“Lituanistika”, International Research Database
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Assessment of attractiveness of the Baltic States for foreign direct investment: the TOPSIS approach
No full textForeign investment is one of the driving forces of a country’s economy. The global foreign direct investment (FDI) flows in 2020 amounted to USD 1 trillion, but FDI distribution varies from country to country. Here, the questions arise as to what determines the choice of foreign investors, what the countries can do/are doing to attract FDI, and which Baltic states are the most attractive for FDI. Based on the scientific literature analysis, the definitions of FDI and the attractiveness for FDI, as referred to in the empirical study, are reviewed; the factors affecting FDI are singled out, and the methods/models that are applicable for assessing FDI are investigated. The major purpose of the article is to assess the attractiveness of the Baltic states for foreign direct investment. Research methods: comparative analysis of the concepts and methods available in the scientific literature, secondary data analysis, statistical data processing, and multi-criteria evaluation methods. The results of the assessment of the attractiveness of the Baltic states for foreign direct investment that were determined by applying the TOPSIS multi-criteria evaluation method helped to determine a country’s position in relation to its neighbors and revealed the criteria that weaken or strengthen this position. The results of the research can help the leaders of the states to select the relevant measures to improve their state’s FDI attractiveness in relation to other states. Keywords: foreign direct investment (FDI); FDI attractiveness
Soviet 1944-1948 land reform in Lithuania: political and social-economic aspects
No full textStraipsnyje, remiantis Rusijos archyvų medžiaga bei kitais šaltiniais, atskleidžiami ir analizuojami sovietinės žemės reformos 1944–1948 m. politiniai ir socialiniai-ekonominiai aspektai, nagrinėjami statistiniai kiekybiniai rodikliai, siekiama naujai interpretuoti bei įvertinti žemės reformos tikslus, eigą ir padarinius, parodyti, kaip buvo keičiama ir kokia tapo kaimo visuomenės socialinė-ekonominė struktūra. Tyrimo rezultatai leidžia pagrįstai teigti, kad po reformos Lietuvoje įsivyravo smulkūs ir maži ūkiai, o ne vidutiniai, kaip teigė sovietinė istoriografija ir valdžia. Tai buvo LKP(b) CK vadovybės tikslingos ir orientuotos į kolektyvizaciją politikos rezultatas, o ne žemės trūkumo padarinys. Žemės reformą galima traktuoti kaip socialinę revoliuciją, kuri lėmė kardinalius kokybinius socialinius-ekonominius pokyčius kaime, tačiau politinis tikslas patraukti į savo pusę didesnę dalį valstiečių nebuvo pasiektas. RAKTINIAI ŽODŽIAI. Žemės reforma 1944–1948 m., žemės ūkio sistema, socialinė-ekonominė struktūra, mažažemiai, bežemiai, pasiturintys valstiečiai, buožės, LKP(b) CK, VKP(b) CK, ekspropriacija, konfiskavimas.Based on Russian archival materials and other sources, the article reveals and analyses the political and social-economic aspects of the Soviet land reform of 1944–1948, examines statistical quantitative indicators. It seeks to reinterpret and reassess the objectives, the course, and the consequences of the land reform and to show how the socio-economic structure of the rural society was being changed and what it became. The results of the study suggest that it is reasonable to conclude that after the reform, Lithuania was dominated by small rather than medium-sized farms as claimed by Soviet historiography and the Soviet authorities. This was the result of a targeted and collectivisation-oriented policy of the leadership of the Central Committee of the Lithuanian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and not the result of land shortage. The land reform can be seen as a social revolution, which led to radical qualitative socio-economic changes in the countryside, but the political goal of winning over a larger part of the peasantry to their side was not achieved. KEYWORDS: Land reform of 1944–1948, agricultural system, socio-economic structure, smallholder peasant, landless peasants, well-off peasants, prosperous peasants, CC LCP(b), CC All-Union CP(b), expropriation, confiscation
Difficulties experienced by the social worker when working with persons with addiction
No full textEuropoje ir visame pasaulyje viena opiausių socialinių ir sveikatos problemų išlieka priklausomybė nuo įvairių psichoaktyvių medžiagų. Pagal Tarptautinių ligų klasifikavimo sąrašą (2015), priklausomybės sindromas – tai elgesio, kognityvinių ir fiziologinių reiškinių kompleksas, kuris atsiranda dėl kartotinio medžiagos vartojimo. Priklausomybės sindromo požymiams priskiriamas asmens stiprus troškimas vartoti alkoholinius gėrimus; sunku kontroliuoti vartojimą ar yra vartojama, neatsižvelgiant į pasekmes, kurios gali būti itin žalingos; asmens įsipareigojimai ar kiti veiksmai yra ne tokie svarbūs nei medžiagos vartojimas; asmuo toleruoja vartojamą medžiagą ir kai kuriais atvejais vystosi fizinė abstinencijos būklė. Kenksmingas alkoholio vartojimas sudaro 5,1 proc. viso pasaulio ligų, Europoje alkoholio suvartojama daugiausia, o Lietuva pirmauja pagal suvartojamą alkoholio kiekį tūkstančiui gyventojų. Lietuvoje nelegalias psichoaktyvias medžiagas yra vartoję daugiau nei 1 iš 10 žmonių. 2015 metais Lietuvoje nuo apsinuodijimo psichoaktyviomis medžiagomis arba perdozavimo tarp suaugusiųjų mirė 59 žmonės milijonui žmonių, o Europos vidurkis buvo 20,3 mirtys milijonui žmonių. Asmenys, sergantys priklausomybės ligomis, ilgainiui patiria socialinę atskirtį – praranda būstą, darbą, šeimą ir lieka atstumti visuomenės, todėl vienas iš prioritetų yra skatinti tokius asmenis gydytis ir sugrįžti į normalų gyvenimą. Socialiniai darbuotojai, dirbdami su priklausomybę turinčiais asmenimis, neretai susiduria su daugybe iššūkių, tokių kaip įvairūs emociniai išgyvenimai, perdegimas bei galimos psichologinės traumos. Siekiant užtikrinti, kad socialinio darbuotojo teikiamos paslaugos išliktų kokybiškos bei darbuotojo fizinė ir psichologinė sveikata išliktų stabili, yra ypatingai svarbu atkreipti dėmesį į socialinių darbuotojų patiriamus iššūkius, dirbant su priklausomais asmenimis. Pastebima, kad Lietuvoje trūksta tyrimų, kuriuose būtų tyrinėti socialinio darbuotojo patiriami sunkumai, dirbant su priklausomybę turinčiais asmenimis. Siekiant, kad socialinio darbuotojo teikiamos paslaugos būtų efektyvios, priklausomi asmenys gautų jiems reikiama pagalbą bei darbuotojas jaustų pasitenkinimą darbu, yra labai svarbu nustatyti, su kokiais profesiniais bei emociniais iššūkiais susiduria socialiniai darbuotojai, dirbdami su priklausomais asmenimis, todėl straipsnyje analizuojama, kokius sunkumus patiria socialiniai darbuotojai, dirbdami su priklausomybę turinčiais asmenimis. Reikšminiai žodžiai: priklausomybė, socialinis darbuotojas, socialinio darbuotojo veikla, sunkumai.The article aims to reveal the difficulties experienced by the social worker when working with persons with addiction. In the modern world, the pace of life increases, alienation, individualism, and fierce competition become apparent, and people experience constant stress, tension, and depression. To forget, relax, and “improve the quality of life”, a person starts using alcohol and narcotic substances, which leads to addiction. The research is qualitative, and a targeted type of respondents was chosen, i.e., the social workers who work with people with addiction. Content analysis was chosen in the conducted research to draw relevant conclusions. Based on the analysis of the information obtained during the research, it is possible to discover unique findings meaningful to the research. The results obtained during the study clarified the addictive problems that affect the psychosocial areas of a person’s life. According to the data obtained by the study, the biggest problems arise in the financial and employment areas, where social workers must concentrate when providing services to persons with addiction. The main difficulties faced by social workers when providing services to people with addictions are clients’ low self-esteem, little or no motivation to change, and frequent clients’ aggression. After analysing the data obtained during the research, it was found that social workers, when working with people with addictions, face a high risk of experiencing stress and overwork. The results obtained during the study revealed that people with addiction face financial (unemployment, debt, lack of social security, homelessness), social (social exclusion, lack of involvement in social life, problems with law enforcement agencies, lack of social skills, health care problems) and psychological (negative self-esteem, self-doubt, mental disorders, lost connections with the loved ones) difficulties. When working with people with addictions, social workers aim to meet the client’s expectations as specifically and precisely as possible, so they have to fulfil many professional roles in their work. For the client to change, social workers act as enablers, teachers, document managers, and mediators while not forgetting professional communication, understanding, and empathy. Keywords: addiction, social worker, social worker’s activities, difficulties
Evaluation of the quality of Lithuanian municipality websites
No full textInformacinių technologijų pažanga lėmė e. valdžios kūrimąsi ir plėtrą internete. E. paslaugų teikimas piliečiams paskatina vis dažniau lankytis savivaldybės interneto svetainėje ir naudotis įvairiomis e. paslaugomis. Lietuvos savivaldybių svetainėse daugėja įvairių e. paslaugų bei teikiamų funkcijų piliečiams, todėl tampa svarbu aptarti vietos valdžios ir piliečių bendravimą virtualioje skaitmeninėje erdvėje. Vietos valdžios ir piliečių interakcija veikia priimamus politinius sprendimus bendruomenėje. Interneto svetainės reprezentuoja politinės institucijos įvaizdį viešojoje skaitmeninėje erdvėje. Straipsnio tikslas yra įvertinti Lietuvos savivaldybių interneto svetainių kokybės vertinimo modelio pritaikomumą. Svarbu atskleisti politinių institucijų interneto svetainių vertinimo modelio pagrindinius dalyvius ir išskirti vertinimo kriterijus, lemiančius interneto svetainės kokybę. Straipsnio teorinėje dalyje analizuojama interneto svetainių kokybės vertinimo modeliai, formuojama tyrimo metodika ir atliekamas Lietuvos savivaldybių interneto svetainių kokybinis tyrimas. Straipsnyje taikomi šie metodai: mokslinių šaltinių analizė ir turinio analizė. Darbo rezultatas yra atskleistas Lietuvos savivaldybių interneto svetainių kokybės vertinimas, tai padeda paaiškinti įdiegtų funkcijų veikimą ir atskleisti interakcijos veiksnį tarp vietos valdžios ir piliečių. Interneto svetainių vertinimas yra nevienareikšmiškas, tai priklauso nuo svetainės tipo, įgyvendinamos institucijos veiklos ir dalyvių. Lietuvos savivaldybės atsižvelgdamos į interneto svetainės platformos galimybes taiko e. valdžios paslaugas piliečiams, tačiau interakcija tarp piliečių ir vietos valdžios apsiriboja tik individualiomis konsultacijomis. Responsyvumas yra pasiekiamas tik bendraujant asmeniškai. Šiuo atveju, interakcija yra sąlygota atitinkamos savivaldybės darbuotojo turima kompetencija. Reikšminiai žodžiai: komunikacija, interneto svetainės, vietos savivaldybės.The progress of information technology led to the creation and development of e-governance on the Internet. The provision of e-services encourages citizens to visit the municipality website more often and use various e-services. Various e-services and functions provided to citizens are increasing on the websites of Lithuanian municipalities, so it becomes important to discuss the communication between local authorities and citizens in the virtual digital space. The interaction between local government and citizens influences the political decisions made in the community. Websites represent the image of a political institution in the public digital space. The article aims to assess the applicability of the model of assessing the quality of Lithuanian municipality websites. It defines the main participants in the model of evaluating websites of political institutions and the evaluation criteria that determine the quality of the website. In the theoretical part, models for assessing the quality of online websites are analysed, and the research methodology is defined. Then, a qualitative study of the websites of Lithuanian municipalities is conducted. The article uses analysis of scientific sources and content analysis. The result of the research is the model of assessing the quality of Lithuanian municipality websites, which helps explain the implemented functions and reveal the interaction between the local government and citizens. The assessment of websites is ambiguous, as it depends on the type of website, the activities of the institution implemented, and the participants. Considering the possibilities of the website platform, Lithuanian municipalities use e-mail government services to citizens. The interaction between citizens and local authorities is limited to individual consultations. Responsiveness can only be achieved through personal communication. In this case, the interaction is conditioned by the competence of the employee of the relevent municipality. Keywords: communication, websites, local municipalities
The Perceptions of sexual harassment among adolescents of four European countries
No full textSexual harassment is a crucial public health issue among adolescents. In order to develop school health promotion programs, there is a need to involve adolescents themselves paying particular attention to their perceptions, beliefs, attitudes and practices. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the adolescents’ perceptions about sexual harassment as well as the ways it could be prevented. Four focus groups were conducted during an online “camp” in autumn 2021, facilitated by members of SHEHAP project research team. Participants were secondary school students from Finland, Greece, Lithuania and Portugal. The qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. Concerning how participants perceive sexual harassment, the themes that emerged were: physically expressed sexual harassment; verbally expressed sexual harassment; virtually expressed sexual harassment; violation of self-determination. Virtual environment; school environment; public environment; familiar environment, were identified as the places where sexual harassment may occur. Finally, in regard to the participants’ views on the prevention of sexual harassment, the following themes emerged: youth education; adult education aiming teachers and parents; professional, peer and family support; official consequences; health education methods. The findings of the current study can be used for the development of school-based programs aiming to prevent sexual harassment among adolescents. Keywords: sexual harassment; secondary schools; adolescents; prevention; health promotion
Application of judicial mediation in civil law: theory and practice
No full textThe relevance of this study. Judicial mediation is a method of organized dispute resolution procedures in civil and administrative cases, to reach a peaceful solution with the agreement of both parties to the dispute. The legalization of judicial mediation provides additional opportunities for the parties to the dispute not only to settle the dispute amicably, but also has more potential benefits for both sides of the dispute, looking for a favorable solution, which can be confirmed by a mutual settlement agreement. Due to these advantages, the use of this alternative method of dispute resolution is growing both in Lithuania and around the world. The main problems. 1. Does the legal regulation of judicial mediation meet the goals of the mediation institute and the process participants? 2. What are the conditions for applying judicial mediation in court practice? 3. How is the transfer of a legal dispute to judicial mediation, the conciliation of the parties to the dispute by the mediation institute and the approval of the settlement agreement treated in court practice? 4. What is the relationship between judicial mediation and judicial mediation applied in European Union countries? 5. What features of legal regulation of judicial mediation of foreign countries can be integrated in judicial mediation procedures in Lithuania? The following tasks: 1. To analyze the concept of judicial mediation institute. 2. To discuss the conditions of application of judicial mediation and its procedure. 3. To compare the regulation of judicial mediation in the countries of the European Union. 4. To analyze the application of judicial mediation in Lithuanian court practice. The aim of this work: to perform a comparative analysis of the regulation of judicial mediation in Lithuania and foreign countries. In order to determine possible changes/improvements in the legal regulation of the implementation of the Lithuanian Institute of Judicial Mediation, based on examples of good practice in foreign countries and the practice of domestic courts. The used methodology: the document analysis method was used to analyze the legal acts of the Republic of Lithuania; the method of systematic analysis was used to combine different opinions of authors, legal acts, court practice; the comparative method was used to compare the regulation of judicial mediation in Lithuania and the countries of the European Union. Keywords: mediation, judicial mediation, judicial mediation model, judicial mediation practice
Interwar actress: from the stage to the screen
No full textĮvairiais laikotarpiais aktorių padėtis buvo svarstoma, kritikuojama ir nuolat aptarinėjama. Dirbdama ir siekdama įsitvirtinti rinkoje, kurioje dominavo vyrai, aktorė labiau buvo vertinama už savo išorines savybes, buvo pažeidžiama ir įžeidžiama stereotipiniais įsitikinimais bei prielaidomis. Jau XIX a. pab. sėkminga aktorė tampa ikona ir susižavėjimo objektu, o tarpukariu artistas (-ė) atsiduria visuotinio dėmesio ir susidomėjimo centre, itin dažnai sutinkamas (-a) ne tik viešojoje, bet ir kitoje erdvėje – žurnale, laikraštyje, fotografijoje, ekrane. Tapo įprasta atskleisti aktorių profesinio ir kasdienio gyvenimo užkulisius. Atsirado ne tik teatro, bet ir kino aktorė, kurios profesinis pobūdis, matomumas ir populiarumas skyrėsi nuo teatro aktorių. Remiantis moksline literatūra ir archyviniais šaltiniais, gretinant pasaulinius ir Lietuvos pavyzdžius pristatoma aktorės fenomeno raida ir pokyčiai įžymybių kultūros, įvaizdžio kūrimo strategijų ir kino įtakos teatro aktorės recepcijai kontekste. Raktažodžiai: aktorė, įžymybių kultūra, „žvaigždžių sistema“, Holivudas, tarpukaris.In different periods, when the actresses appeared on stage, their position was considered, criticised, and constantly discussed. While working and trying to establish herself in a male-dominated market and valued more for her external qualities, the actress was vulnerable and hurt by stereotypical beliefs and assumptions. Ever since a woman first stepped onto the stage, there has been debate about how society should accept her, what she should look like, and how she should behave. Although the mainstream opinion claimed that respectable women did not choose the acting profession, in the nineteenth century a successful actress already became an icon and an object of admiration. The twentieth century brought different changes to the society by popularising photography, cinema, and mass culture, which had a significant effect on the visual representation and reception of women in general and women performers in particular. Therefore, being always in the public eye, the theatre actress encountered a new challenge of representation – the film star. The article aims at presenting the representational changes associated with the emergence of mass culture and the star system, image-building strategies, and the impact of the emergence of cinema. Keywords: actress, star system, Hollywood, celebrity culture, interwar
Comparative analysis of Western Ukrainian and Lithuanian folk towels
No full textA comparative analysis of traditional western Ukrainian and Lithuanian towels provides rich material for new creative inspirations, as well as diversification of individual and mass-produced interior textiles, and also visualizes historical ties between the two countries. Therefore, the objective of the article is to analyse the weaving techniques that prevail in the creation of towel decor, to determine the artistic and stylistic parameters of Ukrainian and Lithuanian towels and to establish the common and unique features of their decor. The techniques of plain and twill weaving, the latter of which could obtain simple textured patterns on the canvas, were widespread in both countries. Various weaving compositions were obtained by the pick-up techniques of weaving, the overshot, and the damask weaving technique, which was much more widespread in Lithuania than in the western part of Ukraine. Keywords traditional towels of the western part of Ukraine and Lithuania, weaving technique, ornamental motifs
Students enjoyment in physical education, perceived athletic competence and learning environment in physical education
No full textNemaža dalis vaikų ir paauglių nesilaiko fizinio aktyvumo rekomendacijų, o sėdimas ir neaktyvus elgesys tęsiasi nuo vaikystės iki paauglystės ir pilnametystės. Fizinis ugdymas mokykloje dėl savo prieinamumo visiems mokinimas yra ypač reikšmingas ir gali sustiprinti mokinių vidinę motyvaciją ir įsitraukimą į fizinio aktyvumo veiklas. Svarbiais motyvaciniais veiksniais, didinančiais mokinių įsitraukimą į fizinio aktyvumo veiklas, laikomas malonumo patyrimas dalyvaujant fizinio aktyvumo veiklose ir suvokiama sportinė kompetencija. Fizinio ugdymo kontekste ypač pabrėžiama aukšto lygio suvoktos savo kompetencijos svarba, nes kuo mokinys jausis kompetentingesnis fizinio ugdymo srityje, tuo didesnė tikimybė, kad jis labiau norės dalyvauti fizinio ugdymo veiklose. Šio tyrimo tikslas buvo atskleisti 7–10 klasių merginų ir vaikinų patiriamą malonumą dalyvaujant fizinio ugdymo pamokose, suvokiamą sportinę kompetenciją bei nustatyti, kaip tai susiję su fizinio ugdymo pamokos aplinkos kintamaisiais. Tyrime dalyvavo 799 Vilniaus miesto mokyklų 7–10 klasių mokiniai, iš jų 379 (47,4 proc.) vaikinai ir 420 (52,6 proc.) merginų. Duomenys buvo renkami taikant anoniminės anketinės apklausos metodą. Taikyta Suvoktos sportinės kompetencijos skalė (angl. Athletic competence; Self perception profile for adolescents), Suinteresuotumo / Malonumo skalė (angl. Interest/Enjoyment, Intrinsic Motivation Inventory) ir ESE modelio mokinių atsiliepimų apklausos trumpoji versija (angl. ESE Model Student Feedback Survey, short version). Statistinė duomenų analizė parodė, kad vaikinai geriau negu merginos vertino savo sportinę kompetenciją, labiau mėgavosi fizinio ugdymo pamokomis bei aukštesniais balais vertino fizinio ugdymo pamokos aplinkos dimensijas, susijusias ir su mokymu, ir su turiniu, planavimu, vertinimu. Aukštesniųjų klasių mokiniai lyginant su jaunesniais mokiniais geriau vertino savo sportinę kompetenciją bei su turiniu, planavimu, vertinimu susijusią ugdymo(si) aplinkos dimensiją. Nustatyti koreliaciniai ryšiai tarp tirtų kintamųjų parodė, kad merginų imtyje šių rodiklių sąsajos yra stipresnės negu vaikinų imtyje. Tai rodo, kad siekiant didesnio paauglių, ypač merginų, įsitraukimo į fizinį aktyvumą, fizinio ugdymo pamokos aplinka turėtų būti nukreipta į geros psichologinės savijautos užtikrinimą, pozityvių emocijų išgyvenimą, tai didintų mokinių pasitikėjimą savo kompetencija ir stiprintų ketinimus būti fiziškai aktyviems visą gyvenimą. Raktažodžiai: sportinė kompetencija, mokymo aplinka, fizinis ugdymas, mokymas, malonumas.High numbers of children and teenagers do not comply with physical activity recommendations. Sedentary and inactive behaviours continues from childhood through adolescence and adulthood. Physical education at school, due to its accessibility to all, is particularly significant and can strengthen students’ intrinsic motivation and involvement in physical activity activities. The experience of pleasure in participating in physical activities and perceived sports competence are considered important motivational factors that increase students’ involvement in physical activity activities. In the context of physical education, the importance of a high level of perceived self-competence is particularly emphasized, because the more competent a student feels in the field of physical education, the more likely he will be more willing to participate in physical education activities. The purpose of this study was to reveal the pleasure experienced by girls and boys in grades 7-10th in participating in physical education classes, their perceived athletic competence, and to determine how it is related to the physical education class environment. 799 7th-10th grade students of Vilnius city schools participated in the study, of which 379 (47.4 %) were boys, 420 (52.6 %) were girls. Data were collected using an anonymous questionnaire survey method, using instruments as follows: Athletic competence: Self-perception profile for adolescents; Interest / Enjoyment, Intrinsic Motivation Inventory and ESE Model Student Feedback Survey, short version. Statistical analysis of the data showed that boys rated their athletic competence better than girls, enjoyed physical education lessons more, and rated the environmental dimensions of physical education lessons with higher scores, related to teaching, content, planning, and evaluation. Compared to younger students, older students rated their athletic competence better and the dimension of the educational environment related to content, planning, and evaluation. The established correlations between the studied variables showed that in the sample of girls, the links between these indicators are stronger than in the sample of boys. This shows that in order to increase the involvement of teenagers, especially girls, in physical activity, the environment of the physical education class should be aimed at ensuring a good psychological well-being, experiencing positive emotions, which would increase students’ confidence in their competence and strengthen their intentions to be physically active throughout their lives. Keywords: athletic competence, learning environment, physical education, teaching, enjoyment
What drove the rise in bank lending rates in Lithuania during the low-rate era?
No full textWhile Euro area interest rates were responding to accommodative monetary policy and decreasing throughout 2015-2019, in stark contrast, Lithuania’s bank lending rates increased. Although the rates dropped slightly around the onset of the pandemic, they are still elevated and well above the EA figures. This paper asks the question: what were the drivers of such interest rate dynamics in Lithuania? By analysing the historical events and practical aspects of loan pricing in Lithuania’s banking industry, we build an empirical model that exploits lending rate variation across banks, time and lending segments, and maps it to different drivers of pricing. We find that the recent changes in lending rates can be attributed to average bank margins, which moved largely in response to changes in market concentration. Keywords: interest rates; loan pricing; banking; concentration; capital requirements