“Lituanistika”, International Research Database
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Divide between Lithuanian intellectuals on the geopolitical thesis of the "Return to the West": applying Heidegger’s perspective of ontological anxiety
No full textŠiame multidisciplininiame straipsnyje integruojama geopolitika ir ontologinis nerimas, taikant Heideggerio Būties filosofiją. Nurodomos ir analizuojamos įvairios Lietuvos intelektualų perspektyvos, siejamos su geopolitine „grįžimo į Vakarus“ teze. Kai kurie intelektualai traktuoja, jog toks geopolitinis posūkis, žlugus Sovietų Sąjungai, kenkia Lietuvos suverenumui. Tačiau straipsnio autorius argumentuoja, kad Rusijos karinės agresijos akivaizdoje Lietuvai išskirtinai svarbu būti integruotai į NATO ir Europos Sąjungą. Būdama artimoje kaimynystėje su Rusija ir Baltarusija, šalis patiria nerimą, jaučiasi ontologiškai nesaugi, nes supranta, kad valstybės egzistencija trapi. Taip nuo regionistikos ir geopolitikos pereinama prie Būties filosofijos. Tekste klausiama: ar galima Heideggerio veikalą Būtis ir laikas taikyti ne tik individui, bet ir valstybei? Ontologinio nesaugumo klausimas nebūtinai turi būti apribotas individualaus asmens gyvenimo projektu. Straipsnio autorius perkelia ontologinio nesaugumo problematiką iš asmeninio mikrolygmens į valstybinį makrolygmenį, aptardamas suverenios valstybės Būties išsaugojimą. Jeigu individas, kaip Heideggerio čia-būtis (vok. Dasein), patiria buvimą link mirties, tuomet ir valstybė gali būti link savo mirties. Mirtis Heideggerio egzistencinėje filosofijoje nėra kažkur „ten“ – ji esti paraleliai Būčiai. Taip pat ir valstybė, patekusi į karo būklę, patiria paralelinę grėsmę išnykti. Regioninėje periferijoje esančios Baltijos šalys sugebėjo perduoti savo ontologinio nesaugumo savivoką į Europos Sąjungos ir NATO centrus. Taip Lietuva, egzistuojanti periferijoje, tapo matoma ir reprezentatyvi. Tačiau visa tai įvyko dėl ontologinio nesaugumo. Jeigu Lietuva nebūtų suformulavusi geopolitinės ir civilizacinės krypties „grįžti į Vakarus“, kai paskelbė antrąją savo nepriklausomybę, šiandien būtų sunku išreikšti savo ontologinį nerimą Rusijos karinės grėsmės akivaizdoje. Raktažodžiai: ontologinis nerimas ir nesaugumas, „grįžimo į Vakarus“ tezė, Būtis.The article consists of a multidisciplinary approach as it integrates geopolitics and ontological anxiety by applying Heidegger’s philosophy of being. Different perspectives of Lithuanian intellectuals on the geopolitical thesis of “return to the West” are presented and analysed. Some intellectuals consider such a geopolitical turn after the collapse of the Soviet Union to be detrimental to Lithuania’s sovereignty, but the author argues that in the face of Russia’s military aggression it is crucial to be integrated into NATO and the EU. Because of Lithuania’s ontological anxiety and insecurity in its close neighbourhood with Russia and Belarus, the state of Lithuania is experiencing the fragility of its existence. The author moves from regional studies and geopolitics to the philosophy of being. The author asks whether Heidegger’s book Being and Time can be applied not only to an individual, but also to the understanding of the existence of a state? The question of ontological anxiety and uncertainty does not have to be limited to the life project of a single person. The author of the article transfers the question of ontological anxiety from the personal micro-level to the macro-level of the Lithuanian state, where the preservation of its existence is discussed. If Heidegger’s Dasein experiences personal Being towards death, then, by the same token, a state can also exist towards its death. Just as death in Heidegger’s existential philosophy is not somewhere “out there”, but seems to exist in a parallel to Being, so too the loss of a state’s sovereignty in war is a potential threat that exists in a parallel every day. The Baltic states, existing in the regional periphery, have managed to transmit their self-awareness of ontological insecurity to the centres of the European Union and NATO. In this way, the existence of the Baltic states in the periphery has become visible and representable, but it stems from ontological insecurity. If Lithuania had not formulated its geopolitical and civilisational direction for its “return to the West” after the collapse of the Soviet Union, it would be difficult today to broadcast the state’s ontological anxiety not to perish in the face of the militaristic threat from Russia. Key Words: ontological anxiety and insecurity, the thesis of „the Return to the West“, Being
Organisational commitment and organisational cynicism as feedback signals: from zero to substantive CSR
No full textCorporate social responsibility (CSR) declared by organisations can be understood as a specific signal sent to stakeholders. However, social responsibility can vary from its complete absence to symbolic or substantive CSR. There is still a lack of knowledge on how employee feedback, manifesting itself by organisational commitment or organisational cynicism, varies depending on the nature of CSR and employee seniority. Therefore, this exploratory study examines how organisational cynicism and organisational commitment manifest themselves in organisations in different situations with regard to CSR. The study was conducted in Lithuania, surveying 981 employees from public and private sector enterprises. Organisations are divided into three groups showing the corresponding level of social responsibility: substantive, symbolic and not CSR. Or ganisational commitment was tested using two different instruments: Organisational Commitment Question naire (OCQ) by Mowday et al. (1979) and an instrument created by Allen and Meyer (1990). Organisational commitment (as in the cases of affective, continuance and normative commitment) was the strongest in the substantive CSR group; and the weakest, in the not CSR group. Employee cynicism showed the opposite result. The same consistency was observed separately in the public and private sectors, with stronger commitment and weaker cynicism found in the public sector. Organisational commitment and cynicism demonstrated by employees emerge as reactions to corporate social responsibility and as a kind of feedback signal sent to persons responsible for organisational management. The results are discussed considering the signalling theory, and their implications for practice are highlighted. Keywords: employee behaviour, corporate social responsibility, organisational commitment, organisational cynicism, employee seniority, employee feedback, public sector, private sector, signalling theory
An Application of creative problem-solving approach in forming public management competencies
No full textModern bureaucratic competencies, such as creativity, innovative problem-solving, and critical thinking, have become essential in contemporary public management due to complex challenges in a wide range of areas, including the economy, social welfare, and the environment. This has led to a greater focus on developing these competencies, through innovative methods like creative problem-solving (CPS) in the training of public management specialists. The aim of this study is to identify specific competencies among public management professionals that can be cultivated through the CPS approach and to explore the critical conditions for its successful implementation. The analysis was conducted at the Military Academy of Lithuania, where CPS techniques have been consistently integrated into public management-related subjects for several years, forming a stable foundation for the in-depth investigation. First, the study examines Lithuania’s legal framework for public management and public management education to implement CPS. Second, a qualitative data analysis of open-ended feedback (n = 199) highlights practical application. The findings reveal that the Lithuanian legal context underscores the importance of fostering creativity and innovation among public managers. Furthermore, the practical integration of CPS into public management curricula promotes modern bureaucratic qualities such as teamwork, critical thinking, problem-solving, creativity, innovation, and leadership. However, effective CPS implementation requires additional curriculum time, a supportive and creative learning environment, and strong teacher and student commitment. These findings underscore CPS’s potential as a valuable tool for cultivating public management competencies. Keywords: creative problem-solving, innovativeness, public management, personnel competencies, Lithuania
The "Common good" and urban crisis management in Early Modern East-Central Europe: the examples of Danzig and Slutsk
No full textThis essay scrutinizes how the notion of the common good was interpreted within two distinct urban communities of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, in Royal Prussia and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Karin Friedrich underscores that while the discourse surrounding the common good held significant weight in Polish–Lithuanian political and moral deliberations, urban culture was largely overlooked. This was primarily due to the prevalent belief in the moral inferiority associated with urban and commercial activities. Despite this, the essay presents two case studies demonstrating how the principle of the common good, or “bonum commune,” was actualized in the Commonwealth’s cities. The examples provided are Danzig (Royal Prussia) during the city’s dispute with King Stephen Báthory and Slutsk (Grand Duchy of Lithuania) during the period of Prince Bogusław Radziwiłł’s ownership. Friedrich demonstrates that the common good was tightly interwoven with self-interest in urban socio-political and economic life. These two values bolstered each other, creating a potential symbiosis between the common good and individual benefit. Attempts to secure the common good were not perceived as sacrifices but as pursuits of prosperity and overall well-being. Keywords Poland–Lithuania – common good – Danzig – Slutsk – Hugo Grotius – urban life
Оцінка споживачами нового продукту в туризмі: лісові купання
No full textRelevance and novelty. The paper examines the benefits of forest environment for human health through forest bathing. Forest bathing has been widely studied in a medical context, as it has been scientifically proven that slow forest bathing boosts the immune system, reduces stress and improves mood, but in the case of tourism this niche has not yet been explored. It should be noted that forest bathing has been extensively studied from a medical perspective, but in the case of tourism this niche has not yet been explored as no scientific articles could be found, so it would be interesting to find out how tourists would perceive this experiential dive into nature. The object of this paper is the practice of forest bathing for tourism consumers. Research problem. It is not clear whether forest bathing would be attractive to tourism consumers. The aim of this paper. To find out the attractiveness of forest bathing as a wellness tourism on the Lithuanian market. Research tasks: 1) to clarify the concept of forest bathing; 2) to analyse the health benefits of forest bathing; 3) to investigate the attractiveness of forest bathing as a health tourism for tourism consumers. Research methodology. In order to achieve the aim and objectives of this study, this work include the analysis and systematisation of scientific literature, which will allow to clarify the perception of forest bathing practices in Lithuania and the world; qualitative research is conducted using a focus group method. The study reveals that the practice of forest bathing would be an attractive niche in wellness tourism. Respondents were positive about the experience, stating that the forest bathing excursion was not only enjoyable and calming, but also informative, and that the knowledge gained made them look at the forest in a different way, stimulating a holistic connection between nature and human health. Keywords: forest bathing, wellnes tourism, forest health benefit, experiential trip to nature
Names of vanished shapes: the iconographic features of the altarpieces at the Vilnius Augustinian church
No full textStraipsnis skirtas Vilniaus Švč. Mergelės Marijos Ramintojos (Paguodos) bažnyčios altorinių paveikslų problematikai. Remiantis žodiniais ir vaizdiniais šaltiniais atkuriama šventovę puošusių paveikslų ikonografija, jų buvimo vietos ir aplinkos detalės bažnyčioje, keliamos kai kurių kūrinių likimo, uždarius bažnyčią, prielaidos. Pagrindinis dėmesys šiame tyrime tenka didįjį altorių puošusiam tituliniam Švč. Mergelės Marijos Paguodos (Ramintojos) paveikslui, kurį galima laikyti Vilniaus augustinų puoselėto marijinio kulto ašimi, taip pat sudėtingu ir daugiasluoksniu tapybą, metalo aptaisus ir kitas puošmenas jungiančiu dariniu, įvairias vėlesnes kartotes aprėpiančiu reiškiniu. Vystant Vlado Drėmos įžvalgas, straipsnyje iškelta prielaida, kad Švč. Mergelės Marijos Paguodos atvaizdas, po 1852 m. perkeltas į Vilniaus Šv. Jono bažnyčios Šv. Stanislovo Kostkos koplyčią, XIX a. pabaigoje – XX a. pradžioje buvo „padalintas ir padaugintas“. Tapybinė jo dalis kartu su aptaisų fragmentais galimai atiteko Vaidotų (Baltosios Vokės) Šv. apaštalo Pauliaus Atsivertimo bažnyčiai, o likusiems aptaisams ant skydo buvo pritaikytas kitas Hodegetrijos tipo paveikslas. Tyrime, sprendžiant Vlado Drėmos iškeltą klausimą apie Kanuto Rusecko paveiksle Lietuvaitė su verbomis (1847) fiksuotą Aušros Vartų Dievo Motinos atvaizdą, keliama prielaida, kad šios ikonografijos kūrinys iš tiesų buvo didžiajame altoriuje po 1844-ųjų atnaujinimo kaip Paguodos paveikslą uždengiantis atvaizdas. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Vilniaus Švč. Mergelės Marijos Paguodos (Ramintojos) bažnyčia, Vilniaus augustinai eremitai, XVIII a. bažnytinė tapyba, Švč. Mergelės Marijos brolijos, Kanutas Ruseckas.The article explores the altarpieces in the Church of Our Lady of Consolation in Vilnius. Drawing insights from 19th-century visitation documents, it provides a comprehensive understanding of the iconography of the altarpieces, presenting the themes of the paintings, their original placement on the altars, and the principles governing the thematic combination of images. The research reveals that the iconography of the altarpieces aligns with Augustinian spirituality, featuring depictions of St. Augustine, St. Monica, St. Nicholas of Tolentine, St. Thomas, and St. Thecla. Simultaneously, it responds to broader thematic trends in 18th-century church art, incorporating saints like St. John Nepomucene, St. Anthony of Padova, and St. Peter, commonly found in many Vilnius church interiors from that period. A particular emphasis in this research is placed on the titular painting of Our Lady of Consolation, situated on the high altar. This painting serves as the focal point of the Marian cult cultivated by the Vilnius Augustinians, a work of a complex and multi-layered nature, which combines painting, metal settings, and other embellishments, and a larger phenomenon that includes various later replicas. Building on the insights of Vladas Drėma, the author of the article proposes a hypothesis that the image of Our Lady of Consolation, relocated to the Chapel of St. Stanislaus Kostka in St. John’s Church after 1852, underwent a process of “division and multiplication” in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The painting part, along with fragments of the settings, potentially found their way to the Church of the Conversion of St. Paul in Vaidotai (Baltoji Vokė). Additionally, another Hodegetria-type painting was likely mounted on the base, adapting it to the remaining settings. The article also addresses a question raised by Drėma regarding the image of Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn in Kanuty Rusiecki’s painting Lithuanian Girl with Palm Sunday Fronds (1847), proposing that a work with this iconography was indeed a painting that concealed the image of Blessed Mary the Comforter in the high altar after the 1844 renovation. Keywords: Church of Our Lady of Consolation (Blessed Mary the Comforter) in Vilnius, Vilnius Augustinian eremites, altarpieces of the Church of Our Lady of Consolation in Vilnius, 18th-century church painting in Lithuania, confraternities of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Lithuania, Kanuty Rusiecki, Vladas Drėma
Multi-layered nature of Aleksander Tarasewicz's engraving series in Fulgentius Dryjacki's prayer book (1682)
No full textStraipsnyje plačiau nagrinėjama Vilniuje 1682 m. atspausdinta knygelė, kuri tiesiogiai susijusi su Vilniaus augustinais. Tai katalikų Bažnyčios reikmėms skirtas augustinų vienuolio Fulgento Dryjackio parengtas maldynas lotynų ir lenkų kalbomis Thesaurus sacratissimae vitae passionis pretiosissimi sanguinis D. n. Iesu Christi in augustissimo Missae sacrificio depositus (Mūsų Viešpaties Jėzaus Kristaus švenčiausiojo gyvenimo, kančios ir brangiausiojo kraujo lobynas, sudėtas prakilniausioje Mišių aukoje), gausiai puoštas išplėtotu šv. Mišių eigos grafikos ciklu, išraižytu dailininko Aleksandro Tarasevičiaus. Tyrime siekiama pasižiūrėti į šią knygą potridentinio pamaldumo aspektu ir išskleisti joje išspausdinto vientiso graviūrų ciklo daugiasluoksniškumą, liudijantį ne vien apie Vilniaus augustinus, bet ir kitas miesto bendruomenes, šv. Mišių eigą ir jų dalyvius. Reikšminiai žodžiai: augustinai, augustinų vienuolynas ir Švč. Mergelės Marijos Ramintojos bažnyčia Vilniuje, Fulgentas Dryjackis, Aleksandras Tarasevičius, grafika, XVII a. LDK dailė.The article delves into an intricate analysis of the prayer book entitled Thesaurus sacratissimae vitae passionis pretiosissimi sanguinis D. n. Iesu Christi in augustissimo Missae sacrificio depositus superiorum permissu, prepared by the Augustinian monk Fulgentius Dryjacki for the Catholic Church’s usage. Published in 1682 in Vilnius, this prayer book was issued in both Latin and Polish versions. It comprises 43 copper engravings, 39 of which form a liturgical allegorical series depicting the Holy Mass, crafted by the artist Aleksander Tarasewicz. Through these engravings, the interior of the church comes to life, portraying a priest’s celebration of the Mass at the altar, while the illustrations intertwine scenes from Christ’s life and suffering with events from the Old Testament. In exploring analogues in the history of European printing, several prints have emerged from Amsterdam and Paris that follow a similar principle, belonging to a graphic series interlacing Christ’s suffering with the progression of the Mass. However, the series from Vilnius stands out for its theological depth. Unlike its counterparts, the Vilnius series not only connects the Mass with episodes from Christ’s life and death but also integrates illustrated readings from the Old Testament, expanding its theological scope significantly. The engravings by Aleksander Tarasewicz in the Vilnius series prominently feature the fusion of text and image, employing emblematic (allegorical) depictions of the liturgy. Many of these motifs draw inspiration from engraving masters in Antwerp, particularly those from liturgical books printed in the first half of the 17th century at the Plantin printing house. These works garnered widespread popularity and dissemination throughout Europe, including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, exerting a significant influence on local artists. Beyond their use in liturgy, these books served as creative prototypes for imagery, enriching the visual landscape of the region. Based on the table presented in the appendix of the article “Explication of the motifs, inscriptions, and prototype images of the illustrations of Aleksander Tarasewicz’s engraving series (1682)” and the discussion of a significant portion of the engravings within this series in terms of their content and compositional structure, it becomes evident that many of them draw upon prototype images or their distinct fragments to construct their theological content. Through the identification of these prototypes, it is apparent that a majority of the engravings in the series incorporate borrowed elements. Hieronymus Natalis’s work, in particular, emerges as a prominent source for both compositions and architectural details, which were instrumental in shaping the narratives depicting the life of Christ. Moreover, to illustrate events from the Old Testament, a considerable number of images are adapted from Jan David’s book Paradisus Sponsi et Sponsae, skilfully transposing them into a new contextual framework. Select elements were borrowed from the engravings of other Dutch artists, indicating how Aleksander Tarasewicz creatively integrated and recontextualized their prototypes into his own illustrations. The identification of these prototype images has facilitated a clearer understanding or re-identification of several iconographic scenes within this series. Furthermore, this research has elucidated the creative approach of the artist Alexander Tarasevich himself, revealing instances where he employed similar compositions, interior fragments, architectural details (such as columns), or individual scenes from existing imagery, thereby enriching Lithuanian Baroque graphics with canonical biblical representations originating from Western Europe and seamlessly integrating them into his work. Keywords: Augustinians, Augustinian Convent and the Church of Our Lady of Conso lation in Vilnius, Fulgentius Dryjacki, Aleksander Tarasewicz, graphic art, 17th-century art of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Painting series The Life of St. Augustine
No full textStraipsnyje analizuojamas iki šiol netyrinėtas paveikslų ciklas Šv. Augustino gyvenimas. Jis atributuojamas, iškeliama hipotezė apie užsakovą. Kaip atskleidė tyrimas, šį ciklą kitados sudarė dešimt paveikslų, iš kurių keturi 2000 m. pateko į Kauno arkivyskupijos muziejų, vienas atrastas privačioje kolekcijoje, keturių buvimo vieta nežinoma, vienas dingęs negrįžtamai. Atvaizdus papildančios inskripcijos leido identifikuoti paveikslų ciklo grafinius pirmavaizdžius, vaizduojamas scenas, jų rašytinius šaltinius, nuosekliai išnagrinėti ikonografiją. Kadangi XX a. pirmoje pusėje šis paveikslų ciklas puošė Žemaičių kunigų seminarijos Didžiąją aulą Kaune, straipsnyje pirmą kartą identifikuojama šios 1895–1957 m. egzistavusios reprezentacinės patalpos tiksli buvimo vieta ir kaita, kartu su paveikslų ciklu užfiksuota archyvinėse nuotraukose. Reikšminiai žodžiai: šv. Augustinas, šv. Monika, Šv. Augustino eremitų ordinas, Žemaičių kunigų seminarija, Kauno arkivyskupijos muziejus.The subject of the article is a yet unexplored series of paintings, The Life of St. Augustine. The author attributes the series and proposes a hypothesis about the patron who commissioned it. Through inscriptions complementing the images, the research successfully identifies the graphic prototypes, depicted scenes, and their written sources, offering a systematic exploration of the iconography. Originally comprising ten paintings, four of the series (No. 2, 3, 8, 10) are currently housed in the Museum of the Kaunas Archdiocese. Another (No. 7) resides in a private collection, No. 9 vanished by the early 20th century, and the whereabouts of the remaining four are unknown. Acquired by the Museum of the Kaunas Archdiocese in 2000 from the Kaunas Priest Seminary, the series had been associated with the seminary since at least the beginning of the 20th century. Archival photos unveil that the paintings of the series adorned the northern wall in the Grand Auditorium of the Samogitian Priest Seminary during the first half of the 20th century. Although this impressive space, established in 1895 on the former site of the northern gallery of the Bernardine cloister, was captured many times in archival photographs, it was demolished in 1957. The article, for the first time, pinpoints the precise location and transformation of this auditorium, recorded in archival photographs along with the painting series. The article reveals that the painting series was created following a set of 28 engravings produced in Antoine Bonenfant’s Parisian printing house between 1635 and 1637, as shown by fragments of inscriptions at the bottom of the paintings. These engravings were, in turn, a reprint of the series Iconographia magni patris Aurelii Augustini by the Flemish engraver Schelte Adamsz Bolswert, published in 1624 in Antwerp. By examining the painting series captured in archival photographs, the study connects it to its graphic prototypes, allowing the identification of missing scenes and the reconstruction of its original conception. The series emphasizes Augustine as an exemplary Christian, founder of the order, author of the Rule, and heavenly intercessor, and focuses on the theme of the cult of his relics housed in the Church of San Pietro in Ciel d’Oro in Pavia. Regarding the Augustinian iconography presented in the series, it is plausible that the paintings were commissioned and donated to the Samogitian Priest Seminary by the last Augustinian prior of Kaunas, Rev. Augustyn Strzedziński (1820–1893), already after the dissolution of the Augustinian order. Rev. Strzedziński was a former long-time dean of the Holy Trinity Parish Church in Kaunas and later a chaplain of the Kaunas Benedictine nuns. His purpose was likely to honour his heavenly patron and the founder of the order. The painting series was executed by an unidentified artist trained in the environment of a church art workshop in the last quarter of the 19th century, after 1874, probably in the 1870s–1880s. The Museum of the Kaunas Archdiocese houses more artworks acquired from the Kaunas Priest Seminary, shedding light on the legacy of the Augustinians in Kaunas. Notably, there are portraits of Augustinian monks Jan Chrysostom Gołębiowski (ca. 1654–1700, after 1700) and Thomas Kobylański (1731–1805, early 19th century). These portraits suggest the possibility of forming a gallery of portraits of Polish Augustinian provincials or renowned Augustinians in the Vilnius Augustinian monastery. The third artwork with Augustinian iconography, titled Blessed Virgin Mary Hands a Cincture to St. Augustine and St. Monica (mid-19th century), was created after the Augustinians had settled in Kaunas. Collectively, these works serve as valuable witnesse to the relatively scarce heritage of the Lithuanian Augustinians. Keywords: St. Augustine, St. Monica, Order of the Hermits of St. Augustine, Samogitian Priest Seminary, Museum of the Kaunas Archdiocese
Influence of parents' education on developing children's emotional intelligence in early primary school age (6-11 years old)
No full textStraipsnyje nagrinėjama, ar tėvų išsilavinimas turi įtakos ugdant vaiko emocinį intelektą jaunesniame mokykliniame amžiuje. Šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje vyrauja nuomonė, kad aukštesnio išsilavinimo tėvai gali užauginti emociškai intelektualesnį vaiką. Tačiau emocinis išprusimas ne visada yra susijęs su aukštu intelekto koeficientu. Straipsnyje analizuojama emocinio intelekto samprata ir raiška, stengiamasi pagrįsti tėvų išsilavinimo įtaką, ugdant vaiko emocinį intelektą, pateikiami emocinio intelekto ugdymo ypatumai ir galimybės šeimoje, bei pateikiami atlikto kiekybinio tyrimo, kuriame dalyvavo respondentai (tėvai), auginantys jaunesniojo mokyklinio amžiaus vaikus ir yra įgiję skirtingą išsilavinimą, rezultatai ir jų interpretacija. Tyrimo rezultatai patvirtino, jog tėvai, turintys aukštesnį išsilavinimą, labiau rūpinasi vaiko emociniu ugdymu. Jiems svarbesni tokie vaiko gebėjimai, kaip mokėjimas drąsiai reikšti savo nuomonę, sunkumų įveika ir savęs pažinimas. Šie tėvai dažniau taiko vieną iš svarbiausių emocinio intelekto metodų – padeda vaikui išmokti valdyti neigiamas emocijas ir stresines situacijas. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: emocinis intelektas, jaunesnysis mokyklinis amžius, išsilavinimas, šeima, ugdymas.Emotional intelligence (EQ) is crucial for well-being. Schools teach social and emotional skills, but families play the biggest role in shaping children's EQ. Research shows that children with high EQ are more successful in life. Research problem. There is a prevailing discourse surrounding the correlation between parental education levels and child-rearing practices. A common perception is that individuals with lower levels of education are less capable of providing adequate care and nurturing for their children, while those with higher education are seen as better equipped to raise "well adjusted" children. However, the relationship between cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence is complex and not always linear. This raises a pertinent question: how does a parent's education level affect a child's emotional development during their early school years? Research object - the effects of parental education on the development of emotional intelligence in children. Research aim - to examine the effects of parental education on the development of emotional intelligence in younger children. Research tasks: 1. To analyze the concept and expression of emotional intelligence. 2. To substantiate the influence of parents' education in developing the emotional intelligence of a younger school age child. 3. To examine the features and possibilities of developing emotional intelligence in the family. 4. To assess the influence of parents' education in developing a child's emotional intelligence. Research methods: To uncover the influence of parental education on the development of a child's emotional intelligence, its concept, and the specifics of its development, a method of scientific literature analysis was chosen. To achieve the research objective, a quantitative method—a questionnaire survey—was selected. The research results were processed and systematized using SPSS and Microsoft Excel programs. Research methodology. Data for the study was collected using a quantitative research method - an online survey. The survey was conducted using the online survey system "Google Forms". An online questionnaire titled "The Influence of Parental Education on the Development of Children's Emotional Intelligence in Early Elementary School (6-11 years old)" consisting of seven questions was placed on this online survey system. Participants are guaranteed anonymity and confidentiality. Results will be presented only in aggregate form, thus ensuring the participant's anonymity. In conducting the research, the ethical principles of research were adhered to: reliability, honesty, respect, and accountability. The sample size was calculated using the Paniotto formula, resulting in 399 respondents. A total of 400 respondents participated in the study. Data from the Education Management Information System indicated that there were 121,495 primary school students in Lithuania during the 2022-2023 academic year. The sample error was 0.05. Participants were selected using demographic criteria (residing in Lithuania and having children aged 6-11 years). A simple random sampling method was used. The research data was processed using MS Excel and SPSS. Conclusions. 1. Emotional intelligence is the ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions, as well as to empathize with others. It is crucial for successful learning and communication. 2. Parental education has a positive impact on a child's emotional literacy. It is developed through example, conversations, and various activities. A mother, as the closest person, has the greatest influence. 3. Parents, considering the individual characteristics of the child, should choose an appropriate communication style. In order to raise an emotionally literate child, parents must be sensitive, empathetic, and spend as much quality time together as possible. 4. Empirical research has revealed that parents with higher levels of education pay more attention to their children's emotional development. They are more likely to help children understand and manage their emotions. Parents with higher levels of education have a better understanding of the importance of emotional intelligence and use a variety of educational methods. Keywords: emotional intelligence, early primary school age, education, family, upbringing
Notions of nobility in the 16th century Grand Duchy of Lithuania: lineage and virtue
No full textŠiuo tekstu siekta nagrinėti ir išskirti XVI a. Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje funkcionavusias kilmingumo sampratas. Išskirtini du pagrindiniai kilmingumo kategorijos aspektai – kilmė ir kilnumas (dorybė). Juos permąstė ir svarbiais, pagrindžiančiais išskirtinę padėtį, laikė tiek luomo nariai, tiek intelektualai kritikai. Kilmė ir kilnumas lygia greta funkcionavo tiek nusakant narystę luome (kilmė – įprastai, o kilnumas kaip prielaida nobilitacijai), tiek grupės savimonėje (kilnumas arba siekiamybė, arba prigimtai būdingas kilmingajam). Šių dviejų kilmingųjų visumai svarbių elementų pagrindu visas kilmingųjų luomas pasiūlytas apibūdinti kaip „kilnuomenė“. Reikšminiai žodžiai: kilmingieji, Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė, Andrius Volanas, diskursas, dorybė.The aim of this text is two-fold. Firstly, a general view of terminological difficulties arising when attempting to name nobility as a whole is presented with the main issue to be faced is the fact that terms such as ‘bajorija’ (a Lithuanian term) or ‘szlachta’ (a Polish one) simultaneously denote a specific and smaller subclass of nobility. Therefore, the Lithuanian neologism ‘kilnuomenė’ has been presented and introduced. It is justified as etymologically bearing two significant notions which were core to the nobility – that of lineage plus nobleness (by nobility, we mean here a ‘noble’ quality of personality character, a virtue). Secondly, departing from this proposed concept of nobility, a historical enquiry and analysis have been carried out whose main purpose was that of demonstrating how both lineage and nobleness (via virtue) functioned in defining membership in the group and acting as an important element of self-representation. Keywords: nobility, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Andreas Volanus, discourse, virtue