“Lituanistika”, International Research Database
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Education and self-rated health: the moderating effect of primary care quality in 24 OECD countries, 2002 to 2018
No full textIt is well researched that people with lower education are more likely to become ill and die at an earlier age than those who are well educated. We, however know much less about the mechanisms which bring this about, especially the contextual factors. One way to obtain new information is to compare countries with similar features and focus on institutional factors such as the welfare state’s organization. For health outcomes, the framework of the healthcare sector is highly relevant, but it has thus only been explored to a limited extent by comparative welfare state research. The present study places the main explanatory variable at the contextual level, particularly the institutional structure of the welfare state. The role of primary care quality for moderating the relationship between education and self-rated health will be empirically tested by comparing 24 affluent countries. Data from the European Social Survey (ESS) round 1 to 9, years 2002 to 2018, is pooled and matched with data on primary care quality from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The results lend support to the contention that primary care quality reduces the educational gradient in health and that the moderating effect of primary care depends on age. Respondents with low education were shown to benefit from improved primary care quality already as young adults, while for respondents with higher education, such an effect is found only amongst middle-aged and older adults. Keywords: Welfare state; Healthcare; Primary care; Ambulatory sensitive care conditions; Health Education; Age Socio-economic status
Environmental innovations in the EU: a club convergence analysis of the eco-innovation index and driving factors of the clusters
No full textEco-innovation, which combines innovation and sustainable development, has become an essential instrument to strengthen economic growth and preserve the environment. Considering the eco-innovation index for the EU, we study the convergence of eco-innovation across countries for the period 2012–2021 through the club convergence approach. We evaluate if and to what extent EU countries are converging toward a homogenous eco-innovation dynamic pattern. Our results indicate three clubs of convergence in the overall eco-innovation index, while the number of clusters is higher -four or five- in the five dimensions of the indicator. The analysis of the determinants of clubs in the aggregated index highlights the relevance of GDP per capita and economic openness, while R&D investments, environmental taxation and firm size are non-significant in our study. The results are also discussed within the contexts of convergence of environmental policies and innovation in the EU. Keywords: Eco-innovation; Environmental policies; Club convergence; European union
Equivalents of the lexeme "laisvė" (freedom) in M. Daukša's works
No full textThe use of the word "laisvė" (freedom; liberty) started to prevail only in the 19th century. Prior to this, the words valnastis, valia, and various loan root hybrids were found in the earliest written works. The noun "laisvė" was used for the first time in written Lithuanian in the 17th century, namely in the Dictionary of Konstantinas Sirvydas of 1642. The article focuses on the equivalents of the word laisvė in earlier works, that is in "Kathechismas arba moksłas kiekwienam krik szczionii priwalvs" [Catechism or Science Obligatory to Every Christian] written by Mikalojus Daukša in 1595 and in his "Postilla Catholicka" [The Catholic Postil] written in 1599. The analysis has disclosed the use of loan words and various hybrids, but this must have been predetermined by the pursuit of stylistic diversity, because variety and figurativeness of vocabulary are characteristic of M. Daukša's texts. No translation scheme has been observed: different words in the Lithuanian language usually correspond to the same source word in the translation. Neither the meanings of equivalents nor the context had any influence on translation. Keywords: word "laisvė", equivalents, borrowing, hybrid, M. Daukša
Freedom as a relationship of memory and place in the correspondence of Antanas Vaičiulaitis
No full textThe article analyses the relationship between freedom and memories as revealed in Antanas Vaičiulaitis’ (1906–1992) letters to his family and friends. In the memoirs, the connection is conveyed in a distinctive way through the places that were important for the writer. The analysis draws on two theories: Maurice Halbwachs’ memory categories and Edward S. Casey’s link between place and memory. Vaičiulaitis’ individual experience of memories is constructed in the foreground mostly by mentioning his native land and people who were important to him. They are actualised in the letters by a horizontal axis of representation – the landscape and natural objects that are significant to the writer are arranged according to the gaze and become the repositories of his memories. The second plane is related to vertical representation, where memories are used to convey the author’s sensual relationship to the place. The letters constantly recreate his habitus, the places that integrate the writer’s notion of freedom, and the customs that unite Lithuanians around the world. Thus, Vaičiulaitis’s constant nostalgia for freedom in his letters can be seen as a way of remembering, a unique sphere of experience, a world created through imagination, encompassing the feeling of being in a certain place. Keywords: Antanas Vaičiulaitis, freedom, memory, place, representation, letter
Constitutional doctrine and the (non)-freedom of the interpretation of the Constitution
No full textLietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo 30 veiklos metų laikotarpis – svarbi data apžvelgti Konstitucijos aiškinimo, konstitucinės doktrinos raidą. Nors Konstitucijos tekstas – tai ir jos kūrėjų veiklos rezultatas, kurį norėdami išsiaiškinti turime vertinti jų siekius, ginčus, kompromisus, idėjas, vis dėlto Konstitucijos priėmimas lemia ir tai, kad ji gyvena savo savarankišką gyvenimą, ir šiame kelyje ji susiduria su problemomis, iššūkiais, kurių niekaip negalėjo numatyti jos teksto kūrėjai. Todėl Konstitucinio Teismo įgaliojimai oficialiai aiškinti Konstituciją kelia didelius išskirtinius reikalavimus Konstituciniam Teismui formuojant konstitucinę doktriną, kuri lemia ir jurisprudencinės konstitucijos koncepcijos įsitvirtinimą konstituciocentrinėje Lietuvos teisės sistemoje. Taigi, neišvengiamai kyla klausimas, kiek yra laisvas Konstitucinis Teismas, siekdamas puoselėti gyvosios konstitucijos sampratą ir plėtoti konstitucinę doktriną, nekeičiant, o kartais ir pakeičiant jau suformuluotus konstitucinės doktrinos – Konstitucijos aiškinimo doktrininius teiginius, suteikiančius Konstitucijos nuostatoms, inter alia, platesnę, nei kad jos tekstinė išraiška, prasmę, kokios yra šios teisinės kūrybinės veiklos ribos? Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Konstitucinis Teismas, oficialus Konstitucijos aiškinimas, konstitucinės doktrinos plėtojimas, konstitucinės doktrinos reinterpretavimas.This article analyses the extent to which the Constitutional Court is free to develop the constitutional doctrine. As one of the preconditions for the formation of the constitutional doctrine, the freedom exercised by the Constitutional Court in interpreting the Constitution can be viewed as a subjective assessment of the provisions and principles of the Constitution by the justices of the Constitutional Court, which is determined by objective circumstances and is based on reasoning, in order to achieve the integrity of the Constitution, the balance of the values enshrined in it, and the viability of the legal basis of the life of society and the State. The limits to the freedom of the Constitutional Court in developing a new original constitutional doctrine (or a doctrine based on EU Law, international legal acts, or constitutional traditions of other democracies) remain a topical issue which raises debate not only on the content of such a doctrine, but also on the consistent continuity of the interpretation of the Constitution by the Constitutional Court, as the sole official interpreter of the provisions and principles of the Constitution
Should lis pendens be treated as a constitutional principle in light of the Constitutional Court of Lithuania case law?
No full textKadangi šio svarbaus lis pendens klausimo Konstitucinis Teismas išsamiai nenagrinėjo, šio straipsnio tikslas – aptarti konstitucines šio principo implikacijas ir reikšmę Konstitucinio Teismo oficialiajai doktrinai. Tyrimo objektas yra Konstitucinio Teismo nutarimai, teismų praktika ir teisės doktrina, analizuojanti su lis pendens teisiniu statusu ir taikymu susijusius ir šiam straipsniui aktualius klausimus. Minėtam straipsnio tikslui įgyvendinti keliami šie straipsnio uždaviniai, kurie, be kita ko, yra šio straipsnio hipotezės: pirma, ar lis pendens gali būti prilyginamas teisės principui? Ir, jeigu atsakymas į šią hipotezę būtų teigiamas, antra, ar lis pendens galėtų būti laikomas konstituciniu principu? Tyrimas atliktas derinant skirtingus, leidžiančius atskleisti tiek teorinę, tiek praktinę analizuojamo klausimo problematiką, metodus – dokumentų analizę, loginę, sisteminę, kritinę, lyginamąją, teleologinę, lingvistinę analizę.The Constitutional Court of Lithuania is the watchdog of the Constitution which has been forming its official constitutional doctrine for over thirty years and has decided on many important legal issues. However, at least at the Constitutional Court’s level, it is still to be discussed whether lis pendens should be treated as the constitutional principle. It is widely accepted that it is undesirable to have a situation where parallel proceedings involving the same parties and the same cause of action are continuing in different countries simultaneously. When there is at least one final court decision on the merits, the res iudicata principle engages and prevents the possibility of a concurring decision. It is also recognized on the international level and at the level of the Constitutional Court of Lithuania that the res iudicata principle is, respectively, universal and constitutional. However, before the res iudiata protection steps in, lis pendens should prevent the parallel proceedings. This article argues whether lis pendens and res iudicata are, in principle, the two sides of the same coin and, if so, whether lis pendens, along with res iudicata, could have the status of a constitutional principle
The Role of social movements in transformative tourism development: lessons learnt from a case study in Lithuania
No full textThis study responds to the need for theoretical and empirical research on value co-creation in tourism. Previous research has mainly adopted a perspective centred on the collaborative relationships between tourists and service providers, i.e., has been focused on a relationship called ‘one-to-one’. According to the emerging trends in value co-creation theory, value co-creation activities, however, are more complex. The research provides empirical support to previous general conceptualisations of value-creation and brings some new insights to value co-creation involving multiple actors from a perspective called ‘many-to-one’. The research is focused on the role of the most active stakeholder in transformative tourism that represents ‘many’ actors as a whole – the social movement. The paper describes a case on a transformative tourism initiative that is a particularly rich setting for expanding value-cocreation in a network of activities’ research for a more complex understanding of value networks in the tourism sector. The case study examines extensively the role of social movements in transformative tourism development through value co-creation. The findings develop a more complex value co-creation mechanism and enable the conceptualisation of the value co-creation process by identifying drivers of collaboration, value co-creation activities, and outcomes. The research demonstrates the potential of social movements for the development of transformative tourism in value co-creation and has implications for both entrepreneurs and policymakers seeking to develop transformative tourism and leaders of a new generation of social movements aiming to transform society. Key words: business model, collaborative relationships, social movements, transformative tourism, value co-creation
Impoliteness strategies applied in political debates in Lithuania and USA
No full textŠio žvalgomojo tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti, kokias nemandagumo strategijas taiko ir kaip jas išreiškia Lietuvos ir JAV politikai per priešrinkiminius TV debatus. Kokybiniu turinio analizės metodu analizuotos keturios TV debatų laidos, kurių bendra trukmė – 360 min. Atlikus tyrimą paaiškėjo, kad Lietuvos ir JAV politikai dažniausiai taiko netiesiogines nemandagumo strategijas, jas orientuodami į negatyvųjį ir pozityvųjį oponentų įvaizdžius. Taip pat išryškėjo, kad analizuotose JAV debatų laidose tiesioginio nemandagumo strategija buvo pritaikyta 2,4 karto dažniau negu Lietuvos debatuose. Rečiausiai abiejų šalių debatuose buvo pritaikyta užuolankomis reiškiamo nemandagumo strategija. Propozicinio turinio raiškos analizė atskleidė, kad JAV debatuose oponentą menkinantis turinys buvo dažniausiai reiškiamas teiginiais, varžovą menkinantį turinį konstatuojant kaip faktą. Lietuvos politikai vienas kitą menkino pasitelkdami įvairius kalbos išteklius: pateikdami tai kaip savo nuomonę, abejonę ir pan. Raktažodžiai: nemandagumas, politiniai debatai, nemandagumo strategijos, nemandagumo strategijų raiška.The aim of this study is to reveal which impoliteness strategies politicians use during electoral TV debates in Lithuania and the USA. To achieve this aim, four debates were analyzed using a quantitative analysis method. The total duration of the debates analyzed was 360 minutes. The study revealed that politicians in Lithuania and the USA primarily use indirect impoliteness strategies, directed towards positive or negative faces of their opponents. Analysis also revealed that politicians in the USA use direct impoliteness strategies 2.4 times more often than politicians in Lithuanian TV debates. The strategy of off-record impoliteness was used the least during debates in each country. Analysis of how impoliteness strategies are expressed revealed that politicians in the USA mostly express impoliteness as statements, while Lithuanian politicians express it using various language resources: presenting it as their opinion, doubt, etc. Keywords: impoliteness, debates, impoliteness strategies, expressing impoliteness strategies
Intertextual relations of linguistics articles with other texts
No full textMokslo straipsnių sąsajos su kitais tekstais – neatskiriamas šio žanro bruožas, o tinkamas kalbinis intertekstinių sąsajų žymėjimas svarbus rašant mokslo tekstus ir mokantis akademinio rašymo. Lietuvos ir užsienio kalbininkai, tyrę mokslo kalbos intertekstualumą, išskiria ir aprašo įvairias jo formas. Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos tokios lietuvių kalbotyros straipsnių intertekstualumo formos kaip tiesioginis ir netiesioginis citavimas, referencija. Analizė parodė, kad šiuose kalbotyros straipsniuose nemažai netiesioginio citavimo ir referencinio intertekstualumo atvejų, kas leidžia straipsnyje pristatomus tyrimus ar iškeltas mokslines problemas išsamiai pagrįsti bei rasti jų vietą platesniame kontekste. Taip pat nustatyta, kad analizuotiems lietuvių kalbotyros straipsniams būdingas daugiakalbis intertekstualumas, kai vienokia ar kitokia forma straipsniuose atpažįstamos intertekstinės sąsajos su kitų kalbų tekstais, kas rodo, kad lietuvių kalbos tyrėjams svarbu rasti savo tyrimų vietą tarptautiniame kalbotyros mokslo kontekste. Raktažodžiai: kalbotyros straipsniai, intertekstualumas, citavimas, referencija, daugiakalbiškumasScholarly text conventions are important when writing texts, especially in a foreign language. Intertextual relations with other texts are a characteristic feature of scientific language. As Lithuanian and foreign researchers point out, this is manifested by quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing. In examining the intertextuality of academic language, researchers also draw attention to its multilingualism. Based on the above-mentioned forms of intertextuality, this article analyses the intertextuality features of linguistics articles written in Lithuanian. The analysis shows that direct quotations in Lithuanian articles include short phrases or even full sentences from other authors’ texts imbedded in a sentence, with or without introductory phrases. In English, Polish or Russian, direct quotations can also be inserted into a sentence. Quotations from other languages are given with or without translation. Paraphrasing has been observed to be more frequently used, as the reformulated statements of other authors do not destroy the linguistic integrity and cohesion of the text. This is especially useful when quoting texts in other languages. A reference is one in which the text does not directly or indirectly reproduce the statements of other authors, but merely refers in some way to previous research. Scholarly terms from other languages, usually English, presented as equivalents of other languages together with the Lithuanian term or even without it., may be treated as a case of multilingual intertextuality. Although precision is often pointed out as a feature of academic language, the linguistics articles analyzed show many instances of paraphrasing and referential intertextuality. Such intertextual interfaces substantiate the research presented in the article or the scientific issues raised, establish their place within a wider range of sources, and convey the author’s thought in a condensed way in the language of the publication, without breaking the typographic and linguistic unity of the text. Multilingual intertextuality shows that it is important for researchers of the Lithuanian language, who publish their texts in Lithuanian, to locate their research in the international context of linguistics and to establish a scientific dialogue with researchers of other countries and languages. Keywords: linguistics articles, intertextuality, citation, reference, multilingualism
Energy sufficiency in the passenger transport of Lithuania
No full textThis paper aims to understand the significance of energy sufficiency (ES) in passenger transport for the long-term resolution of energy, climate, and sustainable development issues in Lithuania. It computes related indicators, by fixing the passenger-kilometres (pkm) travelled by various modes of transportation and applying a scenario analysis with the MESSAGE model. The findings indicated that the country’s final energy consumption (FEC) in transportation could be reduced by 21.8% by 2050 due to slowing growth rate of distances travelled by passenger car but increasing use of public transport and bicycles. This would result in a decrease in the growth rate of primary energy consumption (PEC) by half (to 0.3% a year), an increase in the use of renewable energy sources (RES) to 67.2% in the PEC structure, savings of oil products by 6.4 TWh, and savings of new electricity generation capacity by 550 MW. Furthermore, 20 MtCO2eq. in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions could be realised between 2021 and 2050. To take advantage of the potential of ES, the policy measures of passenger car demand containment and a shift to non-motorised and less polluting modes of transportation should be implemented. Furthermore, priority should be given to policy measures that encourage use of public transportation. Keywords: climate change mitigation; sustainability; energy sufficiency; passenger transport; indicators and assumptions; potential; impact