“Lituanistika”, International Research Database
Not a member yet
44618 research outputs found
Sort by
Šventoji 26 Findspot
No full textSklypai Monciškės gyvenvietėje, Latgalos g. 14 ir 16 (Palangos miestas), patenka į Šventosios akmens amžiaus gyvenvietės (UK 1813) teritoriją, kuri siejama su 1966 m. lokalizuota 26 radimviete. Sklype Latgalos g. 14 bus užstatomas 582 m2 plotas, Latgalos g. 16 - 576 m2 plotas, iš viso 1158 m2 plotas. Archeologiniai tyrimai buvo pradėti 2022 m. rugsėjo 13 d. ir pabaigti lapkričio 30 d. Tirti pradėta nuo sklypo Latgalos g. 14, jame ištyrus 4 perkasas, dar 3 perkasos buvo ištirtos sklype Latgalos g. 16. Sklype Latgalos g. 14 ištirtos 4 perkasos: perkasa 1 - 69 m2 ploto, perkasa 2 - 63,5 m2, perkasa 3 - 81,7 m2, perkasa 4 - 91,2 m2, iš viso - 305,4 m2. Sklype Latgalos g. 16 ištirtos 3 perkasos: perkasa 5 - 98 m2, perkasa 6 - 92 m2, perkasa 7 - 92 m2, iš viso - 282 m2 plotas. Iš viso detaliųjų tyrimų metu ištirtas 587,4 m2 plotas.In 2022, archaeological excavations were conducted in the territory of the Stone Age settlement of Šventoji, in the Šventoji 26 findspot (14 and 16 Latgalos St.). Seven trenches were excavated at the site of planned construction, a total area of 576 m2. In the S part of Trench 2, nine circular and oval spots of dark sand were located in the sterile soil. These features were found at a depth of 75-82 cm from the surface, Habs = 1.58-1.70 m. It was concluded that at the land plot of 14 Latgalos St. there is a preserved archaeological layer containing Neolithic artefacts and measuring 5-25 cm (in some places up to 30-35 cm) thick. At the land plot of 16 Latgalos St., the archaeological layer and some finds were recorded only in the W part of Trenches 5 and 7, at the site of the former paleolagoon. The stratigraphy comprised a turf and peat surface layer, 15-45 cm thick, preceded by the sapropel-rich archaeological layer, measuring 5-25 cm thick (up to 30-35 cm in some places). Most ofthe finds were collected in the peat layer and the archaeological layer. Nothing was found in the sand deposit below. The settlement was located on the shore of the former lagoon, and it was subject to frequent flooding. The settlement was abandoned after a short time, became sodden, and was never inhabited again. A few archaeological finds were also discovered at the land plot of 16 Latgalos St. However, they were concentrated on the surface, under the turf, and at a shallow depth, and a distinct archaeological layer was not detected in the E part. Only a few features were identified, namely nine shallow pits ranging from 3 to 18 cm in depth that were cut into a white sand deposit under the archaeological layer in test pit 2. Their configuration is unclear, and no trace ofwood was found in the fill. The excavation yielded the following finds: 271 stone artefacts, mostly flint and sandstone; 354 potsherds; and 865 pieces of amber artefacts and their fragments. A total of 1,490 items were discovered and catalogued
Lithuanian orthography of the 1846 printed book "Lives of eminent commanders" translated by Simonas Daukantas. Palimpsestic graphemes
No full textŠi studija skiriama tirti Daukanto 1846 m. Gyvatų didžiųjų karvaidų spaudinio ortografijai, ją lyginti su ankstesnio apie 1834 m. Gyvatų didžiųjų karvaidų rankraščio. Taip pat rekonstruoti Daukanto senesnių tekstų rašybos perdarymo ar išlaikymo tendencijas. Nustatyti stabiliąsias ir mažiau stabilias rašybos ypatybes, atpažinti ir įvardinti pasitaikančios, pavadinčiau, palimpsestinės Daukanto rašybos bruožusIn 1846, Simonas Daukantas (1793–1864) published his translation of Cornelius Nepos’ Lives of Eminent Commanders (in Lithuanian Giwatas Didiujû Karwaidû, GDKs) at Christian Hintze’s printing press in St Petersburg. This study analyses the orthography in GDKs. There was a previous translation of the book by Daukantas in around 1834 (about 12 years earlier), and most of it survives in the shape of a copy by an anonymous hand. The book was printed from a later manuscript that did not survive. It is obvious that Daukantas had the earlier translation in front of him while preparing the publication. But even if he copied some features of his old orthography, he also often changed the orthography according to his later altered preferences. Another book by Daukantas published the same year (1846) was Pasakas Phedro (PaPhs), a translation of The Fables of Phaedrus. The manuscript of PaPhs was prepared in Daukantas’ own quite renewed orthography (compared to his older manuscript of the same fables Pasakas Pdraus from the first half of 1836). The first quarter of the GDKs text was prepared in similar way to PaPhs: Daukantas preferred to replace old orthographic features with newer ones. However, the other three quarters of the GDKs book were prepared differently: many more older orthographic peculiarities were introduced, such as: (not ); , (not ); in open [‑ẹi] flexions (not ); , , in word roots (not ); inf. suffix (not ). The most plausible reason for the decline in Daukantas’ interest in renewing the older orthography in his new manuscript (beginning in the second quarter) was his sudden illness. Daukantas claimed that at the beginning of January 1846, the blood was rushing inside his head so much that he thought he was going mad or dying, and only after four months did the doctors manage to help him recover enough so that he was able to walk. Nevertheless, the pain in his legs was still terrible, and he could not walk further than a few hundred paces at a time. And approximately at that time, Daukantas was working on his GDK manuscript, so it is possible that the misfortune befell him when he was a quarter of the way through his work. It also means that, even though sick and in pain, he continued writing. Not all the orthographic features were of the same stability. Some of them were quite stable, and Daukantas adapted new versions of expressions even while he was ill (yra; ; ; ; buwo). Other features were less stable and even very unstable, affected by the obvious influence of the orthography of the former manuscript. Among the least stable was the discarding of the grapheme in the position of a long vowel [i·, i]: derivatives with the inf. suffix ; the root giw‑ (‘life, alive’), etc. Also, the diacritical grapheme was not stable either in PaPhr or in GDKs. These old graphemes that penetrate new texts might be termed palimpsestic. Old graphemes in new texts, especially those that are characterised by less stability, are palimpsestic. This feature was present to some degree in other writings by Daukantas as well: in some manuscripts we can unexpectedly find the grapheme with the very old meaning of the Lowland Lithuanian sound [ẹ] (pronounced somewhat between [i] and [e]), such as the History of the Lithuanian Lowlands of 1831–1834; proverbs copied from Kristijonas Gotlybas Milkus’ dictionaries and Lowland Lithuanian proverbs, both from about 1838, etc. Also, beside the newer grapheme [ọ], we can find the older [ọ] in Lowland Lithuanian proverbs, which is a sign that the text was copied from an older manuscript and acquired the former palimpsestic
First post-uprising years in Lithuanian historiography: how archaeologists were replaced by slavists and folklorists. The case of Pyotr Bezsonov (1865-1866)
No full textStraipsnio tikslas – giliau pažvelgti į pirmuosius naujai kuriamo istorijos mokslo ŠVK atstovus, ypač Bezsonovą. Tyrimui ne tiek bus svarbi konkreti (praktinė) šio bent kelių svarbių institucijų VŠA vadovo veikla, kiek jo istorinė ir politinė savimonė, ideologinės nuostatos. Straipsnyje bus aptarti tiek mažiau žinomi Bezsonovo veikalai, tiek paraštėse likę archyviniai dokumentai. Kitaip tariant, sudėtingą posukiliminę situaciją VŠA bus siekiama apibūdinti per vieno ryškiausių ir kontroversiškiausių anuomečių ŠVK reformatorių asmenybę.The events of 1863–1864 were a turning point in the intellectual life of Vilnius (Rus. Vil’na) and of all Lithuanian and Belarussian gubernias of the then Russian Empire, which were already commonly known as the North-Western krai, i.e. province. The consequences of the defeated uprising – the reorganisation of the Vilnius Museum of Antiquities, the closure of the Vilnius Temporary Archaeological Commission, and the establishment of the Vilnius Public Library – became a recognised fact. Vilnius Central Archives, founded in 1852 and significantly enriched by the archives of the estates confiscated after the uprising and of the closed Catholic monasteries, also played a significant role in the imperial policy, as did the archive of the books of the early acts of the gubernias of Vilnius, Kaunas (Rus. Kovno), Gardinas (Rus. Grodno) and Minsk, and the Vilnius Commission for the studies and publication of the books of the early acts. Since all these institutions operated in the premises of the closed Vilnius University, nowadays their history is justifiably or maybe unjustifiably (as the content of this article would suggest) treated as an integral part of the history of the alma mater. The aim of the newly created Russian centre of science and culture was to annihilate the historical memory of the ‘Polish’ intellectual life that had once been bustling within these walls. All four institutions – or rather all three, since after the reorganisation of the Vilnius Museum of Antiquities it became a division of the Vilnius Public Library – attracted scholars’ attention. Key personalities who used to work in these institutions were also mentioned and sometimes introduced in greater detail. The aim of the article was to take a deeper look at the first representatives of the newly emerging discipline of history in the North-Western Province, in particular, at Pyotr Bezsonov vel Bessonov (1827–1898), a Muscovite, a renowned Russian Slavist and folklore scholar, and a publisher of sources. He was the chair of the Vilnius Commission for the Study and Publication of the Early Acts (also, the headmaster of the Rabbi School and later of the 1st Boys’ Gymnasium in Vilnius). It was not so much the specific (practical) activities of this head of at least a several important institutions comprising the Vilnius Educational District that was important for the research, but rather his historical and political selfawareness and his ideological attitudes. The article discusses both Bezsonov’s lesser-known works and archival documents that remain in the margins. In other words, the aim was to describe the complex post-uprising situation in the Vilnius Educational District through the personality of one of the most prominent and controversial reformers of the then North- Western Province. The figure of Yakiv Holovatsky (1814–1888), originally from Galicia, who was an equally famous Slavic scholar, folklorist, and pedagogue (at one time even the rector of the University of Lviv), and who succeeded Bezsonov in his position, is briefly introduced against the background of the latter’s activities in Vilnius. After the uprising of 1863–1864, the Polish-writing Lithuanian historians, archaeologists, and ethnologists were replaced by new Russian-speaking historians and ethnologists who had to implement an important ideological mission: to substantiate the legitimacy of Russia’s presence in the North-Western Province with historical sources. The writing of the so-called new history took place in parallel with the reorganisation of memory institutions, in which the new historians, archaeologists, and ethnologists were actively involved. Special attention was paid to senior positions in research and cultural institutions. The search for new scholarly authorities was difficult because the Russian scholarly elite (as opposed to educators) was reluctant to move to the North-Western Province, let alone to write (with one exception or another) the history of that region (at best, they were consultants and reviewers). The new intellectual elite of the North-Western Province was divided into two camps: one was in favour of drastic measures of Russification, while the other supported gradual ones, using the work of the earlier historians and literary figures who wrote about the region in Polish but who had encouraged (not necessarily consciously) anti-Polish sentiments, such as Teodor Narbutt (1784–1864), Adam Honory Kirkor (1818–1886), and Eustachy Tyszkiewicz (1814–1873). Bezsonov was the most prominent representative of the latter camp. In fact, however, these were just two different tactics: both were convinced that the land had to be Russified. During the debate on Russification measures, the issue of the necessity of a university in Vilnius was raised once again, and Bezsonov made a significant contribution to the revival of this idea. The first historians and ethnologists of the North-Western Province (who were also the heads of important scholarly and cultural institutions in this region) were prominent figures in the Russian (Slavic) scholarly world. Moreover, this Russian-speaking descent had excellent pen-wielding skills and wrote with emotion and impact. Although they constantly emphasised that they represented the world of scholarship and not politics, not only Slavophilic but also pro-Russian rhetoric dominated their texts. The question of the addressee of their writings remains open. [...
Links between social worker's perfectionism and professional burnout
No full textSocialinių problemų gausa yra paskata socialinio darbo plėtojimuisi visame pasaulyje. Socialinio darbo profesija orientuota į pagalbą kitiems, pažeidžiamoje situacijoje atsidūrusiems žmonėms. Todėl profesinio perdegimo sindromas taip yra labai aktuali problema dirbant socialinio darbo srityje. Socialinio darbuotojo veiklos efektyvumas priklauso nuo daugybės išorinių ir vidinių veiksnių, o vienu iš jų gali būti asmeninės savybės. Pervargimas gali labai veikti tiek vidinę, tiek išorinę socialinę darbuotojo asmenybės kaitą. Yra išskiriamos dvi profesinį perdegimą tyrinėjančios sritys: pirmoji – profesinio perdegimo sąsajos su situaciniais veiksniais, t. y. su darbo, organizaciniais ir profesiniais, kita – profesinio perdegimo sąsajos su individualiais veiksniais, t. y. su žmonių demografinėmis charakteristikomis bei asmenybės bruožais. Socialinio darbuotojo veikloje yra daug kasdien patiriamų veiksnių, galinčių lemti profesinį perdegimą – stresas, per didelė darbo apkrova, emocinių išteklių išeikvojimas, vaidmenų konfliktas, dalyvavimas sudėtingose situacijose ir pan. Teigiama, jog perfekcionizmas – kaip asmenybės bruožas – taip pat gali skatinti pervargimą, ypač darbuotojams, kurių profesinė veikla susijusi su pagalba kitiems: medikams, slaugytojams, socialiniams darbuotojams, pedagogams. Mokslo informacijos šaltiniuose perfekcionizmas ir profesinis perdegimas nagrinėjami išsamiai, o tyrimai atliekami įvairiose profesinėse srityse – medicinos darbuotojų, mokytojų, sportininkų ir kt., tačiau tyrimų socialinio darbo srityje, susiejančių perfekcionizmą su profesiniu perdegimu, Lietuvoje nepavyko rasti. Straipsnyje apibrėžiama perfekcionizmo bei profesinio perdegimo samprata, pateikiama tyrimo metodika bei išanalizuoti statistinių tyrimo duomenų rezultatai. Šio tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti socialinio darbuotojo perfekcionizmo ir profesinio perdegimo sąsajas. Atliktas kiekybinis tyrimas, kuriame dalyvavo 144 socialiniai darbuotojai, dirbantys penkiose įvairias socialines paslaugas Lietuvoje teikiančiose įstaigose. Nustatyti statistiškai reikšmingi ryšiai tarp aukštų standartų ir nuasmeninimo, aukštų standartų ir emocinio išsekimo, tvarkingumo ir emocinio išsekimo, prieštaringumų ir nuasmeninimo, prieštaringumų ir sumažėjusio asmeninio efektyvumo jausmo bei prieštaringumų ir emocinio išsekimo. Reikšminiai žodžiai: socialinis darbuotojas, perfekcionizmas, profesinis perdegimas.The abundance of social problems is an incentive for developing social work worldwide. The social work profession focuses on helping others in vulnerable situations. Therefore, occupational burnout syndrome is also a very acute problem when working in the field of social work. The effectiveness of the social worker’s activities depends on several external and internal factors, one of which can be personal qualities. Overwork can greatly affect internal and external social changes in an employee’s personality. Two areas that study occupational burnout are distinguished: the links between professional burnout and situational factors, i.e., occupational, organisational and professional factors, and the links between professional burnout and individual factors, i.e., people’s demographic characteristics and personal features. In the activities of a social worker, many factors experienced daily can lead to professional burnout, such as stress, excessive workload, depletion of emotional resources, conflict of roles, participation in difficult situations, etc. It is claimed that perfectionism as a personality trait can also promote overwork, especially for employees whose professional activities are related to helping others: doctors, nurses, social workers, and educators. In scientific information sources, perfectionism and professional burnout are studied in detail, and research is carried out in various professional fields, including medical workers, teachers, athletes, etc. However, research in the field of social work linking perfectionism with professional burnout could not be found in Lithuania. The article defines the concept of perfectionism and professional burnout, presents the research methodology, and analyses the results of statistical research data. This study aims to identify the links between the social worker’s perfectionism and professional burnout. A quantitative survey was conducted, which involved 144 social workers working in five institutions providing various social services in Lithuania. Statistically significant links have been identified between high standards and depersonalisation, high standards and emotional exhaustion, orderliness and emotional exhaustion, contradictions and depersonalisation, contradictions and a reduced sense of personal efficiency, and contradictions and emotional exhaustion
Analysis of teacher's teamwork of Kuršėnai Stasys Anglickis progymnasium
No full textŠiuolaikinėje visuomenėje vienas iš esminių modernios organizacijos bruožų yra komandinis darbas, produktyviai dalyvaujant pokyčiuose, kuriant organizacijos kultūrą, siekiant jos veiklos efektyvumo ir kt. Komandinis darbas populiarus daugelyje veiklos sričių, ne išimtis – ir švietimo organizacijos. Komandos kuriamos, norint pasiekti įvairių tikslų, tačiau pagrindinis jų reikšmingumo ypatumas – įrodymai, kad komandos pasiekia geresnių rezultatų, negu paskiri darbuotojai, nes kiekvienai veiklai reikia įvairių įgūdžių ir patirties. Straipsnyje analizuojama komandinio darbo samprata, pateikiamos pedagogų komandinio darbo ypatybės, privalumai ir trūkumai. Pristatomas pedagogų komandinio darbo tyrimas švietimo organizacijoje, kuris atskleidė, kad ten veikiančių komandų komandinio darbo raiška yra labiau teigiama, negu neigiama. Reikšminiai žodžiai: komanda, komandinis darbas, komandinio darbo analizė, švietimo organizacija.The pedagogues could realise the goals set to the educational organisation and achieve high and qualitative work results solely by acting in a professional and coherent manner. For this, the cooperation inside and outside the organisation is required. Therefore, it is important that the pedagogues of educational organisations acquire the basics of teamwork. Relevance of the topic is conveyed by means of a contract research in order to assess the teamwork in the educational organisation. Theoretical aspect of the article topic was revealed by analysis and generalization of the scientific literature by Lithuanian and foreign authors as well as by the latest articles in the research area. The „Team Plus“ testing method was selected for the diagnostic research. Upon analysis of the scientific sources it was established that the main and the most essential advantages of the teamwork include more qualitative work results, lower labour costs, more opportunities to reveal personal talents, openness to innovations, flexibility and ability to adapt to changes, and a better emotional state of the members. The conducted diagnostic research revealed that expression of the teamwork in the teams working in the educational organisation is more positive than negative. The obtained results of the research may be significant for development and formation of teams in educational organisations. Key words: team, teamwork, teamwork analysis, educational organisation
Nowcasting economic activity using electricity market data: the case of Lithuania
No full textTraditional forecasting methods usually rely on historical macroeconomic indicators with significant delays. To address this problem, new opportunities for economic modeling and forecasting are emerging by using real-time data and making nowcasting of economic activity. This research aims to assess the usefulness of electricity market data to nowcast the economic activity in Lithuania. Various MIDAS regression models are used to nowcast nine monthly macroeconomic indicators. In general, electricity market indicators are useful to nowcast certain macroeconomic indicators. Electricity consumption is the most useful among electricity market indicators and brings benefits when nowcasting imports, industrial production, consumer confidence, wholesale and retail trade, and the repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles. Electricity production is beneficial in nowcasting the industrial production. Meanwhile, electricity price is useful for nowcasting exports, exports of goods of Lithuanian origin, imports, and industrial production. Meanwhile, electricity market data do not improve the prediction of the unemployment rate, economic sentiment indicator, and CPI-based consumer price in comparison with an autoregressive model. Keywords: nowcasting; economic activity; electricity market data; MIDA
Economic growth and housing spending within social protection: correlation and causal study
No full textThe purpose of this study is to ground the causality, its character, and power between economic growth and housing spending within government social protection to strengthen poverty reduction. The study is conducted on a sample of 27 EU countries for 2012–2021 according to the following indicators: government expenditure on housing within social protection, government expenditure on housing development, and GDP per capita growth. Correlation analysis revealed the relationship between the variables. The paper employed time lags with the most significance based on Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients depending on normal data (Shapiro-Wilk test). The causal analysis determined which of the studied indicators is the cause and consequence of established dependence based on the results of the Granger test. Calculations are made in STATA software. It is confirmed that government expenditure on housing within social protection influences GDP per capita growth in 14 countries (the highest impact is in Greece and Spain) and government expenditure on housing development – in 17 countries (the biggest influence is in Romania, the Slovak Republic, Ireland, and Lithuania). It is also emphasized that government expenditure on housing development influences economic growth more significantly and with higher strength than government expenditure on housing within social protection. The obtained results can be useful in further research and government decision-making in social and economic policy, particularly regarding the expediency of increasing government spending for affordable housing and its development according to social protection programs, poverty reduction, and inclusive economic growth. Keywords: access, affordability, financial aid, government expenditure, housing, poverty, social protectio
Teachers’ attitude towards inclusive education: Latvian and Lithuanian experiences
No full textInclusive education is a continuous process of transformation of the education system. It is both an approach to teaching and learning, as well as a different organization of the educational process that welcomes all students regardless of their social skills and physical and intellectual abilities. The qualitative implementation of inclusive education requires competent staff. The study reflects a comparative study carried out in Latvia and Lithuania, and it focuses on Latvian and Lithuanian teachers’ attitude self-assessment regarding the implementation of inclusive education. A three-dimensional model, including the cognitive, affective, and behaviour components, are used for the study. The Technical Manual for Attitudes Towards Teaching All Students Instrument developed by Gregory Jess L. and Noto Lori A. has been applied in the study. The SPSS 25.0 programme, Pearson Correlation, and One-Way ANOVA tests were used for the statistical analysis of the data. The results reveal, and generally confirm, differences in the structure of Latvian and Lithuanian teachers’ attitudes, as well as emphasize the importance of teachers and support specialists’ competence improvement to ensure optimal teaching and learning processes for all learners involved in the educational process. Keywords: inclusive education; pupils with special needs; teachers’ attitude; teachers’ competenc
Colour psychology potential in Lithuanian advertising
No full textThe study examines the potential of colour psychology in Lithuanian advertising, acknowledging that the application of colour psychology may vary among countries. The theoretical overview outlines the concept of colour psychology and evaluates its use in advertising. The research objective is to assess how colour psychology can be effectively implemented in Lithuanian advertising campaigns. The study aims to explore the potential of colour psychology in Lithuanian advertising. The analysis will investigate the use of colour psychology in Lithuanian advertising. Methodology of the study included a review of the scientific literature and two structured questionnaire surveys of both consumers and industry experts. The study showed that when comparing user and expert surveys, both groups agreed that properly selected colours that evoke positive emotions have a strong influence on consumer emotions and even actions. However, when comparing the theory with the results obtained in the user questionnaire, it appears that Lithuanians assign slightly different associations to corresponding colours than foreign authors. Carefully selected colours that evoke positive emotions in advertisements can attract consumers' attention and potentially encourage purchases of the depicted brand. In order to choose the right colours to communicate in advertisements, it is important to analyse the audience to which the advertisement will be presented and to clarify the values that the brand cherishes and what the specific colour used in the advertisement is intended to tell consumers about the product or service. Key words: colour psychology, advertising, colours in advertising, colour associations, colour impact
The Variability and clustering of Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs) - a comparative analysis of national models of FIUs in selected western and eastern (post-Soviet) countries
No full textFinancial intelligence units (FIUs) are crucial pillars of international anti-money laundering (AML) law as na tional authorities that gather, analyze, and disseminate financial intelligence to law-enforcement authorities (LEAs). This paper offers an in-depth insight into national models of financial intelligence units (FIUs) in ten selected Western (Canada, Denmark, Netherlands, Luxembourg, United States) and Eastern (post-Soviet) countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine). A hypothesis that FIUs’ characteristics cluster along the West-East dimension is tested, based on a development of an analytical framework involving twelve potentially discriminative properties of FIUs, that characterize how a given FIU falls on a hypothetical continuum from primarily administrative to primarily law-enforcement organization and modi operandi. The findings are that, despite several decades of legislative efforts to harmonize FIUs worldwide, they are not homogenous. In fact, a West-East dichotomy between FIUs styles can be seen to the extent that Lithuania, Estonia and Poland form one cluster. On the other hand, Denmark, Netherlands and Luxembourg form another cluster. The exception that proves the rule, in this case, is Latvia, that falls within the Western cluster, not the Eastern one, due to a recent restructuring along “Western” lines. This analysis contributes to the knowledge-gap about FIUs governance in two ways. It provides a new theoretical framework of FIUs governance that hinges upon the “input-output” dynamics among FIUs, AML supervisory bodies, and law-enforcement authorities (LEAs). Furthermore, it monstrates that blindly issuing new European AML legal standards, without regard for the idiosyncratic nature of these national bodies, is unlikely to produce substantive further harmonization results. Keywords: Financial crime; Money laundering; Financial intelligence; Financial intelligence unit; Illicit financial flow; Anti-Money Laundering