“Lituanistika”, International Research Database
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Petras Mikolainis - knygnešys, leidėjas, publicistas
No full textAnot Vytauto Merkio, lietuvių tautinio atgimimo kontekste knygnešių laikai yra ryškiausi pasipriešinimo rusifikacijai puslapiai. Tai ir veiksnys, ugdęs lietuvių tautos savimonę. Ją brandino ir tautinių veiksmų programą kristalizavo savoji spauda, kurią kūrė ir leido lietuvių inteligentija.2 Vienas iš šių liaudies inteligentų buvo knygnešys, leidėjas, publicistas, vadovėlių autorius, lietuviškų laikraščių redaktorius Petras Mikolainis (Motiejus Noveskis), kurio korespondencija yra saugoma Lietuvos ir užsienio („Vienybės“ archyve Niujorke, JAV) archyvuose ir bibliotekose. Knygoje „Knygnešys, leidėjas, publicistas Petras Mikolainis (1868–1934) laiškuose ir atsiminimuose“ pirmą kartą publikuojama dalis korespondencijos
Raflection of Russia's aggresion against Ukraine in the 2023 local authority elections in Lithuania
No full textNors tiesioginiai merų rinkimai buvo viena didžiausių pastarojo dešimtmečio Lietuvos politinės sistemos reformų, paskatinusi 2022 m. Lietuvos Respublikos Seimą balsuoti dėl Konstitucijos, tačiau ši tema ir savivaldos rinkimai apskritai kol kas Lietuvos politologų dėmesio sulaukia tik epizodiškai. Tarp negausių politologinių tyrimų savivaldos tematika dar mažiau dėmesio tenka studijoms, nagrinėjančioms kandidatų į merus bei savivaldybių tarybas programas. Šio straipsnio tikslas yra iš dalies užpildyti žiojinčią spragą, analizuojant vieno didžiausių pastarojo meto įvykių – Rusijos agresijos Ukrainoje atspindžius 2023 m. merų bei savivaldybių tarybų rinkimuose. Siekiant šio tikslo išnagrinėti visose 60 Lietuvos savivaldybių vykę merų ir savivaldybių tarybų narių rinkimai. Taikant kiekybinę turinio analizę išanalizuotos visų kandidatų į merus ir savivaldybių VRK skelbiamos rinkiminės programos. Surinkti empiriniai duomenys leido politines organizacijas bei vyravusias temas skirstyti į blokus. Atlikta analizė atskleidė, kad, nepaisant didelio visuomenės susidomėjimo Rusijos agresija Ukrainoje bei savivaldybių pareigos rūpintis civiline sauga, daugelyje iš nagrinėtų savivaldybių ši tema liko išvis neminėta. Be to, didesnis dėmesys saugumo klausimams nepadėjo politikams laimėti rinkimų. Galiausiai didesniu aktyvumu komunikuojant apie saugumą pasižymėjo tos politinės organizacijos, kurių nacionaliniu lygmeniu dažniausiai nesame linkę sieti su saugumo tematika. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Rusija, Ukraina, grėsmė, meras, savivaldybės taryba, kandidatas, rinkimai, partija.Even though direct elections of mayors have been one of the biggest changes in the political system of Lithuania, this reform and the local authority elections has remained terra incognita for Lithuanian political scientists. We have a very small number of studies that analyse political life at a local authority level. Moreover, there are no studies focused on the election programmes of candidates who seek to be elected as mayors or council members. Besides, the geopolitical situation in Eastern Europe changed dramatically after the Russian invasion of Ukraine. These dramatic changes are extremely important to residents of Lithuania, who live near an aggressive state. The situation has been revealed by Eurobarometer polls and Google Trends statistical analyses. The importance of geopolitical threats requires united efforts to deal with the new geopolitical challenges. To some extent, local level leaders should also take on a role in this process. This responsibility is related to local government law, which claims that local authorities are responsible for civil security initiatives. The Economic Theory of Democracy claims that politicians will offer policy initiatives that were asked for by voters. Therefore, it is useful to analyse how the geopolitical risks were represented in political programmes by local politicians. To do this, I focused on four main tasks: first, to identify what kind of topics were mentioned in the political programmes of local politicians, second, to identify how different communication was on the security topics by local authorities, third, to evaluate how different communication was among different political groups, and, fourth, to evaluate how intense communication on security issues affected candidates’ chances of being elected. I achieved these goals after careful analyses of 60 local authorities with the help of the quantative content analysis method. The careful analysis of all the candidates’ political programmes, which were published by the Election Commission of Lithuania, demonstrated unexpected results. First, the main statements which were found in political programmes varied from a simple mention of the current political situation, which was most common among TS-LKD candidates, to very specific statements and initiatives. For instance, the LVŽS talked about the need for coordinating the actions of Nato air police and local authorities. Second, there was no mention of security aspects in 25 out of 60 local authorities. Examples of this are the Mažeikiai district local authority and the Švenčionys district local authority. Moreover, only in 18 local authorities were security questions mentioned more than twice. Third, despite the fact that the TS-LKD is the most active promoter of security topics at a national level, at a local level the party was less active than the LS, LRP and LSDP parties. Finally, those politicians who focused on security questions were not so successful in elections. A total of 27 candidates to positions of mayor and 26 lists of candidates to the council failed to get through to the second round of elections, while only nine candidates for the position of mayor and seven lists of candidates to the council did. Those candidates who were successful were mayors who sought reelection as parliamentarians who were elected to the parliament by the citizens of that local authority. Keywords: Russia, Ukraine, threat, mayor, local authority council, candidate, elections, party
Transport risks in the supply chains - post COVID-19 challenges
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic has caused major disruptions in global supply chains with unforeseen and unpredictable consequences. However, the pandemic was not the only reason why supply chain risk management has become more crucial than ever before. In the last decade, the occurrence of previously merely theoretical risks has emphasised the importance of risk management in supply chains. This has increased interest in risk assessment and management, COVID-19 and other disaster impact studies and proposals for more stable and resilient supply chains. This article addresses the problem of transport risk in supply chains in the context of COVID-19. Particular attention is paid to quantitative approaches. Identifying and quantifying risks and modelling their interde pendencies contribute to the stability of the supply chains. The analysis presents the current state of knowledge and can serve as a guide for further research. It highlights transport risk management in supply chain management as an important area of investigation. In light of the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, the article proposes an approach to transportation risk assessment based on quantitative assessment and interconnection of risk factors. Keywords: supply chain, logistics, risk, management, COVID-19, transport, assessment, Data Envelopment Analysis
The Legal position of the trustee and the terms of succession to familial fideicommissa in light of the litigation surrounding the Radziwiłł princes' entailed estates during the interwar period
No full textThis article is devoted to an institution of European civil law known as familial fideicommissa, through which the status of familial estates could be modified to protect a particular family’s position and wealth. In this system, ownership of the estate was transferred to the whole family, and one male member was appointed as a ‘trustee’. The assets of this property were not subjected to standard inheritance law provisions and were excluded from other general civil law rules, and the trustee was not allowed to sell the estate, burden it with debt, or include it in his will. The article focuses on practical aspects of the functioning of familial fideicommissa in the interwar period. The author analyses five court cases associated with three instances of fideicommissa from the Radziwłł family, which are reconstructed from historical archival documents deponed in the Lithuanian State Archive in Vilnius. The author focuses on highlighting problems in the interpretation and implementation of the legal provisions of the Third Lithuanian Statute (1588) and the Digest of Laws of the Russian Empire (1832) on familial fideicommissa by Polish courts. Keywords: history of civil law, familial fideicommissa, Third Lithuanian Statute (1588), Digest of Laws of the Russian Empire (1832), court case files, case study, interwar Poland, Radziwiłł family
Geopolitical factors in the formation of a new school of criminalistics in the Intermarium region of Europe
No full textThe idea of an alliance between Central and Eastern Europe and parts of the Balkans, otherwise known as the Intermarium or the Three Seas Initiative, is not a new one, but it has been given new impetus in our time as this region has developed substantial common interests – not only in the political and economic spheres, but also in other areas. If we look at the idea of the Intermarium, or more specifically the Three Seas concept, we see that 12 European Union countries are formally involved (Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia). Greece was admitted to the Alliance in Bucharest in September 2023, while Ukraine and Moldova became associate members. In April 2024, an Intermarium Summit took place in Vilnius where important resolutions were adopted, including on security. The division of criminalistics into four main traditional schools (Germanic, Romance, Anglo-Saxon and Eastern European) which emerged in the second stage of its development in the 20th century is well known. There are no purely national ‘schools of criminalistics’, since each country is in the process of analysing the positive experiences (scientific and applied) of other countries and adapting them to its own purposes. This scientific term is therefore significant first and foremost as a basis for scientific classification, but also reflects the geopolitical vectors of each country. In regard to the development of a specific science such as criminalistics in the context of public security, we need to consider the influence of various factors on this process. In each country, criminalistics, as both a science and an applied field, begins based on the paradigms of one of the main schools before being further saturated with national content. The latter process depends not only on the existing law and its doctrine, the functioning system of law enforcement institutions, and the economic and social conditions, but also on the history, culture, traditions, and geopolitics of the country. The aim of this article, written by authors from three Intermarium countries, is to show, on the basis of an analysis of the most important developments in the forensic sciences of the countries of Eastern and Central Europe in recent decades, the prerequisites for the formation of a new school of criminalistics in the Intermarium countries. It also seeks to provide insights into the future directions of this process in the context of geopolitical changes. Keywords: criminalistics, public security, geopolitics, Lithuania, Eastern and Central Europe, Intermarium, The Three Seas Initiative, criminalistics schools, new school of criminalistics
The Statutory exit right of a minority shareholder in a private limited company under Lithuanian and Bulgarian company law
No full textThis article focuses on the statutory exit right of a minority shareholder in a private limited company in two countries – Lithuania and Bulgaria – by exploring two interconnected aspects with equal practical significance: conditions for its exercise and the terms for the calculation of the exit payment. The paper emphasises that both legal frameworks employ conceptually different legal techniques that limit withdrawal from a private limited company, i.e., by providing either for a narrowly drafted exit right and therefore directly limiting the exit of the minority shareholder, as is the case in Lithuania, or by establishing a general right of exit against limited cash compensation which impedes withdrawal in an indirect way, as is the case in Bulgaria. The article concludes that there is room for significant improvement in both countries when it comes to regulating the exit right of a minority shareholder in a private limited company. Keywords: private limited company, minority shareholder, exit right, exit in no-conflict situation, shareholder disputes
The Implementation of mandatory family mediation schemes in the context of the Istanbul Convention
No full textThe global rise in domestic violence has promted international preventive efforts such as the Istanbul Convention, which bans mandatory alternative dispute resolution for all forms of violence. This created a challenge in aligning public justice policies and balancing mandatory mediation schemes with adequate victim protection. This article seeks to offer an in-depth analysis of the main concerns in the implementation of mandatory family mediation in domestic violence cases in the context of the Istanbul Convention, and to provide an overview of some of the practical solutions that can be deployed to overcome these issues. This research commences with a review of the existing scientific literature and an overview of international regulation in the field of the application of mediation in the context of domestic violence, focusing primarily on the provisions of the Istanbul Convention. This is followed by a comparative study that considers the national legislation of Lithuania, Bulgaria and Ukraine in order to highlight differences in the application of mediation in domestic violence cases and to determine how the Istanbul Convention has influenced mediation practices in the selected countries. This reveals that compliance with the prohibition on mandatory mediation in the Istanbul Convention has an impact on the level of protection afforded to domestic violence victims, but does not guarantee it per se, thus contributing to uncertainty regarding how victims will be treated during mediation. Additional guidelines, standards or protocols should be employed to assist mediators in determining domestic violence and in tailoring the mediation process accordingly. It is therefore strongly suggested that, to ensure effective measures for the protection of victims of violence, additional national legislation should be adopted to screen for signs of violence in mandatory mediation and to propose specific approaches to the necessary steps to be taken in mediation in the context of domestic violence. Keywords: family mediation, mandatory mediation, domestic violence, screening, Istanbul Conventio
Apie evidenciją ir deskripciją E. Husserlio fenomenologijoje
No full textStraipsnio tikslas – išryškinti tokių pamatinių fenomenologinio tyrimo momentų kaip evidencija ir deskripcija pobūdį bei tarpusavio santykį. Pirmiausia bandoma atkreipti dėmesį į to santykio ambivalentišką pobūdį. Viena vertus, tiek evidencija, tiek deskripcija susijusios su Edmundo Husserlio pastanga „grįžti prie pačių daiktų“. Evidenciją fenomenologijos kūrėjas supranta kaip tokį santykį su objektu, kai to objekto prasmė yra betarpiškai mums duota pačiame objekte. O štai deskripcija leidžia išvengti to, kas būdinga bet kokiai į aiškinimą orientuotai metodologijai – tiriamo dalyko „pavadavimo“ jį aiškinančia rekonstrukcija. Tam tikras prieštaravimas tarp fenomenologinės evidencijos ir fenomenologinės deskripcijos išryškėja tada, kai atsižvelgiame į teksto, kuriame aprašyta evidencijos patirtis, recepciją. Dažniausiai išleidžiama iš akių tai, kad evidencija, kurios turinį sudaro skaitomas tekstas, nėra evidencija, kurios turinys yra tekste aprašytas fenomenas. Tokia painiava lemia, kad nusigręžiama nuo „pačių daiktų“ ir fenomenologija apsiriboja tekstų sritimi. Išvengti tokios deformacijos turi padėti fenomenologinė redukcija, kurią turi atlikti ne tik fenomenologas-tyrėjas, bet ir fenomenologinės patirties deskripciją pateikiančių tekstų skaitytojas. Raktažodžiai: Edmundas Husserlis, fenomenologinė redukcija, evidencija, deskripcija, raštasThe aim of this article is to highlight the nature of the fundamental moments of phenomenological research, such as evidence and description, and the ambivalence of their relationship to each other. On the one hand, both evidence and description are related to Husserl’s attempt to ‘return to the things themselves’. Evidence is understood by the founder of phenomenology as a relation to an object in which the meaning of that object is given to us immediately in the object itself. Description, on the other hand, avoids what is characteristic of any interpretation-oriented methodology: the ‘substitution’ of an explanatory reconstruction for the object under study. A certain discrepancy between phenomenological evidence and phenomenological description becomes apparent when we take into account the reception of the text in which the experience of the evidence is described. What is usually overlooked is that an experience whose content is the text being read is not an experience whose content is the phenomenon described in the text. This confusion leads to a turning away from ‘the things themselves’ and a restriction of phenomenology to the realm of texts. The way to avoid this deformation is through a phenomenological reduction, which must be carried out not only by the phenomenologist-researcher but also by the reader of the texts that provide a description of phenomenological experience. Keywords: Husserl, phenomenological reduction, evidence, description, writing
Kavolian sociology of freedom and its aspects
No full textŽymus Lietuvos sociologas Vytautas Kavolis visą akademinę karjerą plačiai tyrinėjo laisvės klausimą, nors ir nenaudojo „laisvės sociologijos“ pavadinimo. Jo daugiamatė analizė apėmė politines institucijas, kultūros normas, istorinę evoliuciją ir globalias perspektyvas, atskleisdama sudėtingą visuomenės struktūrų ir asmens laisvių sąveiką. Šiame straipsnyje politinės sociologijos požiūriu, išskaidant laisvės ir jos apraiškų įvairiuose visuomenės kontekstuose supratimą, bandoma kristalizuoti V. Kavolio sociologinius rėmus. V. Kavolio tarpdisciplininis požiūris, metodologinis originalumas ir reflektyvi analizė prisidėjo prie gilaus visuomenės laisvėjimo dinamikos ir galios santykių tyrinėjimo, metė iššūkį nusistovėjusioms paradigmoms ir pasisakė už įtraukesnę ir teisingesnę visuomenę. Jo įžvalgos tebėra aktualios šiandienei Lietuvai, išgyvenančiai postsovietinį virsmą ir susiduriančiai su globaliais iššūkiais. Raktažodžiai: V. Kavolis, politinė sociologija, socialinės struktūros, modernizacija, individo laisvė, tarpdiscipliniškumas.Vytautas Kavolis, a prominent Lithuanian sociologist, extensively explored the concept of freedom throughout his academic career, albeit not explicitly under the label of ‘sociology of freedom’. His multidimensional analysis spanned political institutions, cultural norms, historical evolution, and global perspectives, shedding light on the intricate interplay between societal structures and individual freedoms. This article delves into Kavolis’ sociological framework through a political sociology lens, dissecting his nuanced understanding of freedom and its manifestations in various societal contexts. Kavolis’ interdisciplinary approach, methodological originality, and reflexive analysis contributed to a profound exploration of societal liberation and power relations, challenging established paradigms and advocating for a more inclusive and just society. His insights remain relevant today, offering valuable insights into the complex dynamics of social structures and individual agency. Keywords: Kavolis, political sociology, social structures, modernisation, individual freedom, interdisciplinarit
Social inclusion of recovering addictive persons
No full textSveikstantys priklausomi asmenys, baigę reabilitacijos programas, dažnai susiduria su socialinio įsitraukimo sunkumais, taip pat neretai nepajėgia tęsti reabilitacijoje pradėto sveikimo proceso ir patiria atkryčius. Todėl aktualu ieškoti, kokie veiksniai daro įtaką sėkmingam socialiniam įsitraukimui. Straipsnyje keliamas klausimas, kaip reabilitaciją prieš 1–3 mėnesius baigę sveikstantys priklausomi asmenys (priklausomi nuo alkoholio, narkotinių medžiagų ir (arba) kompulsyvaus lošimo) praktikoje pritaiko reabilitacijoje išmoktus įgūdžius ir perduotas galimas prisitaikymo schemas. Empiriniai tyrimo duomenys atskleidžia, kad pirminės socialinio įsitraukimo strategijos dažniausiai grindžiamos reabilitacijos metu išmoktais suvokimais ir įgūdžiais. Tačiau tokių strategijų realizavimas yra veikiamas individualių aplinkybių, todėl reabilitacijoje akcentuojamos socialinio įsitraukimo strategijos neretai yra papildomos asmeninių įžvalgų padiktuotais prisitaikymo aspektais. Tekste remiamasi vienoje Lietuvos priklausomų asmenų reabilitacijos institucijų atlikto etnografinio tyrimo duomenimis, surinktais taikant dalyvaujančio stebėjimo, neformalių pokalbių, pusiau struktūruotų interviu metodus. Raktažodžiai: priklausomybė, sveikstantys priklausomieji, reabilitacija, socialinis įsitraukimas.Recovering addicts often face difficulties with social inclusion after completing rehabilitation programmes. This paper asks how recovering addicts who have completed rehabilitation 1–3 months earlier put into practice the skills learned in rehabilitation and the possible adaptation schemes transmitted. Empirical findings reveal that primary social inclusion strategies are mostly based on perceptions and skills learned during rehabilitation. However, the implementation of such strategies is influenced by individual circumstances, so that the social inclusion strategies emphasised in rehabilitation are often complemented by adaptive aspects dictated by personal insights. The text is based on ethnographic research conducted in one of the Lithuanian rehabilitation institutions for addicted persons, which was gathered using participant observation, informal interviews and semi-structured interviews. Keywords: addiction, recovering addicts, rehabilitation, social inclusio