“Lituanistika”, International Research Database
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LITAS digital payment system - an important part of the financial system of independent Lithuania
No full textLietuvos nepriklausomybės atkūrimas buvo daugialypis reiškinys su daug tarpusavyje persipynusių iniciatyvų. Vis dėlto, kalbant apie nepriklausomos Lietuvos atkūrimą, dažniausiai akcentuojama Sąjūdžio veikla, Lietuvos piliečių susitelkimas ginant valstybės institucijas ir jų kūrimas, diplomatinių santykių atkūrimas ar Rusijos karinių pajėgų išvedimas. Šis straipsnis atskleidžia svarbų, bet gerokai mažiau dėmesio sulaukusį nepriklausomos finansų sistemos atkūrimo aspektą – tarpbankinių atsiskaitymų ir mokėjimų sistemos, kaip pagrindinės technologinės infrastruktūros šalies finansų sistemos funkcionavimui ir pinigų politikos vykdymui, sukūrimą. Straipsnio tikslas – remiantis mokslinio tyrimo metu surinktais duomenimis, trumpai apžvelgti Lietuvos banko tarpbankinės atsiskaitymų sistemos (LITAS) evoliuciją 1990–2015 m. ir atskleisti jos reikšmę nepriklausomos finansinės sistemos atkūrimo ir stabilaus ekonomikos funkcionavimo užtikrinimo kontekste.The restoration of Lithuania’s independence was a multi-faceted phenomenon comprised of many intertwined enterprises. However, when it comes to the creation of an independent Lithuania, the following are usually emphasized: the activities of Sąjūdis, the gathering of Lithuanian citizens in defense of state institutions and their establishment, the restoration of diplomatic relations, and the withdrawal of Russian military units. This article reveals an important aspect of the restoration of an independent financial system that has received much less attention: the creation of an interbank settlement and payment system as the main piece of technological infrastructure for the functioning of the country’s financial system and the implementation of monetary policy. The purpose of this article, based on the data collected during the research, is to review the evolution of the Interbank Settlement System (LITAS) of the Bank of Lithuania throughout 1990–2015. Furthermore, this article seeks to highlight LITAS’ significance in the context of restoring an independent financial system and ensuring the stable functioning of the national economy
Institute of euthanasia: between a person’s right to life and the right to a dignified death: problems and challenges in the implementation of human rights of choice in Lithuania
No full textThe title of the scientific article is the problem of euthanasia as a possibility for the implementation of natural human rights in Lithuania and foreign countries. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the individual's right to life and the prohibition of torture in the implementation of euthanasia as one of the natural human rights in Lithuania and foreign countries. This work has theological and comparative methods. The theological method, which leads to the first part of the work, analyzing international and national legal acts regulating natural human rights. The comparative method compares the legal regulations and social differences between countries that have legalized and those that have not legalized euthanasia. The main conclusion of the article - the legalization of euthanasia is one of the possibilities to implement the prohibition of torture in the context of natural human rights. The practical significance of this scientific article is particularly important for states that have not legalized euthanasia, because the main conclusion of this article is proving the obligation of states to legalize euthanasia in order to provide suitable conditions for the realization of natural human rights. The originality of this scientific article is based on the fact that the compatibility of euthanasia in the context of human rights and freedoms and the equating of the illegalization of euthanasia to torture at the national and international level have not been analyzed in any scientific articles. The value of the article is proven by the fact that the authors used only the latest scientific editions of national and international legal acts and the latest and most comprehensive literature. Keywords: euthanasia, obligation, human rights, regulations, legal, implementation
Unrecorded alcohol consumption in Lithuania: a modelling study for 2000-2021
No full textThe aim of the study was to estimate unrecorded alcohol consumption in Lithuania for the period 2000–2021 using an indirect method for modelling consumption based on official consumption data and indicators of alcohol-related harm. Methodology employed for estimating the unrecorded alcohol consumption was proposed by Norström and was based on the country’s 2019 European Health Interview Survey and indicators of fully alcohol-attributable mortality. The proportion of unrecorded alcohol consumption was estimated as 8.30% (95% CI 7.7–8.9%) for 2019 in Lithuania. The estimated total (recorded and unrecorded) alcohol per capita consumption among individuals 15 years of age and older in 2019 was 12.2 L of pure alcohol, 1.01 (95% CI 0.94–1.09%) L of which is likely unrecorded. The lowest unrecorded alcohol level was estimated for 2009 and 2014, while 2018 had the highest level (i.e. 9.33% of total alcohol per capita consumption). Unrecorded alcohol consumption in Lithuania is likely to be modest when compared to recorded alcohol consumption, the latter of which still remains a major challenge to public health. Keywords: alcohol; unrecorded alcohol; alcohol consumption; Lithuania
The Impact of social policy on the level of employment in the Lithuanian labor market
No full textGoal – the contemporary labor market in European countries is being currently influenced by such factors as an ageing population, shortage of employees, difficulties in recruiting employees with appropriate qualifications and untapped professional potential. In the case of the latter, the situation of people with disabilities, of young women, of people 50+ is discussed most extensively and, much less frequently than the problem of activating the long-term unemployed. This topic seems to be important in the context of decreasing labor resources and the growing deficit of employees. The aim of the article is to determine the impact of the social policy (social security system) on the level of employment in Lithuania in the context of reducing the number of long-term unemployed and their activation. It is assumed that the social benefits that unemployed beneficiaries receive discourage them from returning to the labor market. Research methodology – the used research methods include: analysis of scientific studies, descriptive and comparative methods and the survey research. Score/results – the conducted research has shown that the main causes of long-term unemployment do not result from the decisions of the unemployed, and neither from the demotivating effect of receiving social benefits in the context of active social integration. Thus, the hypothesis was not confirmed. Originality/value – the analysis conducted in the article allows to identify barriers to employment of the long-term unemployed in Lithuania and thus contributes to the scientific discussion on this topic. The results can provide policy makers with recommendations for activation measures for the unemployed social assistance recipients in the context of stabilizing the local labor market situation and of increasing the effectiveness of the social policy. Keywords: long-term unemployment, social assistance, activation of the unemployed, Lithuania.
Взаємозв'язок ввп та податкових надходжень від ринку азартних ігор та лотерей у Литві
No full textMore than two decades after the legalisation of gambling and almost three decades after the beginning of the organisation of lotteries in Lithuania (the Gaming Law of the Republic of Lithuania came into force in 2001 and the Law on Lotteries in 2004), it is already possible to discern the trends in the development of this business and the impact of this business on the individual and on society. Gambling and lotteries are seen ambiguously both in the work of researchers and in society: some see the activity as a fun pastime or a form of leisure, while others argue that it is an addiction with negative psychological, social and economic consequences for the individual, the family and society. In Lithuania, there has been very little research on the impact of gambling and lotteries on individuals and society, compared to other countries such as Italy, the United States, Australia, New Zealand and Canada. In these countries, gambling and lotteries have a very long and deep tradition, are a very important area of the economy (business) and a popular way of spending leisure time. This article examines the development trends of the gambling and lotteries market in Lithuania. The study made use of quarterly time series data including from 2004Q1 to 2021Q4. During the research we established, that every year, the income from land-based gambling decreases and the gross income from online gambling increases. In 2021, 53 percent of the gross gambling and lottery revenue structure was from online gambling. Additionally, according to the of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, the paper estimated the relationship between the gross domestic product of Lithuania and the tax receipts of gambling and lotteries to the Lithuanian state budget. According to the study, GDP growth influences gambling and lottery tax revenues directly, without postponed effect, but at the same time, there is a fairly strong inertia in budget revenues from gambling and lottery. Keywords: gambling and lottery tax revenue, gross gambling revenue, gross domestic product, Lithuania
Relationships of experiences of remote service provision and job satisfaction of specialists working at "X" healthcare facility
No full textDarbo tikslas – išsiaiškinti Lietuvos Respublikos vidaus reikalų ministerijos Medicinos centre dirbančių sveikatos priežiūros specialistų patirtis teikiant paslaugas nuotoliniu būdu ir jų sąsajas su darbuotojų pasitenkinimu darbu. Tyrimo medžiaga ir metodai. 2022 m. sausio–kovo mėnesiais atliktas kiekybinis tyrimas, taikant anoniminės anketinės apklausos metodą. Tyrime dalyvavo 150 sveikatos priežiūros specialistų (90 slaugytojų ir 60 gydytojų), dirbančių Lietuvos Respublikos vidaus reikalų ministerijos Medicinos centre. Darbuotojų pasitenkinimas darbu buvo tiriamas naudojant Spector pasitenkinimo darbu klausimyną (angl. The Job Satisfaction Survey, JSS), o požiūris į nuotolinių paslaugų teikimą – Nyaanga pasiūlytą Suvokiamo produktyvumo skalę (angl. Perceived Productivity). Tyrimo rezultatai. Visi tyrime dalyvavę sveikatos priežiūros specialistai (100 proc.) teikė paslaugas nuotoliniu būdu. Nuotoliniu būdu teikiamos paslaugos sudarė apie ketvirtadalį (27 proc.) visos sveikatos priežiūros specialistų darbo dienos, vidutinis jų intensyvumas 3,53 (SD = 1,16) dienos per savaitę (gydytojų ir slaugytojų paslaugų apimtis ir intensyvumas statistiškai reikšmingai nesiskyrė). Bendro sveikatos priežiūros specialistų pasitenkinimo darbu įvertis svyruoja nuo 90 iki 156 balų, vidutinis įvertis 132,5 (SD = 14,8) balo; pasitenkinimas teikiamomis nuotolinėmis paslaugomis – nuo 8 iki 27 balų, vidutinis įvertis 18,6 (SD = 3,5) balo. Gydytojų ir slaugytojų pasitenkinimo darbu įverčiai statistiškai reikšmingai nesiskyrė. Nustatyta silpna neigiama statistiškai reikšminga koreliacija tarp bendro pasitenkinimo darbu ir nuotolinių paslaugų apimties (r = –0,182, p <0,05) bei teigiama statistiškai reikšminga koreliacija tarp bendro pasitenkinimo darbu ir sveikatos priežiūros specialistų požiūrio į paslaugų teikimą nuotoliniu būdu (r = 0,193, p <0,05). Išvados. Sveikatos priežiūros specialistų bendras pasitenkinimas darbu siejasi su nuotolinių paslaugų teikimo apimtimi ir specialistų požiūriu į paslaugų teikimą nuotoliniu būdu. Didėjant nuotoliniu būdu teikiamų paslaugų mastui, bendras sveikatos priežiūros specialistų pasitenkinimas darbu mažėja, o esant palankesniam požiūriui (matant didesnę tokių paslaugų naudą) į paslaugų teikimą nuotoliniu būdu didėja ir bendras pasitenkinimas darbu. Reikšminiai žodžiai: sveikatos priežiūros specialistai, paslaugų teikimas nuotoliniu būdu, paslaugų teikimo patirtys, pasitenkinimas darbu.Research goal – to find out the experience of health care specialists working in the Medical Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania in providing services remotely and their correlation with employee job satisfaction. Research material and methods. In 2022, a quantitative study was carried out in the months of January - March, using the anonymous questionnaire survey method. 150 health care specialists (90 nurses and 60 doctors) working at the Medical Center of the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Lithuania participated in the research. Employee job satisfaction was studied using Spector‘s Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS), and the attitude towards the provision of remote services – the Perceived Productivity scale proposed by Nyaanga. Research results. All health care specialists who participated in the research (100 %) provided services remotely. Remotely provided services accounted for about a quarter (27 %) of the total working day of health care professionals, their average intensity was 3.53 (SD = 1.16) days per week (the volume and intensity of services of doctors and nurses did not differ statistically significantly). The estimate of overall job satisfaction of healthcare specialists ranges from 90 to 156 points, the average estimate is 132.5 (SD = 14.8) points; satisfaction with the provided remote services – from 8 to 27 points, average estimate 18.6 (SD = 3.5) points. There was no statistically significant difference in the estimates of job satisfaction between doctors and nurses. A weak negative and statistically significant correlation was found between general job satisfaction and the scope of remote services (r = –0.182, p <0.05) and a positive, statistically significant correlation between general job satisfaction and the attitude of health care specialists towards providing services remotely (r = 0.193, p <0.05). Conclusions. The general job satisfaction of health care specialists is related to the scope of providing remote services and the specialists‘ attitude towards providing services remotely. As the volume of services provided remotely increases, the overall job satisfaction of health care specialists decreases, while with a more favorable attitude (seeing greater benefits of such services) to the provision of services remotely, the overall job satisfaction increases as well. Keywords: health care specialists, remote service provision, service provision experiences, job satisfaction
Reality is established by visions: the antique Vilnius of Sigitas Lasavickas as a home of the memory community
No full textIn commemoration of the symbolic anniversary of Vilnius, the article is dedicated to one of the most famous scholars of Vilnius’ past - architect, archaeologist, restorer Sigitas Benjaminas Lasavickas (1926-1998), who worked on the oldest and most important architectural monuments of Vilnius and Lithuania, participated in the most important archaeological research, and in 1986, contributed to the epochal discovery in Kernavė - an ancient settlement in the valley. The researcher, named the priest of old Vilnius, whose works became part of the history of Lithuanian heritage protection, surprised contemporaries with the magic of his personality and a legendary intuition that helped him predict what archaeologists would only find many years later. The almost pedantic precision in this personality was consistent with the element of imagination, a necessity of scientific knowledge, but sometimes seemingly the opposite, and more characteristic to, say, mythical or poetic cognition. Having seen images of the city’s panorama and ruler, inscriptions, and even numbers, on a bone discovered during archaeological research in 1978, he created a vision that takes us to Vilnius during the time of the legendary Grand Duke Šventaragis. According to the Lithuanian Chronicle written in the first quarter of the 16th century, Šventaragis ordered his son to establish a sanctuary of the Lithuanian nation at the confluence of the Neris and Vilnia rivers - a place for cremating the dead grand dukes of Lithuania and the most famous noblemen, where, according to M. Strijkovskis, the first one was solemnly burned in 1272. The panorama of this legendary period of Vilnius, as seen on the bone, gave a visible shape to S. Lasavickas’ attitude towards the history of the city during his long years of research. Behind the poetic vision in which Lithuania is seen in line with the cultural heritage of ancient Greece, Rome, or Egypt, there was also a feeling of pain for the destruction of cultural memory. Lasavickas dared to oppose the destruction of cultural monuments during both the Soviet occupation and the post-Soviet period. He died in 1998 during the public consideration of a detailed plan for the construction of a hotel in the valley of Šventaragis. His death in the defence of the values he dedicated his whole life to has become part of Lasavickas’ legend
Gediminas castle on Padievaitis mound
No full textŠiemet minime Vilniaus 700-mečio jubiliejų, siejamą su pirmuoju Lietuvos valdovo, didžiojo kunigaikščio Gedimino miesto ir sostinės paminėjimu 1323 m. sausio 25 d. laiške Vokietijos miestams, kuriuo j Vilnių kviečiami atvykti amatininkai ir pirkliai. Mažiau kam žinomas kitas istorinis faktas, kad Lietuvos valstybę valdant didžiajam kunigaikščiui Vyteniui pirmoji Gedimino pilis buvo Žemaitijoje, ant dabartinio Padievaičio piliakalnio (Šilalės r.). Neseniai, 2020-2021 metais, Klaipėdos universiteto archeologai Gintautas Zabiela ir Vykintas Vaitkevičius ten surengė archeologinę ekspediciją ir sutiko pasidalinti savo atradimais.Interview with an archaeologist of the Klaipėda University Institute of Baltic Region History and Archaeology, Dr. Gintautas Zabiela, about the exploratory research of the Padievaitis mound (Šilalė district) in 2020-2021. In this place, from the end of the 13th century, stood Gediminas Castle (as it is called in the chronicles of the Teutonic Order, from 1307 to 1329). It is believed that under the rule of the Grand Duke Vytenis, Gediminas, as a sub-monarch, ruled Samogitia from this castle and organised its defence. The well-fortified castle withstood several attacks from the Teutonic Order but was burned to the ground in 1329. Gediminas, who became the Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1316, was already residing in Vilnius. Research revealed that from the 1st to the 4th centuries there had already been a large early settlement related to trade, and its cultural layers (up to 80 cm) remain. Later, not only a castle but also a proto-city was built in this place
History emerging from the ground. Archaeologist Ignas Sadauskas talks about the discoveries in Radvilos residence near Neris
No full textIn 2019, there was a wide-ranging announcement in the Lithuanian media: in the Old Town of Vilnius, in the territory between Žygimantų, Radvilų, and Tilto streets, archaeologists found the remains of the legendary Biržai-Dubingiai Radvilos family palace near the Neris river. The existence of the residence of the most powerful family of nobles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was known here for a long time from historical sources (the family had nine properties in Vilnius). The property in question, with the palace, is marked in the old plans of the city, and in a drawing from the end of the 18th century, the image of the already decaying but still majestic palaces is commemorated. In 2010, art historian Dr. Birutė Rūta Vitkauskienė revealed the significance of the Radvilos holdings in the vicinity of Lower Castle. At the beginning of the 16th century, this area, known as Puškarnia, was outside the city limits but very closely linked to the castle and the activities of the ruler. There was a cannon foundry, which was reconstructed in 1547 by the Grand Duke of Lithuania Žygimantas Augustas, and people deserving of the rulers favour lived there - nobles, blacksmiths, smelters, and other craftsmen making objects of war. Since 2019, Ignas Sadauskas has been leading archaeological research at the site of the former Radvilos residence, and he shares the latest discoveries, including the discovery of the old part of the palace where Barbora Radvilaitė the future Grand Duchess of Lithuania (1548) and Queen of Poland (1550) could have visited
Estimating the size of illicit tobacco market in Lithuania: results from the discarded pack collection method
No full textIntroduction: For decades in Lithuania, the threat of illicit trade has been used to weaken evidence-based tobacco-control policies and to un-dermine efforts to reduce smoking prevalence and its attributable burden, while also depriving the government of much-needed tax revenue. The aim of this study is to estimate the size of the illicit cigarette market in Lithuania using data from a nationally representative discarded pack collection. Aims and Methods: The study employed a two-stage cluster design by first randomly selecting 65 well-defined population settlements (30 cities and 35 townships), representing both urban and rural areas, in all 10 counties in Lithuania. Next, we randomly selected 358 polling districts within these settlements. Each polling district had one route along which discarded packs were collected between September 2019 and 2020. Results: In total, 28.9% (95% CIs = 27.7 to 30.1) of discarded cigarette packs were classified as illicit. The vast majority (90.1%) of illicit packs originated from Belarus with most (86.9%) packs produced in the Grodno Tobacco Factory Neman. Tax stamps were present on 93.6% of legal packs and also on 76% of illegal packs. Conclusions: Data from this study suggest that the illicit cigarette trade in Lithuania is more widespread than indicated by other methods and primarily supplied by the neighboring Belarus state-owned tobacco factory in Grodno. This signals the need to adopt Belarus-specific border control and security measures. Implications: This study presents data from the first national industry-independent study on illicit tobacco trade in Lithuania using discarded cigarette pack collection method. As customs seizure data show, our results also indicate that the illicit cigarette market is primarily supplied by Belarus state-owned Grodno Tobacco Factory Neman known for filling Europe with cheap cigarettes. An estimate derived from this study is higher than both the industry-independent estimate obtained by the survey method and the estimates offered by the tobacco industry. This adds to the evidence that the difference in estimates obtained by different methods reflects the strengths and weaknesses of each. The study also demonstrates the impact of a rogue neighbor on the illicit market in an adjacent country and offers suggestions on how to address it