“Lituanistika”, International Research Database
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Government artificial intelligence readiness and brain drain: influencing factors and spatial effects in the European Union member states
No full textIn the swiftly advancing field of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a field where every country aims to keep pace, significant disparities are observed in how different nations adopt AI. This study explores the deep, yet insufficiently studied, effects of AI on societal, economic, and environmental aspects. It particularly examines how brain drain influences governmental AI implementation capabilities, addressing a gap in existing literature. The study investigates the interplay between government AI implementation and brain drain, factoring in macro economic conditions, governance quality, educational levels, and R&D efforts. Utilizing 2022 data from European Union countries, the research employs in strumental-variables regressions (2SLS and LIML) to counteract endogeneity and uses clustering methods for categorizing countries based on their government AI levels, alongside spatial analysis to detect cross-national spillovers and interactions. The findings reveal brain drain’s detrimental effect on governmental AI preparedness, highlight clustering tendencies, and identify spatial interdependencies. This paper underscores the need for strategic policy-making and institutional reforms to bolster government AI capabilities. It advocates for a paradigm shift in government frameworks post-New Public Management era, tailored to the new challenges posed by AI. The research, however, is limited to a single year and region, with constraints on data availability and indicator breadth. Keywords: government AI readiness, brain drain, government expenditure, spatial effects, spillover effects, human capital
Peculiarities in the structure of definitions of specific terms of geography
No full textBet kurios srities sąvokos apibrėžimas yra sudėtingas ir tos srities žinių reikalaujantis loginis veiksmas, o šio veiksmo rezultatas – termino apibrėžtis. Terminologijoje kiekvieno termino apibrėžtis yra unikali. Ji padeda susieti sąvoką su ją reprezentuojančiu terminu. Straipsnyje analizuojamos 2021 m. išleisto Aiškinamojo geografijos terminų žodyno 648 rūšinių terminų apibrėžtys, trumpai apžvelgiami apibrėžčių reikalavimai, išskiriami tame žodyne rasti rūšinių terminų apibrėžčių modeliai. Dažniausias rūšinio termino apibrėžties modelis – apibrėžties pradžioje įvardijama jos loginė dominantė ir po kablelio atskleidžiami apibrėžties esminiai požymiai, paaiškinantys rūšinį apibrėžiamo termino dėmenį ar dėmenis. Apibrėžties loginė dominantė nagrinėjamame žodyne apibrėžiama atskirai kaip gimininis terminas. Kiti keturi rūšinių terminų apibrėžčių modeliai ne tokie produktyvūs, kai kurie nesunkiai gali būti transformuojami į pirmojo modelio apibrėžtis. Esminiai žodžiai: apibrėžtis, apibrėžties struktūra, apibrėžties reikalavimai, termininė reikšmė, rūšinis terminas.The process of defining a concept within in any field is a sophisticated and systematic endeavor that requires expertise in the subject matter. The result of this process is the definition of term. Each term carries unique definition. It helps to link a concept to the term that represents it. The article analyses the definitions of 648 specific terms founded in Aiškinamasis geografijos terminų žodynas issued in 2021 (Explanatory Dictionary of Geographical Terms, 2021), shortly overviewing the definitions‘ requirements and identifying definitions‘ models of specific terms. The most common model of definition of specific terms is such model, when at the beginning of definition is told logical dominant and after comma the essential attributes of definition are indicated. This logical dominant is defined as a general term in the dictionary. The other four models of definition of specific terms are less productive, some of them can be readily transformed into the most common model of definition. Keywords: definition, structure of definition, requirements of definition, terminological meaning, specific term
Baltic architectural education in times of crisis: faculty of architecture at the Baltic University in Germany, 1946-1949
No full textThe article is based on the original manuscript materials and documents of the Faculty of Architecture and Engineering of the exile Baltic University (Baltische Universität), which operated in Hamburg and Pinneberg from 1946 to 1949. The Faculty of Architecture of the Baltic University was a unique establishment in exile where Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian refugees came together to maintain their architectural education. The documents (four boxes and one roll of papers) were discovered at the Manuscript Collection of the Uppsala University Library marked as “Lettiska Fonden” and were unknown to architectural historians up to this date. This common Baltic tangible and intangible architectural heritage is a unique source for discovering and understanding the destiny of Baltic architects in exile in times of geopolitical crisis. Keywords: architects in exile, Baltic architects, Baltic University, Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, Hamburg/Pinneberg
M. Heideggerio mąstymo kontūrai: dionisiškas mokslas
No full textMartino Heideggerio mąstymo nereikėtų vadinti racionalistiniu ar iracionalistiniu. Nes racionalumo ir iracionalumo apibrėžimus, kuriuos galima laikyti kilusiais iš René Descartes’o arba karteziškosios filosofijos, M. Heideggeris dekonstruoja. Šios dekonstrukcijos judesys yra dvejopas: kartu tai yra mąstymas, atkuriantis ontologinę-istorinę (Vakarų) mąstymo pradžią. Šio atkūrimo rezultatas – M. Heideggerio būties ir laiko samprata. Taip pat galima laikyti, kad ši „samprata“ kyla iš Friedricho Nietzsche’ės „valios galiai“ ir kartu iš jos pačios kyla būdas šiąją, „valią galiai“, suprasti arba interpretuoti. Raktažodžiai: Aristotelis, būtis, galia, Martinas Heideggeris, mąstymas, Friedrichas Nietzsche’ėHeidegger’s thinking should not be labelled rationalist or irrationalist. Because the definitions of rationality and irrationality, which can be seen as derived from Descartes’ or Cartesian philosophy, are deconstructed by Heidegger. The movement of this deconstruction is twofold: at the same time it is a thinking retrieval of the ontologico- historical origin of (Western) thought. The retrieval results in Heidegger’s notion of temporalising Being. This ‘notion’ can also be seen as informed by Nietzsche’s ‘will to power’ and, in turn, to inform its understanding or interpretation itself. Keywords: Aristotle, Being, Heidegger, Nietzsche, power, thinkin
Issue of the constitutionality of the Istanbul convention in Lithuania
No full textLietuva 2013 m. pasirašė Europos Tarybos konvenciją dėl smurto prieš moteris ir smurto artimoje aplinkoje prevencijos ir kovos su juo (toliau – Stambulo konvencija arba Konvencija), tačiau iki šiol vis dar nėra jos ratifikavusi. 2024 m. kovo 14 d. Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinis Teismas priėmė išvadą dėl kai kurių Stambulo konvencijos nuostatų atitikties Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijai. Straipsnyje Stambulo konvencijos atitikties Konstitucijai klausimas yra nagrinėjamas platesniame Rytų ir Vidurio Europos valstybių kultūrinių, politinių, teisinių nesutarimų kontekste. Aptariamos šią Konvenciją supančios abejonės Rytų ir Vidurio Europos valstybėse, šių valstybių konstitucinių teismų sprendimai dėl Stambulo konvencijos nuostatų konstitucingumo, taip pat analizuojamos Lietuvos abejonės dėl šios Konvencijos atitikties Konstitucijai ir Konstitucinio Teismo požiūris į jas. Raktažodžiai: Stambulo konvencija, Konstitucija, Konstitucinis Teismas, lytis socialiniu aspektu, smurtas artimoje aplinkoje.Lithuania signed the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (the Istanbul Convention) in 2013 but has not yet ratified it. On 14 March 2024, the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania adopted a conclusion on the compatibility of certain provisions of the Istanbul Convention with the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania. This article analyses the compatibility of the Istanbul Convention with the Constitution of Lithuania. The article examines this issue in a broader context of the cultural, political and legal controversies surrounding this convention in Eastern and Central Europe. It addresses the doubts surrounding the convention in Eastern and Central European countries and the decisions of the constitutional courts of these countries on the constitutionality of the provisions of the Istanbul Convention; it also discusses the doubts raised in Lithuania on the constitutionality of the Convention and the approach of the Constitutional Court of Lithuania to these doubts. Keywords: Istanbul Convention, Constitution, Constitutional Court, gender, domestic violence
Analysis of spatial distribution of narcotics and their use in Vilnius municipality registered by Lithuanian police in 2015-2022
No full textŠių laikų pasaulis yra labai paveiktas psichoaktyviųjų medžiagų, jų vartojimas gerokai auga ir tai tampa vis skaudesnė visuomenės problema net ir Lietuvoje. Dėl šios priežasties reikia atlikti įvairių tyrimų, kuriais remiantis būtų galima mažinti šios problemos pasekmes visuomenei. Vienas iš aspektų, padedantis geriau suvokti narkotikų vartojimo mastą ir pasekmes, yra teritorinis. Erdviniai duomenys, kurių nemažai yra pasiekiama viešai, tiksliausiai jį atskleidžia. Šio darbo tikslas – supažindinti su narkotinių medžiagų vartojimo pažeidimų erdvine sklaida Vilniaus miesto savivaldybėje 2015–2022 m. laikotarpiu. Pristatomi esminiai kartografiniai metodai, kuriuos taikant buvo sukurti žemėlapiai šia tema. Tikimasi, kad jie bus panaudoti ieškant būdų prisidėti prie kovos su narkotikais. Tyrimui atlikti panaudota Lietuvos policijos registruotų įvykių duomenų bazė. Pagrindinis tyrimo rezultatas – nustatytos labiausiai paveiktos Vilniaus miesto dalys: Naujininkai, Senamiestis, Žirmūnai ir Naujamiestis, identifikuotos didžiausio su narkotikų vartojimu siejamų įvykių skaičiaus augimo teritorijos, preliminariai įvertinti pokyčiai panaikinus romų taborą. Tyrimus numatoma plėtoti ir toliau. Reikšminiai žodžiai: kartografija, geografinės informacijos sistemos, erdvinė sklaida, narkotikai, narkotinių medžiagų vartojimas.The world today is strongly affected by psychoactive substances, their use is on the rise, and it is becoming an increasingly painful problem for society even in Lithuania. This problem is very painful and rapidly changing before our very eyes, so it is not surprising that there is no solution to avoid this problem yet. For this reason, various studies are needed, based on which it would be possible to reduce the consequences of this problem for society. The purpose of this work is to familiarize with the spatial distribution of violations of the use of narcotic substances in Vilnius city municipality in 2015–2022. Main cartographic methods used to create maps on the topic are presented. The database of events registered by the Lithuanian Police was used for the study. The main results of the study were the identification of the most affected parts of Vilnius: Naujininkai, Senamiestis, Žirmūnai and Naujamiestis, the identification of the areas of highest growth odf drug-related events, and a preliminary assessment of the changes following the abolition of the Roma tabor. The research is to be further developed. Keywords: cartography, geographic information system, spatial distribution, drugs, drug use
On the history of Lithuanian fashion discourse: why a genuine fashion magazine did not occur in interwar Lithuania
No full textMados žurnalų egzistavimas yra svarbus viso mados proceso elementas: jis struktūruoja mados lauką, nustato hierarchijas, apibrėžia ir aptaria „gero skonio“ sąvoką, ugdo auditorijos suvokimą apie madą apskritai ir ženklina socialinės struktūros stabilumą. Pirmojoje Lietuvos Nepriklausomoje Respublikoje (1918– 1940) visuomenė itin domėjosi mada, ši tema buvo aktuali ir dažnai aptarinėjama viešajame diskurse. Tačiau vietinis mados žurnalas, prilygstantis vakarietiškiems laikotarpio pavyzdžiams, niekada neišvydo dienos šviesos. Šio straipsnio tikslas – apžvelgti, kokios socialinės ir istorinės aplinkybės sutrukdė atsirasti tikram mados žurnalui. Remiantis analizuojamai temai aktualiais antriniais šaltiniais, straipsnyje pateikiamos kelios priežastys, lėmusios tai, kad nebuvo nacionalinio mados žurnalo, ir trumpai apžvelgiamas mados diskursas, gyvavęs už mados žurnalų ribų, apmąstant platesnes kultūrines bei socialines jo reikšmes. Raktažodžiai: Lietuvos mados žurnalai, Lietuvos mados istorija, tarpukario socialinė istorija.The existence of fashion magazines is an important element of the entire process of fashion in a culture, because it structures the field of fashion, establishes hierarchies, defines and discusses the notion of good taste, educates the public about fashion in general, and manifests a stable social structure. The public of the First Lithuanian Independent Republic (1918-1940) was a very fashion-conscious one, and the subject occupied a considerable space in the public discourse of the time. However, a truly local fashion magazine was never produced. The aim of the article is to examine the social and historical circumstances that were the reason for the absence of a real fashion magazine. Based on the secondary sources used to analyse the chosen topic, the article suggests several reasons for the absence of a national fashion magazine and briefly reviews the fashion discourse that existed outside of fashion magazines, reflecting on its wider cultural and social meanings. Key words: Lithuanian fashion magazines, Lithuanian fashion history, interwar social history
The Factors impacting employee commitment to organizational change
No full textIn the financial sector, the need for organizational change is impacted by the consequences of pandemic, changes in consumer needs, competition, climate change, and increasing number of financial technology start-ups. The banks play a vital role in the economies of countries, so the changes taking place in them are undoubtedly important, and the commitment of employees to change is considered a necessary condition for the successful implementation of change. However, the studies, investigating how different factors contribute to the employees’ commitment to change in the Lithuanian banking sector, are scant. Therefore, the aim of this article is to determine how transformational leadership style, organizational change goals, communication quality, and certainty affect employees’ commitment to change in banking sector organization. The results of the study demonstrate that transformational leadership style, quality of change communication, clarity of goals, and certainty increase employees’ commitment to change, and transformational leadership style increases employees’ commitment to change by acting as a mediator between organizational communication, clarity of organizational change goals, and other information that increases employees’ feeling of certainty. The findings provide insights for managers who want to support employees and seek the success of organizational changes. Keywords: organizational change, commitment to change, transformational leadership style, organizational change goals, quality of change communication, certainty
Anatomy of inflationary shock in Lithuania: causes, effects and implications
No full textSummary -- 1. Stylized facts: 1.1. Stylized facts of consumer price dynamics; 1.2. Dynamics of consumer, producer and input prices; 1.3. Inflation expectations of Lithuanian households; 1.4. Inflation expectations of Lithuanian firms -- 2. Lithuanian inflation fluctuations and differentials: 2.1. Effects of energy supply shocks on price inflation along the production chain; 2.2. Wage and price responses to aggregate and labor market shocks; 2.3. Energy price inflation shocks, Lithuania against Euro area; 2.4. What has driven the surge in inflation in Lithuania? A production-side decomposition; 2.5. Lithuania’s nominal effective exchange rate fluctuations and domestic inflation; 2.6. A comparison of consumption basket item weights and price levels in Lithuania and the Euro area; 2.7. Can price level convergence explain longer-term differences in inflation rates across euro area countries? -- 3. Implications of temporary acceleration in inflation for public finances -- Annexes: 1 Annex. Timeline of ECB monetary policy normalization and tightening decisions -- Literature review of exchange rate pass-through in lithuania and other baltic countries -- Technical appendix -- 2 Annex. Fiscal measures used in the analysis to decompose changes of certain revenue items.After a decade of muted consumer price growth, inflation has picked up again, with the price increase of many goods and services spiking in 2022. Two extraordinary events – the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian aggression against Ukraine – played a leading role in the jump in inflation. The high risk of deep recession in 2020-2021 forced governments and central banks to implement various supportive measures. As the economies adapted to the pandemic, recoveries followed unexpectedly quickly with the help of expansive monetary and fiscal policies. Nevertheless, pandemic-induced supply-chain disruptions have resulted in delivery delays and increased production and transportation costs across the globe. Thus, recovering demand faced a still-constrained supply. In 2022, recovering economies were hit by another shock – the Russian war against Ukraine. The war contributed to a rise in energy prices (notably, that of natural gas, which Europe was especially dependent on). All these factors – expansionary fiscal and monetary policies, rapidly recovering economies, residual post-pandemic disruptions in supply chains, and increases in energy prices – have led to an unexpected rise in inflation throughout the world, including Lithuania. In this occasional paper, we analyse various topics related to inflation in Lithuania, predominantly focusing on the recent inflationary episode. The latter rise of inflation was unprecedented. In 2022, average annual inflation reached 18.9 per cent in Lithuania, a level which had not been seen for more than two decades. We analyse the nature of the recent inflation shock, duration, underlying causes, and consequences. While this study mainly deals with Lithuania, it also addresses the question of whether its inflation dynamics differs from that in the rest of the euro area, and if so, how. The study thus contributes to a more nuanced understanding of inflationary process in Lithuania. While integrated within the general topic, each of the chapters in the study can be seen as separate analytical notes focusing on distinct topics. In Section 1.1. (“Stylized facts of consumer price dynamics”) and Section 1.2 ("Dynamics of consumer, producer and input prices”), we provide an overview of the dynamics of inflation and its components in Lithuania over the past two decades. During the economic boom of 2004 to 2008, Lithuania experienced an upward pressure in consumer prices. This ended in 2009 with the global financial crisis, which triggered a significant downturn in the Lithuanian economy. Afterwards, a period of relative stability in inflation took place until the COVID-19 pandemic. At its start in 2020, consumer price inflation decelerated, but price growth picked up in 2021-2022. Since reaching its peak in 2022, the annual inflation rate has been steadily declining. Historically, energy prices in Lithuania have been characterized by especially high volatility. During periods of higher inflation, they have been one of the main drivers of inflation, while during periods of lower inflation, energy prices have been an important factor reducing it. In Section 1.3. (“Inflation expectations of Lithuanian households”) and Section 1.4. (“Inflation expectations of Lithuanian firms”), we use existing survey data on Lithuanian households’ and firms’ inflation expectations to better understand their evolution in the recent high inflation environment. A clear upward bias can be observed in households’ and firms’ inflation expectations. However, there is also a significant co-movement between actual inflation and inflation expectations. As inflation started to decline in 2023, similar trends can be observed in inflation expectations. In Section 2.1. (“Effects of energy supply shocks on price inflation along the production chain”), we assess the impact of energy supply shocks on price inflation along the production chain in Lithuania. The energy shocks are identified in two independent monthly BVAR models (Messner and Zorner (2023)). Producer price inflation for energy and food reacts at half the rate of equivalent international inflation in the month of the shock and then continues to rise for a year or year and a half. Consumer food price inflation reacts to a similar extent as producer food price inflation, while consumer energy price inflation reacts to a lesser extent than producer energy price inflation. More importantly, these reactions occurwith a lag of about one year after the shock. Finally, the impact at the bottom of the production chain, i.e. on core consumer price inflation, is quite limited. Overall, this section shows that energy supply shocks propagate gradually through the supply chain over time and are not passed on, on a one-by-one basis, to the final consumer. [...] Keywords: inflation, convergence, price level, supply shock
Valstybės garantijos teikiant smulkiojo ir vidutinio verslo paskolas
No full textĮžanga -- 1. Valstybės garantijų teikimo tikslai ir taikymo geroji praktika -- 2. Garantijų programų priemonių taikymas Lietuvoje -- 3. Kiekybinis garantijų taikymo Lietuvoje vertinimas: 3.1. Duomenų šaltiniai; 3.2. Įžvalgos remiantis duomenimis; 3.3. Ekonometrinis modeliavimas; 3.4. Panašių įmonių palyginimas -- Išvados -- Literatūra -- Priedas.2021 m. Lietuvos bankas ir Konkurencijos taryba paskelbė tyrimą, kuriame įvertintos smulkiojo ir vidutinio verslo (SVV) įmonių prieigos prie finansavimo šaltinių Lietuvoje 2018–2019 m. galimybės ir jas ribojantys veiksniai. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad SVV finansavimo galimybes Lietuvoje gali riboti įvairūs ilgalaikiai trikdžiai, tarp jų – tinkamo įmonių užstato trūkumas ir didesnė kai kurių įmonių grupių rizika, į kurią ne visada efektyviai atsižvelgiama valstybės pagalbos priemonėmis. Siekdamos gauti pakankamą finansavimą, SVV įmonės susiduria su užstato reikalavimu, kuris dažnai joms yra sunkiau įgyvendinamas dėl per mažo turimo tinkamo turto. Viena iš priemonių, leidžiančių spręsti nepakankamo SVV užstato problemą, yra paskolų garantijos. Šia priemone garantuotojas prisiima dalį kredito rizikos, o tai leidžia sumažinti kredito įstaigos prisiimamą riziką ir įgalinti SVV įmones gauti pakankamą finansavimą. Tačiau ankstesniame Lietuvos banko ir Konkurencijos tarybos tyrime, kuriame nagrinėta SVV įmonių prieiga prie finansavimo šaltinių 2018–2019 m. laikotarpiu, taikyto ekonometrinio modeliavimo rezultatai neparodė reikšmingo valstybės garantijų poveikio kredito davėjų prašomo užstato dydžiui. Šiuo tyrimu siekiama išsamiau apžvelgti tarptautinę valstybės garantijų taikymo praktiką (1 skyrius) ir Lietuvos patirtį (2 skyrius), įvertinti garantijų priemonių efektyvumą Lietuvoje, atsižvelgiant į tai, kokių grupių įmonės gavo garantiją, į garantijų poveikį paskolų teikimo sąlygoms (3 skyrius). Atsižvelgus į rezultatus, pasiūlomos kryptys, kaip būtų galima prisidėti prie šių priemonių tobulinimo (4 skyrius)