“Lituanistika”, International Research Database
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Compensation for wrongful convictions in Lithuania
No full textThe modern state liability regime was introduced ten years after the restoration of Lithuania’s independence by the new Civil Code of 2000. Arts. 6.271–6.273 of the Civil Code implement tortious liability of the State for the wrongs done in all spheres of public life, including penal proceedings. Liability of the State for unlawful conviction arises provided these three prerequisites are met: unlawfulness, damage and causal link. Though it is clear that personal fault of the public official is not a condition of liability, the issue whether organizational fault is considered is far less clear. It is widely argued that the liability of the State for unlawful conviction is strict. However, due to the settled case law of the Supreme Court of Lithuania, exculpatory judgment does not automatically mean unlawfulness. This prerequisite may only be established in cases where the person was convicted due to breaches of criminal substantive or procedural law. The only instance where the State is liable without the need to establish unlawfulness or wrongfulness is liability for detention. In the latter case the compensation of limited amount may be paid by the Ministry of Justice in pecuniary damages to the victim for the mere fact of detention if the proceedings resulted in termination of investigation od acquitting decision adopted by the court. Both pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage arising out of unlawful actions may be compensated. Pecuniary damage is assessed in concreto. Non-pecuniary damage is assessed on the basis of entirety of criteria, the most important of which are gravity of the penalty unlawfully imposed, seriousness of the breaches of criminal proceedings and mental suffering of the person. Damage may also be compensated in an extrajudicial procedure which is not compulsory, and the victim may always address the court directly. However, due to the low amounts of damages which may be offered to the victim of wrongful conviction by the Ministry of Justice, the extrajudicial procedure remains unpopular
Working environment of health care professionals - focus on occupational stress
No full textIntroduction and objective. Healthcare professionals most often encounter occupational stress. The aim of the study was to investigate the working environment of health care professionals with the focus on expression of occupational stress, and oversee the possibilities of stress management and prevention. Materials and method. 326 representatives from five different healthcare institutions were surveyed in Siauliai city, Lithuania. The validated questionnaires HSE Management Standards Indicator Tool and the SF-36 questionnaire were used. Results. The study revealed that the most important organizational factors were lack of communication, inappropriate relations with authorities and colleagues, big workload and long working hours, quick decision-making, and manifestations of mobbing. Financial support was reported as one of the main motivators in stress management. The most frequent individual factors were emotional relations with patients and their relatives. The healthcare professionals who experienced stress at work more often felt aches that disturbed their work routine, and their health interfered more their ordinary social activities. The main stress prevention measures are involvement of employees in decision-making, annual interviews with authorities, education, assurance of a safe work environment, and elimination of manifestations of mobbing. Conclusions. More attention must be paid to occupational stress management. It appeared that there is a lack of knowledge by institutions about the models of occupational stress management and internal stress management policy of organization. Therefore, this stimulates the search for measures that could help to change the situation. Keywords: occupational stress, healthcare workers, working environment, stress management, healthcare professionals, stress prevention
Landscape of resistance. Traces of the military training of the Lithuanian liberation army in Plokštinė forest, Samogitia, Northwestern Lithuania
No full textIn recent years, fortified and open-type campsites of the Lithuanian Partisan War (1944–1953) have become the subject of archaeological research in Lithuania. The military training camp for soldiers of the Lithuanian Liberation Army (the so-called Vanagai, or Hawks) in Plokštinė Forest (Plungė district), Samogitia region, northwestern Lithuania was investigated by the author of this paper in 2019 and 2020. From 15 to 25 August 1944, in the face of the impending second Soviet invasion, the Plokštinė Forest camp was used to train the Samogitian youths in the basics of armed resistance. Archaeological field research carried out in the Plokštinė Forest allowed the determination of the exact location of the Vanagai military training camp and firearms training ground, the collection of archaeological data on the camp, its layout and equipment, as well as the everyday life of the Vanagai, and the weapons they used. This paper presents the results of the archaeological research of the Vanagai military training camp and their analysis. Based on the research data, the importance of the landscape in the selection of the campsite and firearms training ground, their spatial layout and the identification of activity areas are discussed. Keywords: Lithuanian Liberation Army, Lithuanian Partisan War, military training, Plokštinė Forest, landscape, campsites, modern conflict archaeology, metal detector survey
Radvilų rūmų prie Vilniaus vartų inventoriai iš Lietuvos ir Baltarusijos archyvų
No full textŠioje publikacijoje pateikiami trys J. Radvilos rūmų inventoriai. Pirmasis jų, surašytas 1680 m., saugomas Baltarusijos nacionaliniame istorijos archyve. Jo atsiradimo aplinkybių nepavyko nustatyti. Antrasis rūmų inventorius, sudarytas 1713 m., saugomas Lietuvos valstybės istorijos archyve. Trečiasis publikuojamas inventorius, datuojamas 1787 m., irgi saugomas Baltarusijos nacionaliniame istorijos archyve. Šio inventoriaus atsiradimo aplinkybių taip pat nepavyko nustatyti
Assessment of agricultural sustainability: case study of Baltic states
No full textThe agri-food sector is the world’s largest economic sector having the biggest impact on environment. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), sustainable agriculture must meet the needs of present and future generations while ensuring profitability, environmental health and social and economic equity. Therefore, agricultural systems need transition to become more sustainable. The use of renewables in agriculture allows to reduce energy costs and GHG emissions and implement cyclic economy principles. Sustainability assessment of agriculture can be done by applying various sets of indicators. The sustainability assessment of agriculture can be performed on country and micro level. The paper presents assessment of agricultural sustainability of Baltic States based on indicators framework and applies MCDA tool for ranking of Baltic States in terms of agriculture sustainability. Keywords: sustainability, agriculture, MCDA, Baltic States
Reverse logistics of packaging waste under the conditions of a sustainable circular economy at the level of the European Union states
No full textThe efficient use of natural resources and the quality of the environment are the main priorities of sustainable development. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the role of reverse logistics in the context of sustainable development, starting from the premise that it combines environmental and economic objectives and aims to minimize the wastage of resources through the reuse of products and packaging. In the current context, the circular economy must be approached by considering the methods of waste collection and reuse, with reverse logistics playing an essential role in creating environmental, economic, and social benefits. The growing population obviously determines the increase in the consumption of resources, which inevitably leads to the increasing generation of packaging and packaging waste. This study aimed to highlight the evolution of recycling rates at the level of the EU member states, starting from the stability objectives of the European Commission for the years 2025–2030. Starting from the Eurostat database, for the 27 member states of the European Union, regarding the recovery rate, recycle rate, and waste generation kg_per_capita related to the period of 2009–2020, we extrapolated the trends of the recycling rate of packaging for the period of 2021–2030 with the help of the Prophet model. Using the Prophet forecasting program, we identified states from the European Union that will meet the stability targets set by the European Commission for the years 2025 to 2030, considering the need to develop a circular economy. Keywords: packaging and packaging waste; recycling; reverse logistics; circular economy; sustainable development; Prophet model; hierarchical clusters; SDG17
Towards an inclusive disaster education: the state of online disaster education from the learner's perspective
No full textDisaster Risk Reduction (DRR) education endorses educational initiatives that advocate for reducing existing disaster risks. The COVID-19 pandemic challenged the social order around the world, including the education sector. The rise of the pandemic paved the way to significantly convert the education sector towards online/distant learning via digital platforms. Online distance learning was a challenging emergency shift for many who had to change their teaching and learning strategies. This study is an investigation of the significant challenges associated with online learning in DRR education. The objectives of the study were to consider the online learning strategies used in formal DRR education at the tertiary level and to identify the associated challenges faced by the learners. This study presents the findings of an online survey conducted as part of a research collaboration titled INCLUsive Disaster Education (INCLUDE). INCLUDE is a collaborative research project co-funded by the EU Erasmus+ program aimed to reimagine online distance learning education. The survey was conducted in the country contexts of the research partners, which include Lithuania, Japan, Sweden, and the UK, with DRR learners who are engaged in online learning. The findings suggest that Learning Management Systems, synchronous learning, and flipped classrooms are the dominant learning strategies that engage learners. The findings further suggest that challenges in online DRR education lie in inadequate ICT infrastructure and digital literacy, health-related disturbances, and professional and personal commitments that lead into learning discontinuity. Hence, the study concludes that in order to enhance the inclusivity of online DRR education, the overall social and vulnerability contexts of the learners should be considered. Keywords: disaster education; inclusivity; online distance learning
The Agency in Islam or human rights? The case of pious Baltic Muslim women
No full textThis article focuses on the variety of ways pious Muslim women exercise their agency to navigate between religion, gender, and human rights in the dynamic post-Soviet Baltic societies. It shows that these women primarily find agency not in human rights but in Islam as a religion that provides instruction on aspects of life related to human rights. They are empowered as individuals by Islam as the religion of their deliberate choice, which gives them meaning and guidance in life. They also find agency in their roles as wives and mothers as well as in the sisterhood of the Muslim community, while a career serves more as an area of personal autonomy and self-realization. This research is based on the analysis of qualitative data from semi-structured interviews conducted in 2021–2022. Baltic women’s narratives on human rights (and in the case of this research, specifically regarding gender and sexuality) and the role of Islam in their lives contributes to the redefinition of religious and secular concepts within a post-communist context and contributes to the wider scholarly debate on pious Muslim women living in non-Muslim democratic societies. Keywords: Islam; human rights; gender; agency; pious women; secular; religious; Baltic countries
Pegasus, the Horse of Perkūnas
No full textStraipsnis savaip tęsia eilę autoriaus darbų, įvairiais atžvilgiais nagrinėjančių priešpriešą bei santykį mitiniame pasaulėvaizdyje tarp sąstingio, sustabarėjimo, užkietėjimo ir, kita vertus, ištirpimo, pasiliejimo, laisvos tėkmės. Šios plačios temos atskiras atvejis – mitiniai vaizdiniai apie nuverstą, perskeltą, sudaužytą uolą ir iš (po) jos pasiliejusią versmę. Kai šį žygdarbį atlieka dievybė, tai paprastai – Perkūnas (arba jo atitikmuo kitoje tradicijoje). Tiek lietuvių, tiek daugelyje senųjų mitologijų Perkūnas paprastai rieda žirgų traukiamais ratais, joja žirgu ar net pats yra žirgo pavidalo, kuris, be kita ko, kartais išspiria iš uolos versmę. Esama pagrindo prie tokio pobūdžio vaizdinių priskirti ir antikinę Pegaso mitologiją (su Pegasu susijusių mitų būrį). Įdomu, jog kai kuriais atžvilgiais Pegaso mitologija itin glaudžiai sutinka su lietuviškąja. Šiuo straipsniu tad ir siekiama tokius atvejus (ar bent ryškesnius iš jų) pristatyti. Straipsnis tad iš dviejų dalių: pirmoje aptariamas Perkūno žirgas lietuvių mitologijoje, antroje – Pegaso mitologijos sąsajos (skirtingo patikimumo) su atitinkamais baltų duomenimis, kartu eilinį kartą primenant lyginamųjų (komparatyvinių) tyrimų naudą ir net būtinybę abiems pusėms: tiek lietuvių (baltų, iš dalies baltų-slavų) mitologijos tyrimams, tiek toms pasaulio tradicijų tyrimo sritims, kurios paprastai ne tik ignoruoja baltiškąją medžiagą, bet neretai net nežino tokią esant. Nelietuviška asmenvardžių rašyba atskiru sąrašu pateikta gale. Esminiai žodžiai: Perkūno žirgas, Pegasas, versmė iš uolos, lietuvių (baltų) ir senovės graikų mitologija, lyginamieji tyrimai (komparatyvistika).A series of articles has already been published by the author on the opposition between coagulation and solution in mythology, a particular aspect of which consists of the stagnation and flow (standing, stagnant, “dead” water and flowing, streaming, “living” water, for instance). To this wide subject also pertains mythical images of the overthrown, demolished, or split appart rock (the stone itself being an image of final coagulation, stagnation, stiffness) and the spring, fount, stream launched out from (below of) it. In Baltic mythology, this feat is sometimes done by the thunder-god Perkūnas, particularly by Perkūnas riding the horse. It is quite reasonable to include among such images also the mythology of antique Pegasus which in some aspects come very close to corresponding Baltic data. Tis article is intended exactly to demonstrate this kind of evidence. The article, thus, consists of two parts: in the first one, the Baltic (and Balto-Slavic) Perkūnas’ horse is discussed; in the second, surfaced correlations (of different plausibility) between the Pegasus’ mythology and the corresponding Baltic data are presented. At the same time, by the way, the benefit and even imperative necessity of the comparative studies is indicated, and for the both parts – not for the Baltic mythology only but also for those areas of Indo-European culture investigation which not only too often ignore Baltic material but perhaps are even not aware of its existence. Keywords: Perkūnas’ horse, Pegasus, fount from (below of) the rock, Baltic and ancient Greek mythology, comparative studies
The Need to establish a social and economic database of private forest owners: the case of Lithuania
No full textIn Lithuania, as in other analyzed countries, greatest attention is concentrated on the protection and monitoring of state forests, while the situation in the private forest sector is quite unclear and uncertain. In most European countries, as well as in Lithuania, there are a lack of socio-economic data, and there are no planned forest monitoring methods and permanent programs. We claim that the problem of achieving sustainability in the forest sector, in the case of the estates of the private forest owners, could be partially solved by implementing the monitoring of social and economic indicators. This study proposes the need for the establishment of a social and economic database of private forest owners in Lithuania. In this article, we have carried out a detailed analysis of scientific sources and selected socio-economic indicators to help the adoption of optimal management solutions for sustainability in the private forest sector. To explore the need to establish a social and economic database of private forest owners in Lithuania, we conducted an empirical study by applying the method of semi-structured interview to a group of experts/specialists in the forestry field. Summarizing the results of the research, it can be concluded that the need for socio-economic information about the owners of private forests in Lithuania is obvious, as it would clarify the most pressing problems that forest owners face when farming in their forest estates. This information would also allow the improvement of policy formulation and implementation, the adoption of legal regulations, and the organization of the necessary changes in private forestry. Therefore, it is necessary to establish criteria and indicators that could ensure more sustainable forest management. Keywords: private forest owners; legal data of private forests owners; social and economic indicators