism and suffering. Finally, they express the memory of mutual surveillance, intimidation, and coercion that would endure for decades after the end of the war in these locales. Keywords: Holocaust; testimony; collaboration; Lithuania; memory
Artillerie des Großfürstentums Litauen 1700-1717
No full textThe article discusses the state of the Lithuanian Artillery Corps in the early years of the 18th century. The findings are mainly based on a report prepared for the Lithuanian Fiscal Tribunal that concerned the corps' income and expenses 1710–1717. The tribunal took place at the end of 1717 in Grodno. The Lithuanian Artillery Corps was practically non-existent in 1710 due to the losses incurred dur ing previous wars, and the presence of both a demographic and financial crisis in Lithuania at the time only added to the problem. In the following years funding was insufficient. This is evidenced by the fact that 1710–1717 funding for the corps amounted to Polish zlotys 96,000, whereas its expenses amounted to no less than Polish zlotys 170,000. Despite the lack of funds, by 1716 the condition of the corps had improved significantly, although no attempts were made to conduct a thorough reform of its financing during the period in question. Between 1716–1717, the ar tillery was able to supply the infantry and dragoons of the Lithuanian army with only a few field guns and ammunition. The Silent Sejm of 1717 did not increase the funding of the corps, which could now field up to 10 cannons, a satisfactory amount considering the size of the Lithuanian army at the time, i.e. approximately 6,100 soldiers. The available sources show that the Lithuanian Artillery Corps was quite small – in total about 30 soldiers served in its ranks, most of whom were born in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Keywords: Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Great Northern War, artillery, Silent Sejm
Language, religion, and ethnicity-making at Polish-language schools in Lithuania
No full textThe focus of this paper is the perceived relation of language (Polish) and religion (Catholicism) to the Polish identity and whether and how these dimensions of identity are employed in interpreting processes of social integration and mobility in Lithuanian society by research participants at schools where Polish is the language of instruction. This paper argues that the native language (Polish) is seen as an important dimension of ethnic (Polish) identity while both majority (Lithuanian) and minority languages are seen as helpful instruments in the process of social inclusion and social mobility since they are perceived as dependent on the social context. Polish-language schools reaffirm the interrelation of the Catholic religion and the Polish identity in discursive and practical ways (via various cultural means). Nevertheless, religion, an essential dimension of Polish identity, does not come to the forefront when discussing social integration or mobility. Keywords: Lithuania, social integration, State language, minority language, schools with Polish language of instruction, Catholic religion
Lithuanian names for hen, rooster, chicken, and their motivation
No full textTyrimo objektas - lietuvių kalbos zoonimų teminės grupės vištos, gaidžio ir viščiuko pavadinimai. Į pavadinimus žvelgiama kaip į tokius leksikos vienetus, kurie gali perteikti įvardijamojo paukščio kategorizaciją, santykį su kitomis realijomis (realijų konceptais), kalbos vartotojo požiūrį. Tyrimo tikslas - išnagrinėti lietuvių kalbos vištos, gaidžio, viščiuko pavadinimų semantinius ryšius, nustatyti jais reprezentuojamus konceptualiuosius požymius. Analizei taikoma kompleksinio lingvistinio tyrimo metodologinė praktika, kai vienos teminės grupės narių semantiniai požymiai nustatomi tiriant juos semasiologiniu ir onomasiologiniu lygmenimis. Leksemos semasiologiniai ir onomasiologiniai semantiniai požymiai laikomi kartu ir įvardijamajam konceptui būdingi požymiais. Straipsnyje metodiškai pasirinkta pavadinimus aptarti pagal semantinius ryšius. Aptariamojo paukščio pavadinimų onomasiologinė struktūra aprašoma suskirsčius juos į smulkesnius vištos, gaidžio ir viščiuko pavadinimų teminius pogrupius. Stengiamasi išryškinti jų pagrindinius konceptualiuosius diferencinius ir (arba) bendruosius požymius. Empirinės medžiaga rinkta iš aiškinamųjų (LKŽe, DLKŽ8e, BLKŽ), tarminių, specialiųjų (SistŽe, SŽe) leksikografijos šaltinių. Vištos, gaidžio, viščiuko pavadinimai sudaro gausų lietuvių kalbos zoonimų teminės grupės pogrupį: leksikografijos šaltiniuose užfiksuota apie 200 leksemų. Lietuvių kalbos sistemoje bendro hiperonimo tirtoms leksemoms pavadinti nėra. Dominuoja motyvuotoji leksika - ji sudaro apie 98 proc. Nemotyvuotajam nominacijos tipui priklauso tik trys leksemos: viena savakilmė leksema višta ir trys skoliniai iš slavų ar germanų kalbų: koplūnas 1, °kaplonas, kapaūnas ‘kastruotas gaidys’. Vištos, gaidžio, viščiuko pavadinimų teminių pogrupių sisteminė ypatybė - išplėtoti sinoniminiai santykiai. Jie lemia teminio pogrupio gausumą. Sinonimų eiles sudaro formalieji variantai, darybiniai ir leksiniai sinonimai. Pastarieji liudija pavadinimų kūrėjų gebėjimą pastebėti įvairius įvardijamojo paukščio požymius ir verbalizuoti juos skirtingomis lingvistinėmis priemonėmis. Vištos, gaidžio, viščiuko pavadinimų analizė išryškino kelių kategorijų konceptualiuosius požymius: aksiologinius (perteikiančius vertinamąjį požiūrį į įvardijamąjį paukštį), kognityviuosius (apibūdinančius įvardijamąjį paukštį kaip pažintinę realiją), asociatyviuosius (siejančius įvardijamąjį paukštį su kita realija), etnokultūrinius (reprezentuojančius ne įvardijamąjį paukštį, o kitus etnokultūros srities konceptus). Semantinė motyvacijos požymių analizė suteikia galimybių nustatyti vištos, gaidžio, viščiuko pavadinimais įvardijamo tikrovės fragmento, tiksliau - konceptualiojo jo atitikmens - vaizdą kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje. Kalbos sistema fiksuoja įvairius diferencinius patelės, patino ir jauniklio požymius, iš kurių svarbiausi yra: lytis (patelė / patinas), amžius (jauniklis / suaugęs paukštis), funkcija: kiaušinių dėjimas ir perėjimas (vištos), reprodukcija (vištos ir gaidžio), išvaizda (plunksnuotumo, koloratyvumo požymiai būdingi tik vištos pavadinimams), garsas (fiksuojama akustinė įvardintojo kaip gyvulininko funkcija). Esama skirtumų tarp suaugusio paukščio (tik patelės) ir jauniklio kvietimo garsų, pastebima giedančio (patino) ir negiedančio (patelės) paukščio opozicija. Esminiai žodžiai: motyvacija, sinonimas, zoonimas, višta, gaidys, viščiukas.The aim of the study is to investigate the semantic relations of the Lithuanian names for hen, rooster, chicken, to determine the conceptual features they represent. The analysis is based on the methodological practice of complex linguistic research, where the semantic features of the members of one thematic group are determined by examining them at the semasiological and the onomasiological levels. It is posited that the semasiological and onomasiological semantic features of a lexeme also reflect the semantic features of the concept being named. The paper methodically discusses the names based on their semantic relations. The onomasiological structure of bird names is described by dividing them into smaller thematic subgroups of hen, rooster and chicken names. An attempt is made to highlight their main conceptual differences and/or common features. The empirical material was collected from explanatory (LKŽe, DLKŽe, BLKŽe), dialectal, and specialized (SistŽe, SŽe) lexicographical sources. The names for hen, rooster, chicken form a large subgroup of the zoonymic group in the Lithuanian language, with about two hundred lexemes recorded in lexicographic sources. There is no common hyperonym in the Lithuanian language system for the lexemes studied. Motivated lexis prevails, comprising approximately 98 per cent of the total pool. Only three lexemes belong to the unmotivated type of nomination: one indigenous lexeme višta ‘hen’ and three loan words from Slavic or Germanic languages: koplūnas 1, °kaplonas, kapaūnas ‘castrated rooster’. The systematic characteristic of the thematic subgroup of hen, rooster, chicken names has well-developed synonymic relations, which play a crucial role in enriching the thematic subgroup. The strings of synonyms consist of formal variants, derivative, and lexical synonyms. It illustrates the ability of the authors of the names to observe the various features of the bird and to verbalise them with different linguistic instruments. The analysis of the names for hen, rooster and chicken has revealed several categories of conceptual features: axiological (reflecting an evaluative stance towards the named bird), cognitive (depicting the named bird as a cognitive reality), associative (establishing connections between the named bird and other realities), ethno-cultural (representing concepts beyond the named bird within the realm of ethnoculture). The semantic analysis of motivational features allows identifying the representation of a fragment of reality, or rather its conceptual equivalent, within the linguistic worldview. The language system captures the various differential features of the female, male and chick, the most important of which are: sex (female/male), age (young/adult), function: egg laying and hatching (hen), reproduction (hen and rooster), appearance (with the existence of feathers and coloration patterns exclusive to hen narnės), and sound (hence the acoustic function of the author of the name as a poultry keeper). There is a difference between the sounds emitted by the adult bird (female only) and the calls of the chick, as well as the contrast between the crowing (male) and non-crowing (female) bird. Keywords: motivation, synonym, zoonym, hen, rooster, chicken
Folklore activities of the Lithuanian Science Society: utopian goals or insightful ideas?
No full textThis article deals with two activities of the Lithuanian Science Society (LSS, 1907-1938) and the history of the folklore collections it accumulated. Its members encouraged people to record folk songs, fairytales, stories, riddles, and other forms of folklore, and they tried to gather in one place all the older manuscripts that contained folklore. This way, the LSS’s folklore archive was formed at the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1908, Eduard Wolter, a member of the LSS, made the first folklore sound recordings with a phonograph apparatus. The chair of the Society, Jonas Basanavičius, knew about the Phonogram Archives of Vienna and Berlin; therefore, he encouraged the establishment of such an archive in Vilnius. Another idea of the LSS, initiated by Mykolas Biržiška, was to gather all the songs in one place and to publish a national songbook. Unfortunately, these goals were visionary and utopian for this period of cultural development in Lithuania. In this study, the birth of these ideas and the path to their realisation are chronologically reviewed. The author discusses the reasons why they were not accomplished in the first part of the twentieth century, and gives explanations for why they were successfully implemented in the second part of the twentieth – beginning of the twenty-first centuries. The historical-political context as well as the actual digitisation of intangible heritage archives help clarify the process. Keywords: Lithuanian Science Society, Vilnius, phonograph recordings, phonogram archives, cylinders, folklore manuscripts, songbook, Lithuanian Folklore Archives, digitisation