“Lituanistika”, International Research Database
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Some comments on work practices at the ruler’s chancellery during its provisional administration by Ivan Hornostay in 1540-1546 (according to Data from Lithuanian Metrica Books No. 24, 28 and 231 (Court case book no. 12))
No full textRaktiniai žodžiai: Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė, Lietuvos Metrika, Lietuvos didžiojo kunigaikščio kanceliarija, Ivanas Hornostajus (Jonas Gornostajus).This article presents an analysis of three Lithuanian Metrica books, formed in around 1540–1544, namely – books No. 24, 28 and Court Case Book No. 12, looking at their purpose and interrelativity, and the value of their information as historical sources. The author of this article found some source-research related confusion in these books, due to which historians studying this period may inadvertently incorporate a degree of undesirable errors in their work. The above-mentioned books of the Lithuanian Metrica were formed at a time when the state treasurer and grand ducal chancellery clerk Ivan Hornostay was serving as the head of the chancellery of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania following the death of Chancellor Albertas Goštautas (December, 1539). In presenting the work practices executed by the chancellery of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1540–1544, the analysis of the interrelation of Lithuanian Metrica books No. 24, 28 and Court Case Book No. 12 and the “movement” of the documents they contained allowed me to arrive at several observations. The chancellery’s work practices were found to indicate the considered redaction of texts, whereby seeking to give them the attributes of an official document, changes and additions to the regular formulated language would be made. Hornostay is deemed the most important official-bureaucrat in this activity, having direct control over the clerks in the chancellery of King and Grand Duke Sigismund the Old and indirectly – of his wife, Queen Bona, and son Sigismund Augustus, as official documents issued in the ruler’s name could only be stamped and entered into the chartulary (chartularium) kept by Marcin Tur with Hornostay’s knowledge. The noticeably significant impact of Hornostay on the ruler made it possible to influence the latter’s official decisions regarding various matters in the internal life of the state. Hornostay was the most important chancellery official not only in 1540–1544 as the executor of the chancellor’s office, but earlier as well. The bureaucratic purpose of these three analysed books of the Lithuanian Metrica may be explained differently than by grouping them into Books of Inscriptions (No. 24 and 28) and a Court Case Book (Court Case Book No. 12), as the modern period historiographic scheme of 1887 devised by Stanisław Ptaszycki dictates. Rather, we should consider Lithuanian Metrica Book No. 24 as the chartulary Book of Inscriptions containing the ruler’s official documents, whereas Book No. 28 and Court Case Book No. 12 were formed from series of clerks’ files, in which the majority of documents were not yet officially authorised – these were drafts, concepts (minutes), preliminary papers, court case protocols, the ruler’s provisional resolutions and alike. In both of the latter books of the Lithuanian Metrica we find the drafts of documents of various content, even though court case documents dominate in one book, while the other had mostly grants (endowments), records of provenance, and alike. This kind of record-keeping was found to lack consistency in the manner that documents were ordered, the documents themselves having been entered haphazardly. This research of three books of the Lithuanian Metrica by no means explains all of the aspects of the activities of the chancellery of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from that time, but only accounts for several years after the death of Albertas Goštautas. These aspects are related to the same changes to document content that were made during the progression from a draft to its official version. Keywords: Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Lithuanian Metrica, Chancellery of the grand duke of Lithuania
Price cannibalization effect on long-term electricity prices and profitability of renewables in the Baltic States
No full textThis paper aims to evaluate price cannibalization effects in forecasts of long-term electricity prices and substantiate their relevance on the profitability of renewables in the Baltic States from 2024 to 2033. Statistical data analysis, literature review, scenario method, and PLEXOS modeling were applied. Five scenarios were analyzed for developing renewable energy sources (RES) and load in Lithuania. In contrast, scenarios for Estonia and Latvia were based on assumptions derived from the countries’ national RES strategies. The results showed that the increase in RES capacities will halve electricity market prices from around 130 EUR/MWh in 2024 to 58 EUR/MWh in Latvia, 60 EUR/MWh in Estonia, and 60–77 EUR/MWh in Lithuania in 2033. In time-waving, the absolute and relative price cannibalization effects of renewables were found. In 2033, the loss of revenue from solar photovoltaic (PV) generators was estimated to be 5.5–17.0 EUR/MWh in Lithuania, 7.1 EUR/MWh in Latvia, and 5.6 EUR in Estonia. The case of onshore wind demonstrated revenue losses of 10.5–22.0 EUR/MWh in Lithuania, 12.0 EUR/MWh in Latvia, and 10.0 EUR/MWh in Estonia. After 2029, revenues received by RES electricity generators could not guarantee project profitability; therefore, market flexibility options will be required. The key innovative strategy to mitigate the price cannibalization effect is the demand-side response when leveraging demand flexibility. Typically, this is achieved by sending price signals to the consumers who, if they have any, shift their demand to lower price periods. This is easily applied within HVAC systems, smart electric vehicle charging, and smart home appliance usage. Such behavior would allow the price cannibalization effect to be decreased. Keywords: renewables; scenario method; price cannibalization effect; profitability; Baltic States
Social inclusion of gen Z Ukrainian refugees in Lithuania: the role of online social networks
No full textSince the start of the war in Ukraine, Lithuania, a country of barely 3 million inhabitants, has welcomed more than 85,000 refugees, mainly minors and young people. This research focuses on the youth segment, members of Gen Z, which exhibits a marked gender bias, as the majority are women. The purpose of this study is to determine the role played by online social networks in the process of social inclusion in the host community. Methodologically, this research conducts a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews with open code content analysis. The results point to changes in their behavior as social media users, such as using new online social networks, and greater attention to practical topics such as knowing necessary services and leisure opportunities in their new environment. Among the conclusions, the positive effect of online social networks in the social inclusion process of these young refugees stands out: being members of the local virtual community facilitates new social interactions in the physical world of the host country. Keywords: online social networks; social inclusion; Ukrainian refugees; Gen Z; Lithuania
Using geophysics to locate Holocaust era mass graves in Jewish cemeteries: examples from Latvia and Lithuania
No full textA common practice used by the Germans and collaborators in World War II, as part of the Holocaust, was to use existing Jewish cemeteries as places for mass burial. Research was completed at the Old Jewish Cemetery in Riga, Latvia, the Livas Jewish Cemetery in Liepaja, Latvia, and the Zaliakalnis Jewish Cemetery in Kaunas, Lithuania. The Old Jewish Cemetery in Riga was adjacent to the Riga Ghetto and was used to bury individuals murdered in the ghetto. In Kaunas, an area of the Zaliakalnis Jewish Cemetery is devoid of grave stones, and literature sources and testimony indicate that this area was used for the mass burial of Jews from the Kaunas Ghetto and other mass killings. In Liepaja, the local Jewish Heritage Foundation believes that there are mass graves within the Livas Cemetery. Methodologies for this research include the use of a pulseEkko Pro 500-megahertz ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data were collected through a linear array of electrodes coupled to a direct current (DC) resistivity transmitter and receiver. Analysis of aerial photography and satellite images was also employed at each location. ERT and GPR data indicate three separate trench anomalies in the Old Jewish Cemetery in Riga. The presence of these anomalies corroborates Holocaust survivor testimony that bodies were buried in mass graves in that area. In the Zaliakalnis Jewish Cemetery in Kaunas, ERT and GPR data indicate an anomaly in the western part of the cemetery, and ERT data further indicate two other possible mass graves. In Liepaja, preliminary GPR analysis indicates an anomaly in a cleared section of the cemetery. Based on the presence of geophysical anomalies in all three cemeteries, which correlate with literature sources and Holocaust survivor testimony, there is a high probability that mass graves are present at each site. Future research directions include expanding the search areas in each cemetery, additional literature and testimony-based research, and the addition of other geophysical methodologies. Keywords: Holocaust; Latvia; Lithuania; ground-penetrating radar (GPR); electrical resistivity tomography (ERT); mass burials
The Realisation of the children's right of participation in the community children's care home: the analysis of the children's experiences
No full textThe objective of the study is to reveal the realities of the realisation of the children’s right of participation in the community children’s care home based on children’s experience. For the study, qualitative study was chosen while using a semi-structured interview method. Eight children living in the community children’s care homes (henceforth referred as CCCH), which are located in different sites in Lithuania, participated in the study. The study revealed the realization expression of the child’s right of participation and difficulties in realising it at CCCH. The realization expression of the children’s right of participation at CCCH should be attributed to the respect of employees for the right of the child of participation. It is expressed through the openness of employees to the opinion of the child, giving an opportunity for the child to speak out their opinion, and listening to the opinion of the child. Discussion of the child with the adult should take place as well as adhering of the adult to the opinion of the child when taking decisions, and the encouragement and support for the autonomy of children. The child’s right of participation is also realised in everyday situations while allowing the child to manage his personal space according to his needs, involving the child in the leisure planning and organisation. The child should have an opportunity to participate in leisure activities according to their likes and interests, as well as consulting with the child regarding household chores. The study identified that the realisation difficulties of the children’s right of participation at CCCH are attributable to the dominating position of the employee and the child’s lack of trust towards himself and his own opinion. The dominating position of the employee is expressed through the non-listening to the opinion of children, disagreement with the child, the devaluation of the opinion of the child, the lack of adhering to the opinion of the child and the overriding of the opinion of the child. The child’s lack of trust towards himself and his own opinion is linked with the belief of the child that his opinion is insignificant due to negative experiences in the past, the timidity of children to speak out their opinions and the unwillingness or fear of children to worsen their relationships with employees. Keywords: child, right of participation, community children's care home
Intakes of energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients in adult Lithuanian population: a national study of 2019-2020
No full textDietary surveys are critical in evaluating dietary trends prevailing across the entire population. The aim of this study is to present the results of the latest research into the intakes of energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients amongst the adult population in Lithuania from 2019 through 2020. A cross-sectional study was conducted and dietary data was collected using a 24-h dietary recall method from a total of 2555 Lithuanian adults. Medians, 25th and 75th percentiles were calculated. The diet of Lithuanian adults was found insufficient as the energy intake from fats exceeded the recommended norms, while the energy intake from carbohydrates was below the lower range. The intakes of dietary fibre and most vitamins and minerals were insufficient. Men, compared to women, had a statistically higher total energy intake and energy intake from fats, and a higher intake of dietary fibre. Younger adults, compared to older ones, had statistically lower intakes of energy from fats, including saturated fats, and lower intakes of sodium chloride. Respondents with primary education, compared to those who had attained a higher degree of education, had a statistically lower intake of total energy and dietary fibre. Study showed that intakes of majority of nutrients in the diet of the adult Lithuanian population are not in compliance with the recommended daily intakes. Continuous nationally representative studies into food consumption and nutrient intake of the adult Lithuanian population must be carried out to assess the changes in the population's diet and the effectiveness of policies aimed at promoting healthy diets. Keywords: dietary survey; energy intake; food consumption survey; nutrient intake
Savanoriškos veiklos esmė, nauda ir motyvai: teorinė apžvalga
No full textSavanoriška veikla yra galinga priemonė, įvairiais būdais skatinanti visuomenės gerovę. Savanorystę galime apibrėžti kaip veiklą, kai asmuo savo noru, negaudamas finansinės naudos, teikia pagalbą ar prisideda prie visuomenės gerovės, organizacijų ar bendruomenių veiklos. Savanorystė gali būti darbas socialinėse, aplinkosaugos, švietimo, kultūros, sporto ar kitose srityse. Tyrėjai teigiamai vertina vyriausybės dėmesį savanoriškos veiklos skatinimui ir palengvinimui, tačiau taip pat pastebi sunkumus, kylančius perkeliant dokumentus į praktiką. Taip pat tyrėjų darbuose pateikiama nevienoda informacija apie savanorystės mastą. Paplauskienė (2021), aptardama įvairius statistinius Lietuvos duomenis, nurodo nevienodą Lietuvos gyventojų įsitraukimo į savanorišką veiklą lygį: 2011 m. - 20 procentų, 2018 m. - 11 procentų, 2019 m. - 15 procentų. Paplauskienė (2021) pabrėžia, kad nevienodos savanoriškos veiklos galimybės didžiuosiuose ir mažuosiuose miestuose, ir netgi pabrėžia, kad tokios statistinės informacijos trūksta. Papa, Vutuli, Principi, Scherer (2018) mini, kad savanoriškos veiklos organizacijoms dažnai sunku įdarbinti socialinę atskirtį patiriančius asmenis ir asmenis su negalia. Kadangi ne pelno siekiančių organizacijų skaičius nuolat auga, savanoriai yra ribotas išteklius, dėl kurio konkuruoja ne pelno siekiančios organizacijos (Jedicke, Olk, Zogaj, Tscheulin, Lindenmeier, 2024). Ackermann, Manatschal (2018) nurodo mažėjantį įsitraukimo į tradicinę savanorišką veiklą ne internetu lygį, ypač tarp jaunų žmonių, ir kaip mokslininkai teigia, kad „nevienodas pilietinis dalyvavimas kelia vis didesnį visuomenės susirūpinimą“. Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjami probleminiai klausimai: kokie elementai sudaro savanorystės apibrėžimą ir kokie motyvatoriai skatina žmones savanoriauti? Šie atsakymai sudarys pagrindą tolesniems empiriniams savanoriškos veiklos tyrimams. Tyrimo objektas – savanorystės esmė ir motyvatoriai. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti savanorystę sudarančius elementus. 2. Atskleisti savanorystės naudų ir motyvatorių įvairovę. Tyrimo metodai: dokumentų ir mokslinės literatūros analizė. Savanorystė apibūdinama kaip veikla, kai asmuo savanoriškai, negaudamas finansinės naudos, teikia pagalbą ar prisideda prie visuomenės gerovės, organizacijų ar bendruomenių veiklos socialinėje, aplinkosaugos, švietimo, kultūros, sporto ar kitose srityse. Išanalizavus teisinio reglamentavimo aktuose ir mokslinėje literatūroje pateiktus savanoriškos veiklos apibrėžimus paaiškėjo, kad apibūdindami savanorišką veiklą autoriai dažniausiai vartoja sąvokas veikla, visuomenė, laikas, savanoris, socialinis, nemokamas, asmuo, visuomenė, nauda, savanoris, draugas, darbas, amžius ir pan. Literatūros analizė atskleidė pagrindinius savanoriškos veiklos bruožus: ji yra nemokama ir neprivaloma; ji yra organizuota ir neformali; ji yra išteklių reikalaujanti veikla (savanoriška veikla yra susijusi su žmogiškaisiais ištekliais ir individualiais sociodemografiniais veiksniais, kurie susiję su laiku, pinigais ir įgūdžiais); ji teikia naudą ir priklauso nuo motyvatorių veiksmingumo. 2. Nauda ir motyvai labai dažnai yra susipynę ir abu jie gali motyvuoti tą patį asmenį užsiimti vienkartine ar nuolatine savanoriška veikla. Savanoriška veikla skatina bendradarbiavimą, bendrą atsakomybę ir kolektyvinius veiksmus. Ji skatina žmones bendrauti su įvairiomis grupėmis, ugdo toleranciją, empatiją ir socialinę įtrauktį. Savanoriai dažnai atlieka svarbų vaidmenį reaguojant į ekstremalias situacijas, teikiant sveikatos priežiūrą, švietimą ir bendruomenių vystymąsi, todėl jie yra labai svarbūs stiprinant visuomenės atsparumą krizių ar sunkumų metu. Be to, savanoriška veikla gerina asmeninę gerovę, nes teikia daug asmeninės naudos. Ji suteikia tikslo jausmą, emocinį pasitenkinimą ir protinį stimuliavimą, o visa tai prisideda prie geresnės bendros sveikatos ir laimės. Savanoriška veikla taip pat gali pagerinti fizinę sveikatą aktyviai dalyvaujant bendruomenės veikloje ir sumažinti socialinės izoliacijos riziką, nes skatina ryšius su kitais žmonėmis. Daugeliui žmonių galimybė daryti teigiamą įtaką savo aplinkai suteikia didesnį pasitenkinimą gyvenimu ir asmeninį pasitenkinimą. Savanoriška veikla gali teikti didelį pasitenkinimą įvairiais gyvenimo etapais, tačiau motyvacija savanoriauti dažnai skiriasi tarp jaunesnių ir vyresnių suaugusiųjų. Daugeliui jaunų žmonių savanorystė padeda ieškoti įvairių karjeros galimybių, ugdyti svarbius įgūdžius ir pagerinti savo gyvenimo aprašymą. Savanoriška veikla suteikia jiems galimybę dirbti įvairioje aplinkoje, spręsti realias problemas ir prisiimti atsakomybę, su kuria kitu atveju jie negalėtų susidurti tradicinio mokymosi ar ankstyvojo darbo metu. Ji padeda jiems ugdyti svarbiausius minkštuosius įgūdžius, pavyzdžiui, bendravimo, komandinio darbo, problemų sprendimo ir vadovavimo. Be profesinio tobulėjimo, savanoriška veikla ugdo įgalinimo jausmą, nes jauni žmonės supranta, kad gali aktyviai prisidėti prie teigiamų pokyčių, nesvarbu, ar tai būtų socialinio teisingumo reikalai, ar aplinkos apsauga, ar bendruomenės vystymasis. [...] Pagrindiniai žodžiai: savanoriškos veiklos esmė, savanoriškos veiklos nauda, savanoriškos veiklos motyvatoriai.For several decades, international and national documents and researchers' reports have highlighted the importance of volunteering. Researchers positively assess the government's focus on promoting and facilitating volunteering but also notice the difficulties in transforming documents into practice. Therefore, the article aims to theoretically analyze the essence, benefits, and motives of volunteering. The analysis of documents and scientific literature was used to achieve the goals. The analysis indicates that in describing volunteering, the authors most often use the terms activity, society, time, volunteer, social, free, person, society, benefits, volunteer, friend, work, age, etc. The analysis of the literature revealed the following characteristics of volunteering: it is unpaid and non-obligatory; it can be organized and informal; it is a resource-needed activity; it is beneficial, and it is dependent on the effectiveness of motivators. Volunteering combines personal benefits and societal impact, fostering collaboration, social inclusion, and resilience while enhancing individual well-being. For young people, it provides opportunities for skill development, career exploration, and empowerment through active contributions to meaningful causes. For older adults, it offers purpose, connection, and a chance to share their experience, promoting physical and mental health while combating loneliness. Keywords: volunteering essence, volunteering benefits, volunteering motivators
Cognitive and motivational antecedents of different driving styles in a sample of Lithuanian drivers
No full textThe aim of this study was to assess whether road risk, road hazard perception skills, and attitudes towards risky driving are significant psychological antecedents of different driving styles. The study sample consisted of 446 non-professional drivers (with an average age of 32.6 years) and 200 professional drivers (with an average age of 47.7 years) from Lithuania. The study questionnaire included demographic questions, a multidimensional driving style assessment, a Lithuanian version of a hazard prediction test, a risk perception scale, and a subjective evaluation of driving competenc3 (perceptual, motor, and safety driving skills), as well as an evaluation of attitudes towards risky driving. The results confirmed that cognitive factors, together with attitudes towards driving and demographic factors, are important for understanding the origins of different driving styles. Cognitive factors like hazard perception and risk perception skills were found to be significant predictors of anxious, careless, and angry driving styles, mainly for professional drivers. Attitudes towards risky driving together with demographic characteristics and cognitive factors were found to important in predicting anxious, careless, and angry driving styles among professional as well as non-professional drivers. The subjective evaluation of driving competence (driving skills) was found to be crucial in predicting all four driving styles, but only in the non-professional drivers sample. Keywords: different driving styles; road hazard perception; road risk perception; attitudes towards risky driving
Registering and disseminating Lithuanian Dissertations as a significant heritage of the history of science
No full textStraipsnyje pristatomas Lietuvos atminties bei kitose institucijose sovietmečiu ir šiais laikais vykdyto Lietuvos disertacijų kaip dokumentinio mokslo paveldo registravimo ir sklaidos rezultatų tyrimas. Straipsnio pradžioje, remiantis Lietuvoje ir pasaulyje atliktų bibliometrinių tyrimų rezultatų analize, atskleidžiamas disertacijų vaidmuo mokslo istorijos tyrimams. Toliau nagrinėjami svarbiausi Lietuvos institucijų atlikti darbai, registruojant, išsaugant ir skleidžiant informaciją apie Lietuvos mokslininkų disertacijas. Nagrinėjant informacijos apie disertacijas išteklių – bibliografijos priemonių, informacinių leidinių bei duomenų bazių – tematiką, chronologinę aprėptį, pateikiamų duomenų išsamumą, siekiama atskleisti šių išteklių visumos įvairovę ir institucijų indėlį registruojant bei skleidžiant informaciją apie disertacijas. Tyrimo metu surinkti duomenys apie disertacijas registruojančius spausdintinius išteklius pateikiami statistinėse lentelėse. Esminiai žodžiai: Lietuvos disertacijos; disertacijų santraukos; mokslo istorija; atminties institucijos; bibliografijos rodyklės; duomenų bazės; Lietuvos mokslų akademijos Vrublevskių biblioteka.The article describes the activities of actualization and dissemination of Lithuanian dissertations as documentary scholarly heritage, carried out in Lithuanian memory and other institutions during the Soviet period and today. It reviews the most important works in registering, preserving and disseminating information on Lithuanian scholarly dissertations carried out by these institutions. The main focus is on one of the key means of disseminating information – bibliographical indexes and their preparation. Dissertations and their abstracts are important documents of scholarly heritage with enduring historical and scientific value. Bibliographic data on dissertations provide valuable information for research into the history of science and can be useful for studying the activities of a particular scholar or scholarly institution, the state of research in individual fields and in the country as a whole. In order to preserve and update this valuable scholarly heritage, the dissertations of Lithuanian scholars are collected and registered in libraries and research and education institutions. The most complete collection of contemporary dissertations is held in the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania. The most important and comprehensive means of recording data on dissertations are bibliographic indexes. Information on dissertations is also recorded in bibliographical lists, biographical compendia, handbooks and surveys. Since 1958, the year when the first dissertation-recording publication came out, a total of five universal bibliographies (covering all fields of science), eight subject bibliographies (for individual fields of science), five bibliographic lists and seven other types of reference publications have been produced. Thanks to the efforts of the major Lithuanian libraries (the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania, and the Vilnius University Library), bibliographies and card catalogues have been used to register dissertations in all fields of science between 1940 and 1990. Dissertations in individual fields of science were registered not only by the libraries (the Wroblewski Library and the Lithuanian Library of Medicine), but also by higher education institutions, research institutes, scientific societies and unions. They have produced retrospective bibliographies of dissertations in almost all scholarly fields (except technology). Most of them list theses defended by post-war Lithuanian scholars. An exception is the bibliography of medical sciences, which covers dissertations from 1793 to 1977. Dissertation databases, which began to be created in Lithuania in the late 20th century, took over the role of bibliographic indexes, expanding the possibilities of data retrieval and dissemination in Lithuania and worldwide. Three electronic resources (Lithuanian Science Potential, Database of Defended Dissertations and eLABa ETD) provide both retrospective and current bibliographic information on dissertations, while eLABa ETD also contains the texts of dissertations and their summaries. The totality of bibliographic tools and databases recording Lithuanian dissertations not only contributes to the dissemination of the country’s scholarly results, but also serves as a tool for qualitative and quantitative research into the history of science. Keywords: Lithuanian dissertations; theses; history of science; memory institutions; bibliographic indexes; databases; The Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences
Documentary heritage of Mykolas Kazimieras Pacas
No full textLietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės (toliau – LDK) didysis etmonas Mykolas Kazimieras Pacas (1624–1682) buvo ne tik vienas garsiausių etmonų, drąsiai gynusių LDK teritoriją, bet ir iškilus fundatorius, pastatęs ne vieną bažnyčią LDK žemėse ir vieną gražiausių spindinčių perlų – Vilniaus Šv. apaštalų Petro ir Povilo bažnyčią. 2024 m. pagerbiame Mykolo Kazimiero Paco 400 metų gimimo jubiliejų. Šio straipsnio tikslas – dar kartą prisiminti šią iškilią asmenybę ir visuomenei pristatyti mažiau žinomus pačius įdomiausius šaltinius, susijusius su jo gyvenimu. Straipsnyje siekiama nustatyti, kaip genealoginiuose medžiuose ir schemose yra aprašomas M. K. Pacas, rasti ir nustatyti, kokia heraldika yra M. K. Paco antspauduose. Šiuo straipsniu taip pat siekiama išsamiai išnagrinėti M. K. Paco paveldą, saugomą Lietuvos mokslų akademijos Vrublevskių bei Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekose: rasti kiek įmanoma daugiau XVII a. leidinių ir atskleisti, kaip juose vaizduojamas ir aprašomas M. K. Pacas. Esminiai žodžiai: Mykolas Kazimieras Pacas; Pacai; didysis etmonas; antspaudas; heraldika; Vilniaus Šv. apaštalų Petro ir Povilo bažnyčia.Mykolas Kazimieras Pacas (1624–1682) left a profound impact on the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, alongside the entire Pacas family during the 17th century. This article provides a comprehensive exploration of the heritage of Mykolas Kazimieras Pacas, based on documents preserved in the Wroblewski and Vilnius University Libraries and identifies numerous new documents discovered during the research process. The research reveals variations in the naming and genealogical representation of Mykolas Kazimieras Pacas within the Pacas family schemes and trees. While his roles as the Grand Hetman and Vilnius Voivode are underscored, different representations emphasize his descent from Šemetaitė or his role as a founder (fundator). The seals of Mykolas Kazimieras Pacas emerge as particularly unique sources, offering insights into the family, s heraldry and highlighting significant familial connections. Several of his distinctive documents and original signatures held at the Wroblewski Library are identified through the research. However, the exact origins of the Pacas coat of arms remain undetermined, with variations in its description, most commonly referred to as the “Double Lily”. The analysis of unique sources leads to the identification of several 17th-century publications featuring mentions and depictions of Mykolas Kazimieras Pacas. Portraits depict him in contemporary attire, often decorated with his coat of arms or family heraldry, and occasionally with a baton, hetman’s insignium. Despite Mykolas Kazimieras Pacas,s founding of numerous churches, his crowning achievement remains the Church of the Apostles Peter and Paul and the Pacas Palace. As the 400th anniversary of Pacas, birth approaches, his contributions are celebrated, and his simple motto – “Golden to God, golden to the Motherland, golden to enemies, golden to everyone” – is highlighted for its enduring significance. Keywords: M. K. Pacas; Pacai family; Grand Hetman; seal; heraldry; The Church of Saint Apostles Peter and Paul