“Lituanistika”, International Research Database
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Water tourism development opportunities in the Nemunas river
No full textŠis straipsnis tyrinėja vandens turizmo galimybes ir plėtros dinamiką Nemuno upėje, atskleidžiant šios srities patrauklumą ir iššūkius, su kuriais susiduriama. Analizuojama, kaip ši veikla veikia vietos ekonomiką, skatina gamtos apsaugą ir padeda išsaugoti kultūrinį paveldą. Gvildenami pagrindiniai vandens turizmo plėtros iššūkiai, įskaitant aplinkosaugines problemas, infrastruktūros trūkumus ir sezoninio turizmo poveikį. Straipsnyje pateikiamos rekomendacijos, kaip galima tobulinti šią turizmo šaką, gerinant turizmo infrastruktūrą, stiprinant bendradarbiavimą tarp vietos valdžios institucijų ir turizmo verslo, įgyvendinant tvarumo principus.This article explores the opportunities and dynamics of water tourism development in the Nemunas river, revealing the attractiveness of this area and the challenges encountered. It analyzes how this activity affects the local economy, promotes nature conservation, and helps preserve cultural heritage. The article delves into the main challenges of water tourism development, including environmental issues, infrastructure deficiencies, and the impact of seasonal tourism. Recommendations are provided on how to improve this sector of tourism by enhancing tourism infrastructure, strengthening collaboration between local government institutions and the tourism industry, and implementing sustainability principles. The development of water tourism on the Nemunas river is particularly relevant given today's ecological, economic, and social environment. Nemunas, as one of the longest rivers in Eastern Europe, holds significant potential for water tourism, which can contribute to local economic growth, promote sustainable environmental protection, and improve the quality of life in the region. The combination of ecological and economic benefits is one of the main arguments for promoting water tourism development on the Nemunas river. Taylor and Brown (2019) note that water tourism can help strengthen the local economy by creating new jobs and fostering the growth of local businesses. Additionally, water tourism encourages infrastructure development, such as welfare and leisure services, which are essential for the comfort of residents and tourists. The sustainability aspect is an integral part of water tourism development on the Nemunas river. Sustainable water tourism development should be based on environmental protection principles, ensuring that tourism activities do not negatively impact the river's ecosystem. This includes responsible water use, promoting ecological transportation options, and implementing educational programs about environmental protection (Smith and Johnson, 2020). The social benefits associated with water tourism development on the Nemunas river are also an important factor. Wilson and Clark (2021) argue that water tourism can help strengthen community ties, encourage cultural exchanges, and increase residents' pride in their region. Furthermore, access to quality leisure and entertainment services on the Nemunas river can significantly improve the quality of life and health
Application of digital marketing tools in a simulated company
No full textŠiame straipsnyje yra analizuojami skaitmeninio marketingo priemonių teoriniai aspektai. Kiekybinio tyrimo pagalba siekta nustatyti, kokios skaitmeninio marketingo priemonės daro didžiausią įtaką vartotojui. Remiantis tyrimo rezultatais pateikiamos rekomendacijos imitacinei bendrovei "Turistlandija”, kaip efektyviau išnaudoti skaitmeninio marketingo priemones bei pasiekti vartotojus. Raktiniai žodžiai: skaitmeninis marketingas, imitacinė bendrovė.This article analyzes the theoretical aspects of digital marketing tools. With the help of quantitative research, it was aimed to determine which digital marketing tools have the greatest impact on the user. Based on the results of the research, recommendations are presented to the imitation company "Turistlandija" on how to effectively use digital marketing tools and reach consumers. Keywords: digital marketing, imitation company
Case study on social media communication of UAB "Solregis"
No full textUAB „Solregis“ valdo akių ligų kabinetus pavadinimu „Optika „Solregis“ Jurbarke, Tauragėje ir Šilalėje ir savo paslaugas pristato bei jų įvaizdį formuoja socialinėse platformose „Facebook“ ir „Instagram“. Tyrime atskleidžiama, kiek šį komunikacija yra veiksminga ir pateikiami jos tobulinimo būdai. Raktiniai žodžiai: komunikacija, socialiniai tinklai."Solregis" manages eye disease clinics under the name "Optika 'Solregis'" in Jurbarkas, Tauragė, and Šilalė and presents its services and shapes its image on social media platforms "Facebook" and "Instagram". The study reveals how effective this communication is and provides ways to improve it.ny organizations want to ensure smooth communication with customers. By choosing the appropriate external communication channels, the organization can improve the quality of work, increase the amount of sales, communicate with the public – listen to the opinions of customers and strengthen the image of the organization by broadcasting the desired message. The image an organization creates depends on the message it broadcasts. In the article described the external communication of the organization in a theoretical aspect and analyzed the communication of VŠĮ "Terra Publica"
Changes of security policies of Baltic States in the context of Russian aggression against Ukraine
No full textRusijos kaip grėsmės Baltijos šalims žinojimas niekur nedingo nuo pat 1990 m., kai Baltijos šalys atgavo savo nepriklausomybę. Nepaisant to, žinojimas nuo suvokimo skiriasi. Diplomatiniai santykiai su Rusija per tuos metus iki 2014 m. keitėsi priklausomai nuo Baltijos šalyse buvusių valdžių veikiamos vidaus ir užsienio politikos. Kardinalių pokyčių nebuvo. Netgi 2008 m. Rusijai įsiveržus į Gruziją, Rusijos kaip grėsmės žinojimas dar nebuvo peraugęs į suvokimo prizmę. Tai galima matyti tiek Lietuvos, tiek Latvijos ar Estijos saugumo politikos koncepcijose. Situacija pasikeitė tik prasidėjus Krymo aneksijai ir karui Donbase, Ukrainoje. Tuo metu žinojimas peraugo į suvokimo lygmenį tiek diplomatinėje retorikoje, tiek atskirose Baltijos šalių saugumo strategijose. Šiame straipsnyje siekiama apžvelgti Lietuvos, Latvijos ir Estijos kaip atskirų šalių saugumo politikos koreliaciją su Rusijos agresijos prieš Ukrainą procesais. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Baltijos šalys; Rusijos agresija prieš Ukrainą; Saugumo politika; Saugumo strategija; Išlaidos gynybai.The awareness of Russia as a threat to the Baltic States has not gone away since the Baltic States regained their independence in the 1990s. Nevertheless, knowledge differs from perception. Depending on domestic and foreign policies influenced by the Baltic governments, the diplomatic relations with Russia have evolved until 2014. No radical changes were in sight. Even after Russia invaded Georgia in 2008, the perception of Russia as a threat had not evolved into a perception. The security policy concepts of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia testify to that. The situation had changed only after the annexation of Crimea and the war in Donbas, Ukraine. It was the time, when knowledge transformed into perception, both in diplomatic rhetoric and in individual security strategies of the Baltic States. The article provides an overview of the correlation of individual security policies of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia with the Russian aggression against Ukraine. Keywords: Baltic states, Russian aggression against Ukraine, security policy, security strategy, defense expenditure
Notaries public of Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the crossroads of sixteenth century: from the Imperial notary ordinance of 1512 to the Second Statute of Lithuania
No full textStraipsnio dėmesio centre yra 1512 m. Notariato nuostatų poveikio ir įtakos Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės (toliau – LDK) notariato raidai XVI a. pirmojoje pusėje galimybės. Čia keliami klausimai: ar nuostatai turėjo įtakos LDK viešiesiems notarams ir ar nuostatai galėjo pretenduoti į Lietuvos Statutų (1529 ir 1566 m.) vieno iš šaltinių poziciją. Atsakymų ieškota verifikuojant dvi darbines hipotezes: apie ryškėjančią viešųjų notarų pasaulėjimo tendenciją XVI a. pirmojoje pusėje ir apie Antrojo Lietuvos Statuto (toliau – ALS) rengimo komisijos narių, turėjusių viešųjų notarų kompetenciją, notaro patirties ir teisinės, pirmiausia romėnų teisės, minties indėlį į šio Statuto tekstą. Raktiniai žodžiai: 1512 m. Notariato nuostatai, Reichsnotariatsordnung, LDK viešieji notarai, Ars notariae, Pirmasis Lietuvos Statutas, Antrasis Lietuvos Statutas, lotynų kalba, rusėnų kalba.The Imperial Notary Ordinance, which began being written in the late fifteenth century, not only further cemented the statements set forth in Ars notariae, but also fundamentally transformed the status of notariat, declaring the notariat a governmental institution. According to the opinion of Notariat experts, this Ordinance that was declared in 1512 is fundamental for having the main professional characteristics of the contemporary Latin notariat. This similarity also outlines the continuity of modern European notariat. Lithuanian society in the beginning of the sixteenth century lived with a notariat that was not fully developed, since, only after receiving the right from the Pope in 1501, public notaries began being nominated in the Vilnius diocese. During the first half of the sixteenth century, the development of notariat was visible particularly in the dioceses of GDL. This was to be expected, knowing that the notariat was established in GDL through the Church. Notariat developed in the secular government only as much as there was cooperation with and participation of diocesal notaries public, by serving in the office of a ruler or a voivod. We can observe a tendency in the beginning of the sixteenth century of secularization of the notaries public – they would switch to service in a purely secular office after leaving the clergy and/or becoming supporters of the Reformation. At the same time, similarly to Poland, in the later half of fifteenth century and onwards, Lithuania saw the rise of notaries with apostolic mandate, which declared the primacy of the Pope’s rule. We think, that the Notary Ordinance of 1512, could have had impact (negative?) to the further development of GDL notariat. Firstly by raising the questions of political loyalty and personal choice in regards to which highest authority to obey – the Pope’s or the emperor’s, ecclesiastical or secular. During research we acknowledge that both the First and the Second Statutes of Lithuania could have been partially influenced by the Notary Ordinance by notaries public participating in their conception. Thanks to them, articles regarding the Roman law have been created. The removal of Latin language as the written language of the courts by the Second Statute was not beneficial to the Roman notariat and a serious challenge to the notaries public and to the further development of notariat in GDL. The New Statute became an opportunity for the secular notariat to form as a legal institute. However, for it to happen there had to be further political decisions in support of it, there had to have been the right conditions and enough time to prepare qualified specialists and for the society to be prepared to trust those specialists. Keywords: Imperial Notary Ordinance of 1512, Notaries public of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ars notariae, the First Statute of Lithuania, the Second Statute of Lithuania, Latin language, Ruthenian language
Judicial autonomy of Vilnius and 16 January 1566 privilege of Sigismund Augustus - guaranteeing the rights of self-government in the context of judicial reform
No full textXVI a. žinomas kaip didelių Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės (toliau – LDK) reformų ir pokyčių laikotarpis. Ano meto pokyčiai susiję su vis tikslinama teisės kodifikacija (trijų Lietuvos Statutų paskelbimu), socialinėmis transformacijomis, vis platesnių gyventojų sluoksnių įsitraukimu į viešąjį valstybės gyvenimą bei geopolitinėmis permainomis, kurios atvedė prie parlamentinės unijos su Lenkijos Karūna. Šių pokyčių centre, regis, buvo savotiškos diduomenės ir bajorijos rungtynės, tačiau savo interesus gynė ir miestiečiai. Šio darbo tikslas – atskleisti 1566 m. sausio 16 d. Lietuvos didžiojo kunigaikščio Žygimanto Augusto privilegijos Vilniaus miestui atsiradimo prielaidas. XVI a. antros pusės reformų bei Lietuvos ir Lenkijos unijos sudarymo peripetijų istoriografija gausi. Vilniaus miesto vaidmenį šiuo audringu laikotarpiu analizavo Władysławas Kowalenka savo studijoje apie LDK sostinės dalyvavimo Abiejų Tautų Respublikos seimuose genezę. Pasak autoriaus, Vilniaus miesto atstovavimą 1563 m. Vilniaus seime nulėmė derybų dėl unijos svarumas: buvo laikomasi nuostatos, kad atstovaujami turi būti visi luomai, tarp jų miestiečiai ir bajorai, o ne, kaip dažniausiai būdavo iki tol, vien tik diduomenė. Lietuva nenorėjo nusileisti Karūnai, kurios delegacijoje buvo ir Krokuvos miesto atstovai. Viena iš lygybės su Krokuva sąlygų buvo miesto atstovavimo seimuose klausimas, kuris atvedė prie Žygimanto Augusto nobilitacinės privilegijos suteikimo Vilniaus miesto valdžios pareigūnams. Vilniaus miesto, jo savivaldos raida nenustojo būti istorikų susidomėjimo objektu. Vis dėlto krinta į akis, kad 1566 m. sausio 16 d. Žygimanto Augusto privilegija, nors kelis kartus publikuota, tyrinėtojų liko tarsi ignoruota5, čia ir slypi aktualumas šio darbo, kurį palengvina ką tik praėjusiam Vilniaus miesto jubiliejui parengta nauja šaltinio publikacija. Raktiniai žodžiai: Vilniaus miestas, savivalda, Magdeburgo teisė, Žygimantas Augustas.In 1387, Jogaila’s privilege granted Vilnius the Magdeburg law and guaranteed the judicial autonomy of its citizens. Vilnius citizens had the right and the obligation to conduct their legal affairs in the courts of the Vaitas, the Bench judges and the Council, which started to function from the moment the privilege of self-governance was granted or shortly afterwards, and to be governed by Magdeburg law. The preservation of judicial autonomy had to be constantly taken care of, and the Vilnius city authorities did this by securing confirmatory privileges of self-governance and, if necessary, the ruler’s injunctions against their violation by the Vilnius Palatine and Bishop, whose courts some times violated the judicial autonomy of Vilnius. In this respect, one of the critical moments was the reform of the courts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the renewal of the Statute of Lithuania in the pre-union period (the 1560s). During the reign of Sigismund Augustus, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, the City of Vilnius was granted as many as three Confirmation privileges, which renewed the rights of self-governance and ensured the inviolability of the city’s legal autonomy during the period of judicial reform and the adoption of the Second Lithuanian Statute. The last one, on 16 January 1566, crowned the intense struggle of Vilnius citizens during the years of great changes in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Keywords: Vilnius, Magdeburg law, city law, Sigismund Augustus
Exploring trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress in university students of different identity statuses in Lithuania and Japan
No full textEmerging adulthood is the time when identity questions are addressed. It is also a time of excessive stress and risk for mental health problems. Different identity statuses relate to different mental health outcomes. Yet, little research has addressed how identity status is interlinked with trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress reactions, especially in multicultural contexts. The current study aimed to explore whether different traumatic experiences are related to the current identity status of university students aged between 18 and 29 years and investigate to what extent trauma-exposed emerging adults of different identity statuses report symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD). In total, 2237 university students from Lithuania (n = 791) and Japan (n = 1345) participated in the current study. Identity profiles were revealed by using the Latent Class Analysis approach. Lithuania and Japan were comparable in terms of identity profiles and structure of PTSD/CPTSD. Trauma-exposed emerging adults reported a higher probability of being in troubled diffusion identity status; students in achievement identity status had a lower probability of CPTSD and lower rates of symptoms of disturbances in self-organization. The diffused identity of emerging adults from Lithuania and Japan is associated with trauma exposure, and positive identity is linked with fewer CPTSD reactions. Keywords: Emerging adults; trauma; identity; PTSD; CPTSD
1758 m. Vištyčio seniūnijos inventoriaus aprašymas veikale "Starożytna Polska"
No full textSūduvoje, be karaliaus ekonomijų, buvo dar ir kita valstybės turtų rūšis – seniūnijos. Joms valdyti LDK karalius skirdavo kuo nors užsitarnavusius kilmingus žmones. Tokių seniūnijų buvo keliolika. Jose gyvenančių valstiečių padėtis buvo panaši į karaliaus ekonomijų būklę, gal kiek ir sunkesnė, nes jos nebuvo betarpiškai valdomos karaliaus statytinių. Seniūnijose buvo mažiau valdymo iš viršaus, tačiau daug savivalės iš seniūnų pusės. Seniūnijose gyvenančių valstiečių ekonominę ir socialinę padėtį puikiai iliustruoja 1758 m. Vištyčio seniūnijos (starostwo Wisztynieckie) inventoriaus aprašymas. Vištyčio seniūniją tuo metu valdė Puzinai (Puzyny) – Kristupas Puzinas iš Kozielsko (Krzysztof Puzyna z Kozielska) su žmona Antonina Bžozovska Puzinyna (Antonina Puzynina z Brzozowskich) iš Judickių giminės. Sutuoktiniai Kristupas Puzinas ir Antonina Puzinienė gyveno Vištyčio dvare
The Influence of personal brand communication on consumers
No full textThe idea of this research is to combine the influence of personal brand with business needs. This article is a personal brand’s analysis on how personal brand influences consumer interest in products/services. An experiment is carried out on the content viewed by consumers using eye-tracking technology “Neuromarketing & AI LAB” to reveal emotional and structural sensations in the social network Instagram. The aim of this research is to determine the influence of a personal brand on the consumer. Research methodology: analysis of scientific literature, logical definition and theory construction, an experiment: research of human emotions and chosen content. Data analysis method: descriptive statistics and comparative analysis. AOI (heat map) was selected to illustrate the research results. Influencerswith up to 100 000 followers were selected – stimuli that trigger or enhance physiological and psychological reactions in the body. It was found that the body and face of a personal brand had the higher influence on consumers. Personal brand attracts consumers’ attention and promotes engagement. The originality and value of the paper: content relevance research of personal brand (identity) influence on consumers in social network Instagram. Further we suggest carrying out similar personal brand’s research choosing other social networks. Keywords: personal brand, influence, communication, consumers, neuromarketing, AI, heat map, influencers
COVID-19 impact on labour market in EU countries - differences in men and women employment rate tendencies
No full textThis paper aims to identify the differences in the employment rate dynamics in economy sections, considering gender, in the European Union countries in 2020, compared to the 2008–2019 period. Two methods were used. The first method compares forecasts from models describing employment changes in the pre-pandemic periods with information concerning the actual employment rate in 2020, using three indices measuring the significance of the observed discrepancies. The second method uses dynamic cluster analysis for the 2008–2020 period, and evaluates the changes in composition of groups that occured in 2020. The proposed methods were applied separately to the data concerning the employment of females and males (employment rates) in the EU countries, always divided into economy sections and section groups (A, B-E, F, G-I, J, K, L, M and N, O-Q, R). The application of the “Triple 2 Rule” helped to identify the changes in the previous employment trends (“Interventions”). The evaluation of changes in the dynamics of the employment rate in total and in section groups and according to gender in the EU countries in 2020 – compared to the forecasts from the 2013–2019 trends – revealed that the EU labour market responded differently to the COVID-19 pandemic situation. Keywords: employment rate, Triple 2 Rule, dynamic classification, COVID-19, EU countries, women and men employment rate