Digitalni arhiv Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu
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Muško-ženski odnosi u prozama Milana Kundere
No full textTema ovog rada su muško-ženski odnosi u djelima Milana Kundere napisanim u originalu na češkom jeziku. Muško-ženski odnosi analizirani su kroz tri kategorije: odnosi moći, odnosi prema tijelu i seksualni odnosi. Odnosi moći u Kunderinim romanima odgovaraju odnosu dominacije muškaraca i subordinacije žena, što odgovara odnosima moći u patrijarhalnom društvu. Dualizam duše i tijela usko je vezan uz ženske likove. Žene su najčešće opsjednute svojim tijelom, u pozitivnom ili negativnom smislu i odnos prema tijelu definira njih i njihov odnos s muškarcima. U seksualnim odnosima junaci žele apsolutnu moć nad ženama ili ljubavnicama što postižu nasiljem ili naređivanjem. Muški užitci su kratki i prolazni, dok žene mogu uživati čitavim svojim bićem.Tématem této práce je vztah mužů se ženami v dílech Milana Kundery napsaných v češtině. Vztah mužů se ženami analyzuje se třemi kategoriemi: rovnováhou moci, vztahem k tělu a sexuálními vztahy. Rovnováha moci v dílech Kundery týká se dominancí mužů a podřízeností žen, což odpovídá patriarchální společnosti. Dualismus duše a těla je úzce spojen s ženskými postavami. Protože jsou ženy tělem posedlé, jak pozitivně, tak i negativně, jejichž vztah k tělu určí je a její vztah s mužem. V sexuálních vztazích hrdina je dominantou, která chce mít moc nad ženou nebo milenkou. Tohoto dosahuje násilím a nařízením. Muže to uspokojí jen krátce a je to dočasné, ale ženy se těší celou svou bytostí
Samoprezentacija političara na internetu
No full textDiese Diplomarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Selbstpräsentation der Politiker im Internet. Der Begriff Selbstpräsentation impliziert die Art und Weise, wie sich die Politiker der Öffentlichkeit präsentieren.
Die Arbeit befasst sich mit der Analyse der im Internet verfügbaren Reden der deutschen Politiker Angela Merkel und Martin Schulz. Die verwendeten Online-Plattformen sind die offizielle Website von Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel und der offizielle YouTube-Kanal von Martin Schulz. Die Reden der Politiker werden nach drei Aspekten analysiert: die Komposition der Rede, die Kohärenz und die Kohäsion des Textes sowie die prozodischen Merkmale der Sprache in den Elementen Ton, Intonation, Tempo und Rhythmus. Im letzten Kapitel wird die Bedeutung der Phonetik im Fremdsprachenunterricht hervorgehoben, und für die Übungen, die zur Verbesserung der Aussprache im Fremdsprachenunterricht beitragen können, können die Reden der Politiker als Modell für die Nachahmung der Intonation und des Rhythmus von Muttersprachlern verwendet werden.Ovaj diplomski rad se bavi samoprezentacijom političara na internetu. Pod pojmom samoprezentacija se podrazumijeva način na koji se političari prezentiraju javnosti.
U ovome diplomskome radu se analiziraju govori njemačkih političara Angele Merkel i Martina Schulza, koji su dostupni na internetu. Platforme na internetu koje su korištene su službena stranica njemačke kancelarke Angele Merkel, te službeni kanal Martina Schulz na YouTube-u. Govori političara analiziraju se u trima aspektima, a to su kompozicija govora, koherentnost i kohezija teksta te prozodijska obilježja govora u elementima tona, intonacije, tempa i ritma. U zadnjem poglavlju predstavljena je važnost fonetike u nastavi stranoga jezika, prilikom čega je naglasak na izgovoru, te su navedene vježbe koje mogu doprinijeti poboljšanju izgovora u nastavi stranoga jezika, za neke vježbe mogu se koristiti i govori političara kao model za imitaciju itnonacije i ritma izvornih govornika
Kanibalizam u astečkom društvu
No full textCilj ovog diplomskog rada je predstaviti i analizirati astečki kanibalizam i ritualna žrtvovanja. Prvi dio rada bavit će se samim pojmom kanibalizma te pojavom ovog fenomena kroz povijest. Drugi dio rada pruža nam uvid u astečku kulturu i svakodnevicu. Ovdje će naglasak biti na slojevima društva, njihovoj hijerarhiji te odnosu između muškaraca i žena. Treće poglavlje predstavlja srž ovoga rada. Prvo ćemo pažnju posvetiti tome kako i kada su se astečki rituali odvijali, kome su bili posvećeni te na koji način se meso konzumiralo. U nastavku se navode 4 metode koje nude objašnjenje za to zašto su baš Asteci vršili žrtvovanja u tolikom razmjeru. Ponuđene teorije su redom: kanibalizam zbog ekološke potrebe, kanibalizam kao sredstvo demografske kontrole, kanibalizam kao odgovor na nedostatak serotonina te kanibalizam u religijske svrhe.El objetivo de esta tesis es representar y analizar el canibalismo azteca y los sacrificios rituales. La primera parte de la tesis tratará el término del canibalismo y las representaciones históricas de ese fenómeno. La segunda parte de la tesis nos ofrecerá información sobre la cultura y la vida cotidiana de los aztecas, con el énfasis en los estratos sociales y su jerarquía, como también en la relación entre los hombres y las mujeres. La tercera parte de la tesis forma el corazón de esta tesis. Primeramente, describiremos cómo y cuándo ocurrían los rituales aztecas, a quién eran dedicados y en qué manera se consumaba la carne. A continuación, se ofrecerán cuatro métodos que explicarán por qué justo los aztecas hacían tantos sacrificios. Las teorías que se ofrecerán son las siguientes: el canibalismo por necesidades ecológicas, el canibalismo como el medio del control demográfico, el canibalismo como la respuesta a la falta de la serotonina y el canibalismo para fines religiosos.The aim of this Master's thesis is to present and analyze Aztec cannibalism and ritual sacrifice. The first part of this paper will deal with the very concept of cannibalism and the occurrences of this phenomenon throughout history. The second part of this work gives us an insight into the Aztec culture and everyday life. Here the emphasis is put on the layers of their society, their hierarchy and the relationship between men and women. The third chapter represents the very core of this work. Firstly, the focus is on how and when the Aztec rituals were performed, to whom they were devoted and how the meat was consumed. Furthermore, I present four methods that explain why the Aztecs sacrificed such large number of people. Theories offered are in turn: cannibalism due to ecological needs, cannibalism as a means of demographic control, cannibalism as a response to a lack of serotonin, and cannibalism for religious purposes
Images of Minority Women in the Contemporary American Ethnic Literature
No full textEthnic women in the United States are locked out for both being women and being of color. Both racism and sexism are very strong in the United States, and ethnic women are in quite a few respects at the bottom of American social ladder. More often than not they are deprived of basic human rights, or are given lesser opportunities than white women, or ethnic men. Their salaries are lower, their living conditions are worse, and to top it all, they are prejudiced against, racialized and sexualized on daily basis. They are treated as less then equal members of American society. Ethnic women are a huge group in America, therefore their problem is the U.S.’s problem, and should definitely be focused on. In order to address the issue, it was necessary to introduce several important concepts at the beginning: those were the concepts of whiteness; race, otherness, and ethnicity; and, finally, feminism, especially that of color. Also, three works of fiction are used to illustrate this thesis: Sandra Cisneros’ The House on Mango Street, Mohja Khaf’s The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf, and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Americanah. The main characters have been analyzed from the perspective of being ethnic women in American society. An emphasis is put on how they found their sense of belonging; how they made peace with the dominant culture; to what extent they assimilated, and how they managed to accomplish the task of blending in; how their bodies were racialized; and why it was important for them to appear whiter; and, in the end, why those three protagonists are so special, and what makes them stand out in their respective ethnic groups. It is shown that the images of ethnic women in American literature have centered around certain identifiable tropes and have consistently charted both the persistence of stereotypes and the notions of change
Translation of culture-specific items in texts dealing with the British education system
No full textThis thesis consists of a discussion on the translation of culture-specific items, accompanied by five annotated translations. The included translations are excerpts from four books and several summaries of reviews in the sphere of healthcare. Of those excerpts, three were translated from English into Croatian and two from Croatian into English. Excerpts from books Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival by G. Hofstede, G.J. Hofstede and M. Minkov and A University Education by D. Willetts were translated from English into Croatian, as well as Plain Language Summaries of Cochrane Reviews. Excerpts from the book on the Starčevo culture at the Tomašanci-Palača site ordered by the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, as well as the excerpt from a short story included in the book Društvene Igre by Andrija Škare, were translated from Croatian into English. The discussion centers around the culture-specific items (CSIs) related to the British education system based on the translated excerpt from the book A University Education by D. Willetts. It consists of the theoretical part, which defines culture-specific items, explores various criteria that need to be taken into account in the process of translation of such elements and proposes a classification of procedures for their translation. The practical part of the discussion is an analysis of specific examples from the text, which shows the complexity of the translation process and examines different approaches and methods for the translation of CSIs.Diplomski rad se sastoji od rasprave na temu kulturno-specifičnih elemenata i pet prijevoda s komentarima. Prijevodi uključeni u rad ulomci su iz četiriju knjiga i nekoliko sažetaka sustavnih pregleda iz područja zdravstva. Tri ulomka predstavljaju prijevode s engleskog jezika na hrvatski, a dva s hrvatskog na engleski. Ulomci iz knjiga Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival autora G. Hofstedea, G.J. Hofstedea i M. Minkova te A University Education autora D. Willettsa prevedeni su s engleskog jezika na hrvatski, kao i prijevodi laičkih sažetaka Cochrane sustavnih pregleda. S engleskog jezika na hrvatski prevedeni su ulomci iz knjige o Starčevačkoj kulturi na lokalitetu Tomašanci-Palača, čiji je naručitelj Arheološki muzej u Zagrebu, te ulomci iz jedne od kratkih priča iz knjige
Društvene igre autora Andrije Škare. Rasprava je posvećena analizi kulturno-specifičnih elemenata povezanih s britanskim obrazovnim sustavom, a temelji se na prevedenim ulomcima iz knjige A University Education autora D. Willettsa. Rasprava se sastoji od teoretskog dijela, u kojem se definiraju kulturno-specifični elementi, istražuju razni kriteriji koje treba razmotriti prilikom prevođenja takvih elemenata i predlaže klasifikacija prijevodnih postupaka. Praktični dio donosi analizu konkretnih primjera iz teksta kojom se pokazuje složenost procesa prevođenja i istražuju razni pristupi i metode za prevođenje kulturno-specifičnih elemenata
Friedrich Schlegel i pojam romantičke ironije
No full textCilj ovog rada pokušaj je objašnjenja što definicija romantičke poezije kao progresivno univerzalne poezije zapravo znači te kako se pojam romantičke ironije u tu definiciju uklapa. Sam F. Schlegel bio je pod velikim utjecajem filozofije Njemačkog klasičnog idealizma, poglavito Fichtea. Walter Benjamin je u svojoj knjizi Kritika umjetnosti u njemačkom romantizmu tvrdio da se Schlegelova teorija umjetnosti temelji na spoznajno teorijskim pretpostavkama “te ukoliko se one ne poznaju, teorija ostaje nerazumljiva.”(Benjamin, 2007., str.14.) U radu sam želio prikazati razvitak u shvaćanju umjetnosti od Platona sve do Schlegela kako bih pokazao novinu i originalnost njegovih misli. Samim time u okviru rada nisam u većoj mjeri pisao o utjecaju Schlegela na književne teorije 20. stoljeća. Nakon uvoda, u drugome dijelu prikazat ću Platonovu teoriju o oponašanju u umjetnosti. Raspravu započinjem problemom istine i laži kroz Platonove dijaloge Fedar i Sofist. U Sofistu pokazuje kako je moguće govoriti, pa i pisati laži. U Državi Sokrat prigovara pjesnicima da krivo prikazuju bogove, to jest, da lažu. Platon također smatra da se pjesnici ne mogu niti uzdići do istine već su zapali u svijetu bivanja, a svijet bivanja je svijet u kojem filozof nikada ne traži pravo znanje. No, za Platona još je veći problem što taj svijet bivanja pjesnici oponašaju. U radu sam također uputio na klasicističko poimanje umjetnosti, preko Popea, gdje se također tvrdi da je bit umjetnosti u oponašanju prirode. Samim time umjetnik je treći od istine kako Sokrat tvrdi u Državi. U trećem dijelu rada govorim o Kantovoj Kritici moći suđenja kako bi se jasnije vidio zaokret od oponašanja na djelovanje u Kantovu pomaku prema subjektivnosti i ljudskoj svijesti. Pružit ću pregled o tome kako se treba prosuđivati da bi se moglo govoriti o lijepom. U završnom dijelu poglavlja govorit ću i o pojmu genija kod Kanta. Kant tvrdi: “Genijalnost je talent (prirodni dar), koji umjetnosti daje pravilo.”(143) Friedrich Schlegel je mislio da genije ne postoji bez obrazovanja i poznavanja književnosti. Ono što Kant zove genijalnošću, Schlegel bi smatrao da je samo talent koji nije dovoljan za stvaranje genijalnih djela. U četvrtom dijelu pokazat ću utjecaj Fichteove filozofije na Friedricha Schlegela. Walter Benjamin je među prvima razumio povezanost mišljenja Fichtea i Schlegela, te slobodnu djelatnost svijesti kod obojice. Benjamin tvrdi: “...kod Fichtea se refleksija odnosi na “Ja”, kod romantičara se ona odnosi na čisto mišljenje...”(Benjamin, 2007., str.21.) Benjamin tvrdi da je kod Fichtea u apsolutnome “Ja” svladana beskonačnost refleksije. Spram Fichtea u suprotnosti stoji Schlegel koji smatra netočnim svaki nazor postavljen kao izvor spoznaje, čime se zapravo dokida konačnost i otvara beskonačnost refleksije. No, ta beskonačnost nije ona nastavka, već povezanosti, smatra Benjamin. Zato je i pojam kritike kod Schlegela toliko važan jer omogućuje tu povezanost refleksije preko medija umjetnosti. U petome dijelu govorit ću o Hegelovu shvaćanju ironije kod Friedricha Schlegela. Hegel smatra da je romantička ironija svoj dublji temelj našla u Fichteovoj filozofiji. Za Fichteovo “Ja” Hegel smatra da je po svemu apstraktno i formalno, nema sadržaja, te je u njemu negirana svaka posebnost i određenost. To po Hegelu dovodi do toga da ono što jest kroz takvo “Ja” se može opet i uništiti. Zato i tvrdi: “Sljedeća je forma ovog negativiteta ironije ispraznost svega stvarnoga, ćudorednoga i u sebi sadržajnoga, ništavnost svega objektivnoga i onoga što važi za i po sebi.” (Hegel 58 ) U zadnjem dijelu rada koncentrirao sam se na to da prikažem Schlegelove ideje o romantičkom pjesništvu. Čačinovič tvrdi da je Benjamin već zaključio da se ironija ne vezuje samo uz samovolju, kako je Hegel mislio, već uz ironično razaranje forme u kritici. Benjamin smatra da je ironija način na koji su se romantičari uzdigli iznad vlastite subjektivnosti i ograničenosti. Friedrich Schlegel je smatrao da se konačnost mora uništiti da bi se otvorila beskonačnost, i zato možemo govoriti o onom razarajućem u kritici. No, to razaranje nije bilo samo sebi svrha, već je cilj kritike da se umjetničko djelo i spozna. U kritici se zato pojavljuje nova razina refleksije, a samim time i beskonačna povezanost refleksije u mediju umjetnosti, odnosno, u poeziji. Iako je ograničenje nužno kako bi samo djelo moglo postojati, sljedeća razina refleksije to isto djelo razara kako bi ga mogla promatrati kao beskonačno, apsolutno, puno i prepuno značenja koje nitko ne može u potpunosti iskazati. Sam pojam ironije Schlegel vezuje uz Sokrata, te kako njegov ironijski stav omogućuje dijalog. Budući da Sokrat tvrdi da ništa ne zna, na taj način potiče svojeg sugovornika na dijalog. To je važno kako bi se objasnilo što je to roman za Schlegela. Za roman kao pravu romantičku knjigu potrebna je sufilozofija i supoezija, odnosno, kritika. Roman na taj način postaje “najviši oblik refleksije u poeziji.”(Benjamin 1113) U romanu je na najbolji način omogućeno progresivno stremljenje ka univerzalnosti. Romantička poezija je progresivno univerzalna poezija, a progresivnost možemo gledati kao težnju za uzdizanjem iznad individualnosti, ali i težnju ka beskonačnom, odnosno univerzalnosti koja bi bila zasićivanje svih formi i sadržaja. Romantička je ironija svijest da ta progresivnost ne može stati, a da se univerzalnost ne će postići. Nadam se da će čitatelj ovog rada shvatiti važnost Schlegelovih misli te njihovu relevantnost u proučavanju književnosti, pogotovo danas kada je književnost toliko obilježena romano
La vérité de l’être et le caractère langagier de la pensée
No full textU ovome diplomskom radu razmatra se povijesnofilozofijski razvoj pitanja jezičnosti mišljenja i jezičnog očitovanja istine bitka od Platona i Aristotela preko Kanta i Hegela do
Nietzschea i Heideggera. Ispituje se jezična proizvodnja smisla, odnosno istina bića i pokazuje se da smisao nije moguć izvan i neovisno o jeziku. Time, govor pretpostavlja udaljenost i razliku između govora i onoga o čemu govori. U biti govora je, dakle, prisutno stanovito udvostručavanje
uslijed kojega se ono o čemu se govori proizvodi u svojoj smislenosti i istini, istovremeno se pokazuje i stvara, očituje i otkriva. Cilj je pokazati da jezik nije tek sredstvo izražavanja mišljenja, označavanja bića i sporazumijevanja, nego mjesto preobražaja govorom zahvaćenog bića.Le présent mémoire examine le développement philosophico-historique de la question du caractère langagier de la pensée et de la représentation de l’être de Platon à Aristote jusqu’à Nietzsche et Heidegger, en passant par Kant et Hegel. La production langagière de sens, à savoir
la vérité de l’étant, est interrogée afin de montrer que le sens n’est pas possible en dehors et indépendamment du langage. Ainsi, le discours présuppose une distance et une différence entre la parole elle-même et ce dont il est question en elle. Dans l’essence même du langage est donc
présent un certain dualisme sur la base duquel ce dont il est question dans la parole est produit en sa cohérence et en sa vérité, et en même temps qu’il est montré et créé, il se manifeste et se révèle. L’objectif est de montrer que le langage n’est pas un instrument qui sert à exprimer la pensée, un outil de communication qui désigne l’étant, mais le lieu d’une transformation de l’étant par la
parole
Co-occurrence of Color and Emotion: A Corpus-based Study
No full textThis thesis presents ausage-basedcorpus study ofco-occurringpatternsof English color and emotion terms.A setof 11 basic color terms and 135 emotion terms serve as the starting point for the search of a limited set of complementation patternsin a computerized corpus which includes1,532,229 Twitter posts containing English color and emotion terms.The patterns obtained from that corpus have been described and analyzed with regard to cultural and cognitive motivational models.The results arepresented fromemotionsas points of reference and colorsas points of reference. The findingsindicatethattheprimary sources behind the color-emotion patternsfoundsfrom the datasetweremotivated primarily by facial color(the levels of hemoglobin and oxidation), body (humoral pathology) and psychological meanings implied by colors (warm, bright colors are associated with positive emotions; cold, dark colors are associated with negative emotions)
Migration flows, socio-political circumstances in the Bosnian eyalet (1683-1718)
No full textBosanski ejalet, kao krajiška upravna jedinica Osmanske države, u razdoblju između 1683. i 1718. godine doživljava krupne i dugoročno značajne društveno-političke promjene uslijed kojih dolazi i do velikih migracija preko njegovog prostora. Nakon upoznavanja s karakterom i obujmom Bosanskog ejaleta te njegovom vojnom organizacijom u zadanom periodu, disertacija donosi kronološki prikaz stanja u tom dijelu Osmanske države, ratne sukobe i prilike u tih tri i pol desetljeća, sve na osnovi prvorazrednih izvora i relevantne literature. Interdisciplinarnim i interkulturnim pristupom, te komparativnom historijsko-demografskom i kulturnopovijesnom metodologijom pokušava se rasvijetliti specifična kulturna i gospodarska evolucija populacije kroz migracijske tokove u naglašenom društveno-političkom kontekstu. Uslijed nepovratnih teritorijalnih gubitaka Osmanska država prvi put u svojoj povijesti zauzima konačan obrambeni položaj. Konstelacija odnosa i raspored aktivnosti među članicama Svete Lige je bio takav da su Austrija, Mletačka Republika, Poljska i Rusija uglavnom poduzimale vojne aktivnosti, Nizozemska i Engleska preuzimale ulogu posrednika, dok je Francuska nastojala sačuvati otklon prema Osmanlijama. Doktorska radnja prati njihovo pojedinačno sudjelovanje u zbivanjima na prijelazu iz 17. u 18. stoljeće u onoj mjeri koliko se to odražavalo na Bosanski ejalet. Ugovor o miru u Srijemskim Karlovcima 1699. godine ubrzao je nazadovanje Osmanske države koja ostaje bez Ugarske (osim Banata), gubi Slavoniju i Hrvatsku do Une i južno od Velebita, kao i sve gradove i oblasti koje su u prethodnom ratu osvojili Mlečani. Potpisivanjem Ugovora i razgraničavanjem koje je uslijedilo tijekom naredne tri godine Osmanska država je prihvatila poštovanje načela međunarodnog prava kod političkih granica i nepovredivosti teritorija susjednih država. Bosanski ejalet će nakon toga ostati u istom teritorijalnom opsegu do rata između Osmanske države i Venecije 1714. godine. Iako u početku neutralna, u rat se 1716. godine uključuje i Austrijska Monarhija. Požarevačkim mirom 1718. godine Osmanska država ostaje ne samo bez Banata, Srijema i Smederevskog sandžaka, nego i većih dijelova Bosanskog ejaleta. Disertacija kronološki prati valove migracija koje su obuhvatile stotine tisuća stanovnika bivših i preostalih dijelova Osmanske države na Balkanu, a posebno Bosanskog ejaleta. I pored raznorodnih podataka iz osmanskih opširnih katastarskih popisa, džizje, šikajet i muhimme deftera, crkvenih matičnih knjiga, vizitatorskih izvještaja, nikad se neće znati konačna brojka stanovništva koje pred oružjem bježi u strahu za vlastiti život. Zaključci do kojih se dolazi u radnji su vezani i za nastanak novih gradova, stagnaciju varoši tijekom 17. stoljeća uslijed migracija nemuslimanskog stanovništva izvan Ejaleta, dok je početak 18. stoljeća obilježen pojedinačnim i grupnim povratcima. I pored izvora, istraživanje porijekla migranata zna biti otežano uslijed njihova različitog imenovanja od domaćeg stanovništva, kao i prisutna praksa višestrukih migracija istih migrantskih grupa. Kroz migracije, asimilacijske i integracijske procese, vjerske i manjinske zajednice su mijenjale, gubile ili čuvale jezik, običaje, način života, odijevanja i sl., u većoj ili manjoj mjeri. Analizom dijela uvjeta migrantskih zajednica u spomenutom razdoblju, ovisno o društveno-političkim zbivanjima, s paralelnim rješavanjem individualizirane forme društvenih, ekonomskih, političkih, kulturnih čimbenika, opstojnosti vjerskih i manjinskih zajednica na prostoru samog Bosanskog ejaleta, disertacija pokušava olakšati poimanje slojevitosti njegove povijesno-demografske problematike.Locked between the Adriatic and Pannonian basin, given the character of crossroads imposed by its geopolitical position, the Bosnian region was even till the Ottoman period of administration constantly marked by migration processes. The harder part of those migratory experiences is that they cause manifest consequences, as they have been largely an accompanying element of various interests and serious war events in, and around Bosnian region. The Bosnian eyalet as a serhat, as the most remote Krajina administrative unit of the Ottoman state, experienced its establishment and full territorial flourishment a century before the Ottoman defeat at the foot of Vienna in 1683 and the vivid war events and the consequent migrations during the next three decades. The approach for researching that period is not and cannot be the same as when researching peacetime activities, migration flows, and the organization of everyday life within the Eyalet. Therefore, chronologically through the framework of socio-political conditions in which the Ottoman state was found, and with it the Bosnian eyalet, through social structure, long-lasting migratory movements of different intensity, this paper intends to present the reality of the transition between two centuries in which the Ottoman state, due to irrecoverable territorial losses for the first time in its history, takes the ultimate defensive position. All of the above was causally and consequentially conditioned by the network of political relations between individual European countries, the relationship between the latter and the Ottoman state, and the inner relations that reflected on the situation in the Bosnian eyalet as the most remote point to the West. Encouraged by the defeat of Ottomans in the war they themselves incited, the members of the Holy League have offensively and multilaterally forced the Ottoman forces to retreat and lose territory over the coming years. The climate in Europe that was once understood as the defense of Christianity before the spread of Islam which was personified in the Ottoman state, during the Great War turned into territorial gains, individual economic interests, political goals and the better status of power. While Austria, the Venetian Republic, Poland and then Russia undertook military activities, the interest of France was to hold a somewhat neutral position toward the Ottomans. The Netherlands and England have assumed the role of intermediaries, mainly in an effort to preserve the unhindered course of trade. This paper follows their individual participation in the events at the turn of the 17th into the 18th century to that extent which it reflected on the Bosnian eyalet. The forthcoming peace negotiations accelerated the decline of the Ottoman state, which even in the regions with a preserved formal administration did not really have under its control the local authorities and the fulfillment of their obligations. The replacement of the vizier, measures aimed at economic recovery, the murder of the great vizier, the revolt of janissaries and sipahis in Istanbul, the replacement of the Sultan, the moves in the trading business, were largely in the focus of interest of all countries that were surrounding the Ottoman state and whose fields of activity were intertwined. At the territorial level, it suited Dubrovnik to preserve the Ottoman hinterland due to its separateness from Venetian territories, while Austria in the 18th century entered War for the sake of Spanish heritage, with the support of England, Netherlands, Prussia and most of the German princes. In the newly-conquered regions of the seized Ottoman territory, the Habsburgs form four captaincies, Kostajnic, Glinsko, Zrinsko and Jasenovac where the non-Muslim population from Bosnia would settle. With the establishment of peace, the Ottoman state seeks to strengthen the central government too, attentively following the situation in the territories it lost. Incited largely by Austria and England, the Ottoman-Russian war takes place and ends quickly, but by 1712 the same sides were involved in a new conflict already. Following the Ottoman-Venetian war of 1714, the period in which the Bosnian eyalet actively participated in all socio-political circumstances in which the Ottoman state was found, was concluded. One of the key phenomena that included hundreds of thousands of inhabitants of the former and remaining parts of the Ottoman state in the Balkans, and especially of the Bosnian eyalet, were migrations to the Bosnian eyalet and from the latter to the outside. Despite outstanding information obtained from the first-class sources, visit reports, church registry books, ottoman extensive cadastral registers, jizya, shikayet, and muhimme defters, the final number of people fleeing at weapon-point fearing for their own lives will never be known. The last thing on these peoples’ minds, who were coming to a new place, was to be registered somewhere, because they hoped they would return. And such people, due to often-present repudiation from locals in the new place of residence, tried to resemble the same population as soon as possible. The newly-arrived population settled in the deserted villages left so after the departure of non-Muslims from Eyalet and engaged in the actual repair of fortresses and similar. Unlike the expansion period, when the Ottoman authorities did not establish new settlements, but gradually converted the existing market grounds, urban settlements into oriental-Islamic type, in the period of withdrawal and the mass influx of immigrants into the territory of the Bosnian eyalet, new cities were formed. This often occurred at the walls of devastated and abandoned fortresses near the new frontiers. The fact that the years at the turn of the 17th into the 18th century are different in this respect, can also be seen by the fact that there were only a few individual construction projects recorded in this period, mainly those which were needed most in new circumstances, such as the bridge in Konjic. There were no more big waqfs who would completely transform the city center. Due to newly-arrived population some villages developed into towns. While during the 17th century there was a stagnation of boroughs due to the migration of non-muslim population outside Eyalet, the beginning of the 18th century is marked by individual and group returns, although much more significant changes in the number of nonMuslims were recorded from the thirties of that century. All the attention of the Ottoman center was focused on strengthening the defense of the protruding fortresses and stabilizing circumstances in which regular tax collection could boost the budget. In the villages around the fortresses that have remained more protected on the inside, jizya collection was possible, but with longer interruptions, following war events, such as the time of Eugene of Savoy’s intrusion or the events in Herzegovina ten years later, and occasional epidemics. According to certain sources, the novelty that political circumstances also brought to the construction field was a significantly increased number of private stone towers noticed for the first time as militaryresidential buildings at the border sections of the Bosnian eyalet. Yet, this was not recorded in defteries until the mid-17th century. The Ottoman legal system was based on foundations which did not allow violent Islamization, and the embrace of Islam could be traced in the preceding centuries by reading non-Muslim origin from the information on "new Muslims" (muslim-i new) from the data regarding a non-Muslim father's name or with less certainty from the Muslim father's name Abdullah. The number of registered baptized population according to Venetian, Dubrovnik and Austrian sources was minor compared to the statements of priests on how many people they had baptized. The local population’s practice of naming the immigrants by the region they come from presents a difficulty in reviewing the migrants’ origin. The family narrative often notes more details on how these same migrants went through multiple migrant experiences, and that they got their surnames only by the latter. An example may be the surname Niksic, which can refer to a man from the Niksic tribe, or people who, as the first migrants from Risna or Novi came to the deserted Onogošte and practically built Niksic, or people who did not even stop by Niksic, but through that same path their fate and circumstances brought them to Central Bosnia, so the locals remember them by the direction they arrived from. A similar situation happened to people who went to Hungarian territories, in the deserted villages following the departure of Muslim population. Some came from Bosnia with their surnames, but in the host country they got their surname Bošnjak from the region they came from. Since its foundation, the Ottoman state had had and developed the settlement policy, settling in all of its provinces, which had also been strategically implemented in Bosnia since the first conquests. Causing displacement in the territories they were conquering, the Ottomans strategically settled the population in certain areas, among which the most noticeable in the territory of the Bosnian eyalet was the Vlach element. The settlement of the nomadic population on abandoned and deserted rural areas, meadows and planting land was common. At the end of the 17th century, in parts of central Bosnia, we recognize them as the Orthodox agrarian people who pay jizya, predominantly a low amount, and often share the same territory with the Catholic people. While in such places their religion can be justifiably assumed only by the prince stated on top of the list, as the chief of the livestock of a particular group with the often-present distinct daily Orthodox or Catholic nomenclature, in the border areas the defters still distinguished the group of Vlach people (the example of defter with the villages Bekijje Krka, Klisa and Hercegovina from 1701.) Migrations were not a specific feature of the Bosnian eyalet at that time. Of course, the contextualization of migration courses and consequences in the whole territory of Balkans, and also Europe, must be taken into consideration, both because of the population from Central Bosnia leaving for the Hungarian territories, and also because of the numerous hired Arnaut soldiers from the Dukagjin or Avlonya who were ordered to come to Bosnian territory. Numerous copts coming from other Ottoman provinces would remain there and become a part of all those migrant identities that would mix in the territory of the Bosnian eyalet and become part of the colorful ethnic image of Bosnia in the phase of pre-national relations and in future socio-political systems. An interdisciplinary study of migration processes in the Ottoman period has so far not been undertaken. One type of such research can be recognized in the discourse on the traces of future ethnic denomination. Migrants’ emotions and their relationship with the place they came from belong to the field of social psychology, regardless if it is an arbitrary or unwanted migration. When it comes to population movements due to violence, fear or physical expulsion, then such movements imply the individual drama of each person. Each person will live it depending on what his world of upbringing, tradition or character is, but that individual identification is often collective too. In this way, migrations in part condition the creation of regional and local identities and to date remain recognizable in some namings, sometimes of a derogatory character. The extent of multiple mixture in the territory of the Bosnian eyalet can be seen from different interpretation possibilities of the origin of the mentioned namings. The most common differences in the meaning of the term Vlach in different regions of Eyalet, the resistance to etymologies they dislike for the word škutor (lat. scutarius, ger. schildträger, rum. scutar, church.slav. скотарь, ukr. скотар, alb. skuter, hung. szkotár, gr. σκουτάριος et al.) are just some of the examples that show the magnitude of stereotypes and prejudices in everyday speech today. Those who come to a new place always carry something from the native land. Some were wearing folk clothes, others brought character, while some brought seeds of favorite fruit, vegetable, grains, while some have recognized their beliefs or customs in the existing cultural and prayer places across Bosnia. The process of encountering, transferring and complementing various traditions has created a long-term spiritual and cultural physiognomy that is not possible to research without a multi-perspective approach to all cultural changes. Migrations are complex events themselves and their simplification deprives the quality of research. A series of details on and from the life of non-Muslim population testifies to the need of further review of all segments of Bosnia’s demographic mosaic; a more complete marker of the changes in structure and proportions of the population according to their religion, in particular by parallel review of the material such as visitors’ reports, church statistics, defters and court records. Through migration, assimilation and integration processes, religious and minority communities have changed, lost or preserved - to a greater or lesser extent - the language, customs, lifestyle, clothing, and similar. By analyzing the living conditions of each of these communities in the mentioned period, depending on socio-political events, with the parallel resolution of the individualized form of social, economic, political, cultural factors, and the survival of religious and minority communities in the territory of the Bosnian eyalet itself, the layerness of its historical-demographic matter will also be more comprehensible
Digital technologies in communication between teachers and parents
No full textDoktorska disertacija pod nazivom Digitalne tehnologije u komunikaciji odgojitelja i roditelja
daje prikaz teorijske i konceptualne osnove te nalaze istraživanja mišljenja i stavova odgojitelja
i roditelja o upotrebama digitalnih tehnologija u međusobnoj komunikaciji.
Od 60-ih godina 20. stoljeća kada se pojavljuje interes znanstvenika za pitanja suradnje obitelji
i odgojno-obrazovne ustanove pa do danas objavljen je niz istraživanja u kojima se pokušalo
odgovoriti zašto i kako surađivati (Stričević, 2010; Jackson i Needham, 2014). U istraživanjima
odnosa roditelja i odgojitelja znanstvenici se koriste različitim terminima – uključivanje
roditelja, suradnja s roditeljima, roditeljska participacija, rad s roditeljima, te partnerstvo s
roditeljima (Maleš, 1996; Hornby i Lafaele 2011). Tijekom vremena dolazi do promjena u
odnosima između obitelji i odgojno-obrazovne ustanove s obzirom na moć, uloge i način
komunkacije sudionika u odnosu. Upravo ta činjenica poticaj je za istraživanje ove teme u
današnje vrijeme digitalnih tehnologija. Rad započinje prikazom teorija od samih začetaka
komunikacije pa sve do danas,s posebnim naglaskom na teorije temeljene na upotrebi digitalnih
tehnologija u procesu komunikacije s naglaskom na servise za komunikaciju kao što su Viber,
WhatsApp te društvene mreže Facebook, Instagram i Pinterest koje također omogućavaju
komunikaciju svojim korisnicima. Spomenute servise i društvene mreže istraživalo se iz
segmenta njihove zastupljenosti u komunikacijskom procesu u ustanovama za rani i predškolski
odgoj i obrazovanje. S naglaskom na ulogu odgojitelja u kontekstu upotrebe digitalnih
tehnologija, njegovu informatičku pismenosti te razvoj komunikacije od tradicionalnog ka
suvremenom u odnosu na korisnike usluge ustanove odnosno roditelja djece rane i predškolske
dobi. Komunikacijske kompetencije i informatička pismenost odgojitelja promatrana je kao
konstruktor znanja za razvoj kvalitetnijih komunikacijskih procesa.
Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati mišljenje i stavove te navike odgojitelja i roditelja u odnosu na
korištenje digitalnih tehnologija u međusobnoj komunikaciji. S obzirom na postavljeni cilj,
proizlazi glavna hipoteza (Hg) koje glasi: Postoji statistički značajna razlika u komunikaciji
između roditelja i odgojitelja putem digitalne tehnologije. Istraživanju se pristupilo kvantitativnim i kvalitativnim istraživačkim postupcima
polazeći od hipoteze da digitalne tehnologije potiču razvoj pozitivne komunikacije između
odgojitelja i roditelja te imajući na umu preferirane oblike komunikacije od tradicionalne do suvremene. Podaci su se prikupljali putem upitnika te fokus grupa. S obzirom na to da nije
pronađen odgovarajući instrument, za potrebe ovoga istraživanja konstruiran je instrument na
osnovi definiranih ključnih činitelja komunikacije i servisa za komunikaciju. Instrument je
pilotiran radi utvrđivanja metrijskih vrijednosti koje su pokazale validnost čestica upitnika.
Ispitivala su se mišljenja i navike odgojitelja i roditelja u vezi s komunikacijom općenito, kao i
međusobnom komunikacijom, s naglaskom na korištenje digitalne tehnologije. Istraživački
postupci provedeni su u svibnju 2017. godine. Rad predstavlja opsežno istraživanje
komunikacije putem digitalne tehnologije između roditelja i odgojitelja djece rane i predškolske
dobi u Gradu Zagrebu.
Empirijsko istraživanje provedeno je na demografski stratificiranom uzorku prema
zemljopisnom području. Na taj način željela se postići ujednačenost roditelja i odgojitelja po
ustanovama za rani i predškolski odgoj i obrazovanje u Gradu Zagrebu. Ustanove koje su
sudjelovale u istraživanju pokrivaju sveukupni teritorij Grada Zagreba (sve četiri strane svijeta
te uži centar). U istraživanju je sudjelovalo devet ustanove za rani i predškolski odgoj i
obrazovanje: „Bukovac“, „Vedri dani“, „Maksimir“, „Cvrčak“, „Siget“, „Utrine“, „Sunčana“,
„Prečko“ i „Različak“. Anketno ispitivanje provedeno je na slučajnom uzorku roditelja koji su
u vrijeme provedbe istraživanja imali dijete u dobi od 5 do 6 godina koje je pohađalo jednu od
navedenih ustanova. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od ukupno N=742 ispitanika odnosno
N=342 odgojitelja i N=356 roditelja. Temeljeno na dobivenim rezultatima, (M=4,3;SD=0,94)
odgojitelja i (M=4,7;SD=0,60) roditelja smatra da je digitalna tehnologija vrlo korisna te se to
može smatrati temeljnim polazištem u izjednačenosti mišljenja roditelja i odgojitelja.
Prema rezultatima istraživanja prva hipoteza H1 djelomično je potvrđena jer je mišljenje
odgojitelja i roditelja u vezi s poticanjem pozitivne komunikacije putem digitalne tehnologije u
koliziji. Šesta je hipoteza H6 odbačena jer nije utvrđena statistički značajna povezanost između
radnog staža odgojitelja i roditelja te izbora servisa za komunikaciju. Ostale hipoteze su
potvrđene te su samim time prihvaćene, pa se može govoriti o značajnom utjecaju digitalne
tehnologije na komunikaciju između odgojitelja i roditelja.
Rezultati omogućuju jasniji uvid u mišljenje i navike odgojitelja i roditelja o
komunikaciji te preferiranje tradicionalnog odnosno suvremenog oblika komunikacije. Uz
utvrđivanje preferencije roditelja odnosno odgojitelja o oblicima komunikacije, doprinos rada
temelji se na otkrivanju promjena u komunikaciji između odgojitelja i roditelja nastalih pod
utjecajem suvremenog digitalnog okruženja u odnosu na tradicionalne komunikacijske oblike, kao determinante njihovih međuodnosa. Dobiveni rezultati mogu biti temeljne smjernice
promjena u edukaciji odgojitelja što se tiče komunikacije s roditeljima te organizacije i
funkcioniranja predškolskih institucija općenito, jer je komunikacija ogledalo organizacije.
Istraživanje je pokazalo da postoji potreba za promjenama u komunikaciji između
roditelja i odgojitelja te za osiguravanjem mogućnosti za aktivnijim korištenjem digitalnih
tehnologija u tom procesu (O'Hara, Massimi, Harper, Rubens i Morris, 2014). Postoje određene
razlike u oblicima komunikacije koje preferiraju roditelji od onih koje preferiraju odgojitelji,
međutim, zajedničko je mišljenje da je komunikacija licem u lice temelj komunikacije.
Digitalna tehnologija pridonosi nadogradnji tradicionalnih oblika komunikacije te
komunikaciju čini funkcionalnijom, bržom i lakše dostupnom svima, bez obzira na trenutačnu
lokaciju i udaljenost od ustanove za rani i predškolski odgoji i obrazovanje, odnosno odgojitelja
kao subjekta u procesu komunikacije (Sully, Barbour i Roberts-King, 2015 ).
Znanstveni doprinos ovog istraživanja vidljiv je na nekoliko razina. Prvu razinu čini teorijski
pristup komunikaciji odgojitelja i roditelja od tradicionalnog do suvremenog, što do sada nije
prikazano na ovaj način te se može smatrati znanstvenim doprinosom. Također nisu pronađeni
instrumenti koji mjere preferencije odgojitelja i roditelja u međusobnoj komunikaciji putem
digitalne tehnologije primjerene za korištenje na populaciji hrvatskih odgojitelja i roditelja s
obzirom na organizacijske i kulturne specifičnosti, stoga razvoj instrumenta u ovom
istraživanju predstavlja drugu razinu znanstvenog doprinosa. Zadnja razina znanstvenog
doprinosa vidljiva je u korištenju rezultata ovog istraživanja kao polazne točke za nova
istraživanja komunikacije odgojitelja i roditelja putem digitalne tehnologije.Doctoral dissertation titled Digital technology in communication between kindergarten
teachers and parents gives an overview of the theoretical and conceptual basis and conclusions
obtained through research on opinions and attitudes of parents on the use of digital technology
in mutual communication.
Since the 60s, when the interest among scientists regarding the question of collaboration
between families and educational institutions first started to emerge, until today, a series of
studies have been published, seeking to answer why and how to collaborate (Stričević, 2010;
Jackson & Needham, 2014). In their research on kindergarten teacher-parent relationships,
scientists use various terms – parental involvement, collaboration with parents, parental
participation, work with parents, and partnership with parents (Maleš, 1996; Hornby & Lafaele
2011). Over time, there occured a change in the relationship between parents and educational
institutions with regard to the power, role, and mode of communication of the participants in
this relationship. It is this fact that is a source of inspiration for conducting research on this
topic today, in the time of digital technology. The paper begins with giving an overview of the
theories from the very beginnings of communication until today, with a special emphasis on
theories based on the use of digital technology in the process of communication, with an
emphasis on communication services such as Viber, WhatsApp, and social networks Facebook,
Instagram, and Pinterest, which also enable communication among their users. The mentioned
services and social networks were investigated with regard to the extent to which they are used
in the communication process in institutions for early childhood and preschool education, with
an emphasis on the role of kindergarten teachers in the context of the use of digital technology,
their IT literacy, and the development of communication from traditional to contemporary, in
relation to the users of the services of institutions, or parents of children of early and preschool
age. Communicative competences and IT literacy of kindergarten teachers were observed as a
knowledge constructor for the development of more quality communication processes. The aim of this research was to examine the opinions and attitudes, as well as habits, of
kindergarten teachers and parents regarding the use of digital technology in mutual
communication. Given the set aim, the following research question arose: What changes does
the use of digital technology bring in communication between parents and kindergarten
teachers?
The research was approached by means of quantitative and qualitative research methods,
starting from the hypothesis that the digital technology encourages the development of positive
communication between kindergarten teachers and parents and the preferred forms of
communication, from traditional to contemporary ones. The data were collected by means of
questionnaires and focus groups. Since no suitable instrument was found, one has been designed
for the purposes of this research, based on the defined key communication actors and
communication services. The instrument was piloted to determine the metric values which
showed the validity of questionnaire items. The opinions and habits of kindergarten teachers
and parents regarding communication in general, as well as mutual communication, were
examined, with an emphasis on the use of digital technology. Research procedures were carried
out in May 2017. The paper presents an extensive research of digital communication between
parents and kindergarten teachers in the City of Zagreb.
Empirical research was conducted on a demographically stratified sample (with regard to the
geographical area). In this way, a uniformity of parents and kindergarten teachers across
different institutions for early childhood and preschool education in the City of Zagreb was
sought to be achieved. The institutions which took part in the research cover the entire territory
of the City of Zagreb (all four cardinal directions and the downtown). Nine institutions for early
childhood and preschool education took part in this research: “Bukovac”, “Vedri dani”,
“Maksimir”, “Cvrčak”, “Siget”, “Utrine”, “Sunčana”, “Prečko” and “Različak”. The survey
was conducted on a random sample of parents who at the time of the research had a child aged
5 to 6 attending one of the mentioned institutions. The research was conducted on the total of
N=742 respondents, or N=342 kindergarten teachers and N=356 parents. Based on the results,
(M=4.3; SD=0.94) kindergarten teachers and (M=4.7; SD=0.60) parents consider that digital
technology is very useful, and this can be considered a fundamental starting point in the
uniformity of parents’ and kindergarten teachers’ opinions.
According to the results of this research, the first hypothesis, H1, was partially confirmed,
because the opinions of kindergarten teachers and those of parents collide when it comes to encouraging positive communication through digital technology. The sixth hypothesis, H6, was
discarded because no statistically significant correlation was found between the teachers’ and
parents’ length of work experience and the choice of communication services. Other hypotheses
have been confirmed and, therefore, accepted, so it can be said that digital technology has a
significant influence on the parent-teacher communication.
The results provide a clearer insight into opinions and habits of kindergarten teachers and
parents regarding communication, and the preference of traditional or modern means of
communication. In addition to identifying preferences of parents and kindergarten teachers
regarding the means of communication, the contribution of this research is based on discovering
changes in communication between kindergarten teachers and parents that ensued under the
influence of contemporary digital environment as compared to the traditional means of
communication, as the determinants of their interrelationships. The results obtained can be
fundamental guidelines for changes in education of kindergarten teachers regarding
communication with parents, and organization and functioning of preschool institutions in
general, because the communication is a mirror of organization.
This research has shown there is a need for changes in communication between kindergarten
teachers and parents, as well as for providing possibilities for more active use of digital
technology in this process (O'Hara, Massimi, Harper, Rubens & Morris, 2014). There are
certain differences in forms of communication which are preferred by parents and those
preferred by kindergarten teachers, however, they both share the opinion that face to face
communication is the basis of communication. The digital technology contributes to the
upgrading of traditional forms of communication and is seeking to make communication more
functional, faster, and more easily accessible to all, regardless of current location and distance
from the early childhood and preschool education institution, or the kindergarten teacher as the
subject in the process of communication (Sully, Barbour i Roberts-King, 2015).
The scientific contribution of this research is visible on several levels. The first level is based
on the theoretical approach to the parent-teacher communication, from the traditional to
contemporary, which has not yet been presented in this way, so it can be considered a scientific
contribution. Furthermore, no instruments have been found measuring parents’ and teachers’
preferences regarding mutual communication by means of digital technology which would be
appropriate for the use on Croatian kindergarten teachers and parents, considering their cultural specificity, therefore the development of the instrument used for this research represents
another level of scientific contribution. When it comes to the last level of scientific contribution,
there is a possibility to use the results of this research as a starting point for new research on
communication between kindergarten teachers and parents through digital technology