Digitalni arhiv Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu
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Komično-realistična poezija talijanskog srednjovjekovlja
No full textKomično-realistična tradicija razvila se u Italiji u drugoj polovici trinaestog stoljeća. Bitna karakteristika ove poezije jest njezina povezanost s vremenom u kojem je nastala. Naime, trinaesto stoljeće u Toskani obilježeno je jačanjem samostalnih općina, njihovim međusobnim sukobima i burnim političkim životom. Također, razvijaju se gradovi te jača novi društveni sloj, građanstvo. U takvoj atmosferi pjesnici pronalaze inspiraciju i pišu o stvarnosti koja ih okružuje. Vještom uporabom jezika, karikaturom i groteskom, u svojoj poeziji ocrtavaju portrete svojih sugrađana, pišu o događajima ili, poput Firentinca Rustica Filippija, otvoreno napadaju političke protivnike. Nešto osobnije prirode jest poezija Mea dei Tolomeija i Cecca Angiolierija. Obojica slave lagodan život, pišu o nesreći koja ih snađe kada nemaju novca te o mržnji koju osjećaju prema svojoj obitelji. Na ovoj tematskoj osnovici Angiolieri će izgraditi svoj lik pjesnika, koji nema sreće u kocki i ljubavi, voli lagodan život i mrzi svoje škrte roditelje. Ovakvo “osobno” pjesništvo bit će prava suprotnost gotovo depersonaliziranoj lirici Dolce stil nuova (slatkog novog stila), pjesničkoj školi koja se u Toskani razvila u isto vrijeme.
Komično-realistična poezija u talijansku književnost uvela je neke nove motive koji su već postojali u poeziji golijarda te u vagantskoj lirici. Također, i kod provansalskih trubadura pronalazimo poneki primjer na tragu ovakve tradicije. Sve to svjedoči koliko je europska srednjovjekovna kultura bila dinamična
Insuffisance rénale et ses traitements: travail terminographique
No full textLa terminologie est en constante évolution grâce au progrès de la technologie et de la science. Son devoir est de systématiser le vocabulaire technique d'un domaine de spécialité. L'élaboration de la terminologie est importante pour fixer l'usage de termes spécialisés et faciliter l'interaction des spécialistes au niveau international.
En outre, la terminologie joue un rôle important dans la traduction des textes techniques. Pour pouvoir traduire un tel texte, le traducteur doit se familiariser avec le domaine de spécialité en question et effectuer un travail terminographique. Le but d'un tel travail est de circonscrire les termes du domaine choisi et créer des produits terminologiques.
Dans notre mémoire de master nous effectuons la traduction des textes du domaine médical. Notre sous-domaine de choix est la néphrologie qui s'occupe des maladies de reins. Dans
la première partie nous présentons la théorie de la terminologie, sa définition, son histoire et de différentes approches théoriques. Dans l'étape suivante nous décrivons la méthodologie de notre travail. Tout d'abord, nous avons constitué un corpus de textes appartenant à notre sous-
domaine. À partir de notre corpus, nous avons dépouillé des termes pertinents, qui font partie de notre glossaire. De plus, nous avons créé d'autres produits terminologiques, les fiches et l'arbre de domaine, qui facilitent la représentation des termes et des relations entre eux.
Après la méthodologie nous proposons la traduction de nos textes de départ du français vers le croate. Nous avons choisi trois textes sur l'insuffisance rénale, dont chacun appartient à un autre niveau de spécialité. Dans le commentaire de notre traduction nous essayons de
réunir la partie théorique avec la partie pratique. C'est pourquoi nous avons appliqué les approches terminologiques décrites dans l'analyse de notre traduction :
la socioterminologie, la terminologie culturelle et l'ethnoterminologie. Les trois approches prennent en compte l'influence de l'usage à la terminologie et s'éloignent de l’approche normalisatrice de la théorie générale de la terminologie. La dernière partie de notre travail est la partie pratique où nous présentons les produits terminologiques décrits dans la méthodologie
Emotional and cognitive empathy as predictors of prosocial tendencies
No full textCilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati odnos emocionalne i kognitivne empatije u predviđanju različitih oblika prosocijalnih tendencija. U ovom istraživanju prosocijalno ponašanje definirano je kao multidimenzionalni konstrukt koji obuhvaća šest različitih prosocijalnih tendencija: altruistične, javne, emocionalne, krizne, anonimne i popuštajuće. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 227 maturanta iz četiri slavonsko-brodske gimnazije. Primijenjene su skale emocionalne i kognitivne empatije (PROLI_Empatija), skala Prosocijalnih tendencija (PTM-R) te skraćena verzija Marlowe-Crowne upitnika socijalne poželjnosti. Rezultati hijerarhijskih regresijskih analiza pokazali su da obje komponente empatije predviđaju emocionalne, krizne i popuštajuće tendencije. Emocionalna empatija pozitivni je prediktor
anonimnih tendencija, a kognitivna empatija i rod statistički su značajni pozitivni prediktori altruističnih tendencija. Emocionalna empatija u nultoj je vezi s javnim tendencijama, a kognitivna u negativnoj.The aim of this study was to examine whether the individual differences in students' prosocial tendencies can be predicted by emotional and cognitive empathy. Prosocial tendencies were defined as a multidimensional construct that consists of six tendencies: altruistic, public, emotional, crisis, anonymous and compliant. The study has been conducted in two separate high schools in Slavonski Brod, and the sample consisted of 227 fourth grade students. They completed emotional and cognitive empathy scale (PROLI_Empatija), Prosocial tendencies Measure (PTM-R) and short version of Marlowe-Crowne Social desirability Scale. In a hierarchical regression model, emotional and cognitive empathy positively predicted emotional, crisis and compliant tendencies. Emotional empathy was a significant positive predictor of anonymous tendencies, while cognitive empathy and sex were significant positive predictors of altruistic tendencies. Emotional empathy was not related to public tendencies, while cognitive empathy had negative relationship with public prosocial tendencies
The Planning of Kaptol within the International Competition for General Regulation Plan of Zagreb 1930 - 1931
No full textNakon rušenja povijesnih objekata na Kaptolu, posebice Bakačeve kule, prostor pred katedralom zajedno s neposrednim okolišem — Dolcem i Vlaškom ulicom — izgubio je svoju
karakterističnu heterogenost i auru. Regulacija Kaptola i okolice postala je važnim pitanjem u okviru regulacije grada Zagreba, koje je osim urbanističkih zahvata zahtijevalo i pažljiv odnos prema povijesnoj urbanističkoj cjelini i ambijentu. Pokušaji regualcije Kaptola u prva tri desetljeća XX. stoljeća nisu urodili plodom, pa je Međunarodni natječaj za generalnu regulatornu osnovu Zagreba 1930./1931. imao važnu zadaću rješavanja prostornih odnosa na Kaptolu, prije svega artikulaciji trga i prilaza iz Bakačeve ulice. Natječaj je polučio velikim brojem zanimljivih rješenja, koja su se priklonila jednom od dviju struja: protomodernističkoj, koja je u povijesnu jezgru interpolirala novogradnju internacionalnog stila, ili
nešto umjereniju, koja je nastojala rekonstruirati povijesne oblike i prostorne odnose na moderan način. Formiranje konačne uredbe o regulaciji Zagreba, kao i povijesnih dijelocva grada, potrajalo je punih sedam godina. U tom razdoblju brojni su domaći arhitekti (Strižić, Zemljak,
Schön i Kovačević, Bauer, Ibler…) ponudili svoje te su zajedno stručnjacima iz drugih područja, ali i općom javnosti koja je budno pratila tijek događanja, raspravljali o optimalnom pristupu ovom najpovijesnijem dijelu Zagreba. U tim raspravama iskristalizirala su se dva suprotstavljena stava: jedni su zagovarali potpunu konzervaciju povijesnih objekata i isključivali opciju nove izgradnje, dok su drugi, vođeni modernističkim konceptom funckionalnog
grada, zastupali novu izgradnju koja će doprinijeti higijeni i boljim životnim uvjetima za stanovnike. Unatoč velikim naporima, nakon Drugog svjetskog rata smjernice za regulaciju Kaptola nisu realizirane. Kroz drugu polovicu XX. stoljeća Kaptol je još nekoliko puta bio predmetom regulacije, međutim bez uspjeha i bez realizacija, čime se potvrđuje vrijednost Natječaja iz 1930. - 1931. godine u pogledu tretmana povijesnih cjelina grada Zagreba.Following the demolition of the historic buildings, in particular the Bakač’s tower, Kaptol along with its immediate environment - Dolac and Vlaška Street - had lost its distinctive heterogeneity and aura. The regulation of Kaptol and its surroundings became an important issue
within the regulation of the city of Zagreb, requiring a careful attitude towards the historical urban ensemble and its ambiental values. The attempts of the regeneration of Kaptol in the first three decades of the 20th century did not come to fruition, so the International Competition
for the General Regulation Plan of Zagreb in 1930-1931 was employed in solving spatial relations at Kaptol, primarily shaping the square and envisioning the approach to the square from Bakačeva Street. The competition resulted in a large number of interesting entrys, which followed either the modernistic tendency, which interpolated international style into the ancient core, or a moderate one, which sought to reconstruct historical forms and spatial
relations in a then-contemporary way. Assembling of the final decree on the regulation of Zagreb, as well as its' historic area, lasted for seven years. In that period, numerous local architects (Strižić, Zemljak, Schön and Kovačević, Bauer, Ibler...) offered their thoughts and ideas
on the matter. Along with experts from other fields and the general public who attentively followed the course of events, they discussed the optimal approach. These discussions displayed two opposing views: one advocated full conservation of historic buildings and excluded the possibility of new construction, while other, led by the modernist concept of a functional city, pleaded for the new building that would contribute to hygiene and living conditions improvement. Great efforts notwithstanding, after the Second World War, guidelines for the regulation of Kaptol were not realized. Throughout the 2nd half of the 20th century, Kaptol was subjected to regulation for several times, but with no success nor realizations up to
present day, which confirms the distinctive value of the Competition 1930-1931 regarding the treatment of historical units of the city of Zagreb
Processes of development of diplomatical Cyrillic minuscule in the documents of the medieval Dubrovnik chancery
No full textUloga Dubrovnika kao diplomatskog, kulturnog i trgovačkog centra, ne samo tokom
srednjeg vijeka već kroz čitavu povijest, dobro je poznata znanstvenoj zajednici, a i široj
javnosti. Jedna od nepravedno zapostavljenih tema bogate dubrovačke povijesti u hrvatskim i
međunarodnim znanstvenim krugovima ćiriličke su povelje dubrovačke srednjovjekovne
kancelarije. Dubrovnik se dosad isticao kao mjesto gdje se pisalo ćirilicom isključivo radi
komunikacije sa širokim zaleđem. Ovim putem želimo istaknuti kako je Dubrovnik u srednjem
vijeku bio jedno od najvećih središta zapadnoćiriličke pismenosti. Posljednja ozbiljnija
paleografska istraživanja spomenutog korpusa datiraju još iz 60-tih i kraja 80-tih godina XX.
stoljeća, te je krajnje nužno ovu opsežnu i osjetljivu temu početi objektivno i ozbiljno istraživati
suvremenim paleografskim metodama. Ova doktorska disertacija pod mentorstvom prof.
Žagara obuhvaća razvojne procese grafije pisma dubrovačke slavenske kancelarije i odnos,
karakteristike, grafijske sličnosti i različitosti te posebnosti u širem geopolitičkom kontekstu,
poglavito u diplomatskoj korespondenciji sa susjednim zemljama (srednjovjekovna Bosna,
Hum, Duklja, Srbija te ini autonomni feudalni vladari). Glavni fokus istraživanja bit će na
diplomatičkoj minuskuli, kategoriji ćiriličkog pisma koja se najčešće upotrebljavala u
dubrovačkoj kancelariji tijekom proučavanog vremenskog razdoblja. Kronološki, tema
obuhvaća razdoblje od kraja XII. do kraja XV. st., i prati grafijske i jednim dijelom pravopisne
posebnosti pisama koja su se upotrebljavala u dubrovačkoj slavenskoj kancelariji. U prvom
planu je diplomatička minuskula koja je bila najrasprostranjenije pismo, ali tema će se
dotaknuti i ustava, a poseban dio bit će posvećen i razvoju ćiriličkog kurziva (poznatog pod
terminom bosanica) i njegovim mogućim dodirnim točkama s diplomatičkom minuskulom
dubrovačke slavenske kancelarije. Krajnji cilj paleografskog istraživanja su odgovori na
pitanja vezana uz pismo. Fokus ovih pitanja bit će postavljen na postojanje dubrovačkih
posebnosti, prepoznaju li se tragovi latiničkog utjecaja (primjerice u četverolinijskom sistemu),
u čemu su tragovi eventualnih glagoljičkih uzora, te kakvi su samostalni smjerovi razvoja.
Rezultati ove doktorske disertacije također će biti važan doprinos razumijevanju ostalih
segmenata zapadnolatiničke pismenosti (Dalmacija, Bosna...), odnosno bit će važna procjena
mogućih utjecaja dubrovačke ćiriličke pismenosti na njihov razvoj.The roll of the city of Dubrovnik as a diplomatic, cultural and trading centre, not only during
the Middle Ages but also throughout history in general, is very well known not only to scholars,
but also to the general public. The so-called “Pearl of the Adriatic” was a specific city-state
with distinctly developed maritime trade as the main economical branch. Throughout the ages,
the city thrived and accomplished numerous scientific and cultural achievements and its legacy,
still excellently preserved even today, is impressive compared with the small size of this
microstate. The literary component is one of the most important components of any cultural
identity, and the situation was the same in Dubrovnik as well, which has, through the history
of the Middle Ages established itself, among other things, as a respectable humanistic and
renaissance center of literature on the eastern Adriatic coast, with a basis in the developed and
subtle literacy of the Middle Ages, while actively using two different writing systems (Cyrillic
and Latin) at the same time.
In the middle of the 14th century, when a specific political and economical creation
(Republic of Dubrovnik) was officialy conceived by the nobles of the City, two distinct literary
systems were used as a means of communication, which were exclusively functionally defined
(regarding the purpose of texts). This information itself is a peculiar one for a medieval cultural
environment; compared with the different kingdoms, principalities and other political creations
of the era based in the Europe, it is easy to conclude that the phenomenon of two –
dimensionalism in literacy in medieval Europe was relatively rare. Some examples of the
simultaneous use of different writing systems can be detected in other Cyrillic – Glagolitic
South Slavic cultures, for example in the city of Split, where we can also witness simultaneous
use of Cyrillic and Latin, and in the early Middle Ages there were also numerous cases where
a third writing system, the Glagolitic one, was in use. Also, the symbiosis of Greek and Latin
writing systems was common in southern Italy. There are recorded cases of comparative use
of Arabic and Latin alphabets during the Arab presence on the Iberian peninsula. Latin and
Cyrillic literacy was also present in the northeast of Europe until the Early Modern period (East
Poland, Belarus ...). Similarly, parallel use of multiple writing systems is precisely the specific
feature of the central South Slavic space, where for centuries, in many aspects, we witness the
interweaving of different civilizations and cultures, with the city of Dubrovnik standing as a
mediator between the hinterland and the sea connected European centers. With this mixture of Latin and Cyrillic writing systems, a special culture was formed in Dubrovnik, which will later
be established as the basis for Croatian language culture in the Early Modern period.
In a case like this it was obvious that interference between different alphabets is more
of a rule than an exception. If the literacy of the cultural heritage of the Croatian Middle Ages
is considered from the point of view of interference between the three writing systems used
(Latin, Cyrillic, Glagolitic), there is obviously a whole range of documents – literary and legal
texts, works and epigraphic monuments in which mutual interactions are visible. This act of
using two different writing systems in the medieval Dubrovnik commune, and later, since
1358., in the Republic of Dubrovnik, shows the intention and the need for better
communication with neighboring countries and other (not just adjacent) relevant political
factors in the Middle Ages. A relatively small city-state that succeeded in not only surviving,
but also being a serious economic and political subject of European medievalism, used these
two writing systems for centuries (on different scales), for easier communication with different
communities and in this way also succeeded in even more enriching it's own cultural history.
In order to avoid the stereotype that the use of Cyrillic alphabet in Dubrovnik was strictly
connected to communication between Dubrovnik and the hinterland, it should be emphasized
that it also served for internal purposes (liturgical readings, court and private letters, etc.). As
a confirmation of this statement, it is sufficient to mention that even the first renaissance verse
in Dubrovnik was written in Cyrillic by Džono Kalićević (probably a customs officer) in the
printed Latin Customs Statute, written between 1421 and 1431. It was just a reflection of the
old, medieval continuity. In the archives of Dubrovnik, along with other documents, there is a
large number of those written in Cyrillic. How large this number is, it can not be said with
certainty because the exact data does not exist, and it is almost impossible to determine it since
this corpus is scattered through numerous books and documents of many funds and series. It
can only be speculated that in view of the wide time frame through which Cyrillic was used as
a diplomatic script in Dubrovnik (from the end of the 12th to the beginning of the 19th century)
there are probably several thousands of such documents in the Dubrovnik Archives.
Latest serious palaeographic researches of this corpus were conducted during the 1960s
and late 1980s. Therefore, it is absolutely necessary to start with new objective and
methodologically contemporary and modern researches of this extensive and very sensitive
historical theme. This doctoral dissertation would cover development processes in graphy and
script of Cyrillic charters and documents from Dubrovnik's Slavic medieval office and their
relationship, characteristics, graphical similarities and diversities, and also specifical
characteristics in the broader geopolitical context, especially in diplomatic correspondence with neighbouring countries and principalities (medieval Bosnia, Hum, Duklja, Serbia,
different feudal autonomous rulers). Chronologically the theme covers the period from the end
of the 12th to the end of the 15th century and follows graphical and some ortographical
characteristics of writings used in Dubrovnik's medieval Slavic office. The greatest focus is on
the mostly used version of Cyrillic writing, the so – called diplomatical minuscule, but the
theme also covers some aspects of Cyrillic uncial writing, and in a special part of the thesis
possible relations between diplomatical minuscule and Cyrillic cursive also known as bosanica
will be considered.
As for the graphical characteristics, the main focus will stand on the categories of
coordination in the linear system and the characteristics of writing, binding of letters in writing
and specific forms of letters in texts, use of interpunctual signs, ligatures, and some
orthographic characteristics (e.g. the use of capital letters). The main goal of this doctoral
thesis/palaeographical research is to recognize specific characteristics of Dubrovnik's medieval
Slavic office and their bonds and mutual influences with Latin and eventually also Glagolitic
letters of the same period. The most important instrument in this palaeographic research is the
creation of graphical categories that help to track the development of script, in this case the
Cyrillic minuscule, its graphical features, identification of the influence of contact letters (in
this case Latin) forms and their development within the linear system, characteristics in the
application of abbreviations and ligatures, and the existence and use of punctuation marks,
writing of capital letters and use of blank space/separation of words in texts. When defining
these categories, all the important graphical determinants of the writing system were taken into
account, and the following categories are set in the focus of palaeographical research:
1. Letter coordination in the linear system and the characteristics of the script,
2. Special letter forms and binding of letters in the text,
3. Word dividers: punctuation and capitalization, use of blank space and separation of words
in texts
4. Ligatures and abbreviations,
5. Writing of numbers in texts.
Under the concept of coordination in a linear system, we primarily understand the
process of simplifying and aligning the letter lines in the central part of the system and the
development of letter forms within the linear system with the aim of achieving optimal writing
speed while maintaining recognizable letter shapes for easier reading. The coordination phenomenon is necessary in order for the writing itself to literally "flow" as quickly and as
efficiently as possible. The process of coordination, of course, differs according to the types of
letters, and in some cases, the nature of the documents plays a key role in the creation of this
process. The process of coordination is present in all European scripts (with the basis in Greek
script). It is best reflected in Latin script, especially because of the varied versions and the
explosion of literacy in the Middle Ages in all functions. The key for this development was the
uniform writing from left to right, soft writing material, sharply-comed (faster) feathers used
for writing, which distinguished thin lines from thick, and which easily changed the direction
of writing. Speaking of the coordination differences between Cyrillic script versions, we can
mention Cyrillic uncial writing that is used for liturgical purposes, where it was very important
that every letter had a slow, almost solemn look. Therefore the coordination itself is slower in
this Cyrillic script version. Same degree of letter coordination can not be expected, for example
in a text written in Cyrillic minuscule, which is the most used script in diplomatic (political),
business and law purposes, and because of that the coordination in it has a faster pace, thus
enhancing the scribe's efficiency, quickening the process of writing itself and ultimately saving
the writing material. The specificity of a writing system referred to in this category does not
relate primarily to the specificity of letter forms but to the specificity of the writing process in
different chanceries and of different writers, the identification of certain characteristics that
could affect the text's transparency (blank space between words, spacing between lines in text,
writing skills of scribe’s hand, etc.).
In the second category mentioned, as the title itself speaks, special, new letter forms in
studied documents and charters will be defined. In this way it will be possible to identify the
characteristics of letter forms which may be specific for different chanceries and writers. It will
be necessary to interpret the influence of the coordination process on the change of the
morphology of some of the letter forms in the alphabet of Cyrillic minuscule. The graphical
description also includes the consideration of the relationship between the letter versions for
the same voice (for example, the voice “o” is written in its usual form, but also as greek
"omega", which is called “ot” in the Old Slavic alphabet; or the combination of letters “i” and
“iže”for the writing of voice “i”). All these phenomena belong to the segment of graphical
expression, but they are not regarded as significant in the development of a writing system.
This interesting and very important category will be supplemented by the interpretation of the
binding of letter forms. This graphical phenomenon is an important factor when recognizing
so-called cursive tendencies. In essence, in this category, literally the number of linked forms
will be studied in the chosen scientific corpus. Since writing in cursive tends to “flow” without interruption or without raising the quill from the paper, greater frequency of the connected
letters and more than two merged letter forms in one word clearly indicate the significance of
this cursive tendency and provides an important link with the development of later cursive
script forms (such as the above mentioned bosanica). Cursive writing is generally not solemn,
with its predominant functionality - the desire to save time and the writer’s effort.
The category “Word dividers: punctuation and capitalization, use of blank space and
separation of words in texts” will deal with a phenomenon that is relatively young and is by no
means a "literary universal". Separating individual words in texts with blank spaces that have
the role of boundary indicators together with other above mentioned word dividers is one of
the main conditions for successful understanding of a writing system. The aim of the study of
this category is to identify the process of establishing separate writing in the script of Cyrillic
diplomatic minuscule, and also the possible impacts from other neighbouring writing systems
(Latin and Greek scripts). Use of word dividers and capital letters is incorporated in every
modern European orthography, and their use strongly reflects civilizational achievement of a
considered script. Their purpose is the visual optimization of a written language message,
enabling readers to easily get into the text, both in the case of loud and silent readings. Their
use was also recorded in the Middle Ages, throughout the entire period of the scientific corpus
studied in this dissertation. Of course, their phenomenon is not systematized, and on this
occasion we will deal with the question of whether there is any correlation between the use of
distinctive characters and the writing of capital letters, or whether the studied documents can
identify the perceptions of some of the spelling rules that have been introduced today. These
particular systematization marks (such as the writing of a capital letter at the end of the
sentence) will also point to the tendency of forming a more serious set of orthographical rules.
The abbreviations, whether contractions, superscriptions or suspensions, are the result
of a writing process which depicts the writer’s intention to save writing space. Abbreviations
also exist in solemn, uncial texts. There they are largely the result of the ideological motive
that the "sacred words" (sacrament) are not written entirely, following the Jewish principle of
not pronouncing the Lord's name. The use of abbreviations can be related to time saving (faster
writing), space (saving material; paper, parchment or any other material), or it can be a
combination of these two elements. Ligatures, the second part of this category, also belong to
the category of abbreviations, but represent a somewhat different phenomenon; therefore, in
the title of the category they stand separated. Unlike other abbreviations where certain literal
forms are written above the text (other letters), or they drop out, etc., ligatures are always
generated by a combination of two letters, creating a new, specific letter form. Unlike abbreviations, the main motive for the creation of ligatures is, almost exclusively, saving of
writing space. Only sometimes their unusual and concentrated form can contribute to faster
reading, of course in uncial and minuscule rather than cursive texts. Of course, ligatures are
popular, albeit in varying degrees, in all scripts, as far as the Croatian medieval cultural circle
is concerned, interesting forms are found in various Glagolitic books and writings.
The last in the row is the category of writing numbers. The today so – called Arabic
numerals began to enter Dubrovnik in broader use only in the 15th century. In Cyrillic charters
and documents the numbers are usually referred to as letters with a certain numeral value,
separated from the rest of the text by various combinations of dots and lines. Likewise, there
are common cases where numbers are simply written in words or with the combination of these
two methods of writing. The objective of this category is to identify all the methods used to
write numbers and any specifics regarding their writing (if any), and to draw a parallel between
the writing methods and the various chanceries. This categorical apparatus is the main
methodological tool in our palaeographical research, and all the conclusions will be
implemented with the help of data gathered from these categories
Romani Juana Goytisola pedesetih godina
No full textLas novelas de los años cincuenta de Juan Goytisolo son concebidas como novelas sociales y abordan los temas como la Guerra Civil y sus consecuencias en la posguerra. Asimismo, se observa la preocupación del autor por las clases más bajas de la sociedad y una postura muy crítica hacia la Iglesia católica. En este trabajo se analizan las maneras que utiliza el escritor para presentar y denunciar los problemas sociales y políticos de la España de aquella época, entre los cuales destacan la pérdida de la infancia, la decadencia de la sociedad de la posguerra, especialmente la de la burguesía y su falta de valores, y la penuria omnipresente. El objetivo de este trabajo es, además, estudiar de qué modo los personajes de Goytisolo reaccionan ante las adversidades y las penosas circunstancias de sus vidas. En este sentido, se han investigado los tipos de rebelión que estos protagonistas, incapaces de enfrentarse a la dura realidad tanto social como personal, manifiestan.Romani pedesetih godina Juana Goytisola svrstavaju se pod društvene romane koji se bave pitanjima Građanskog rata i njegovih posljedica u poslijeratnom razdoblju. U njima je također pisutno piščevo zanimanje za niže slojeve u društvu i njegov kritički stav prema Katoličkoj crkvi. U ovom radu analiziraju se metode koje Goytisolo upotrebljava kako bi prikazao i osudio društvene i političke probleme tog razdoblja u Španjolskoj među kojima se izdvajaju gubitak djetinjstva, propadanje društva u poslijeratnom razdoblju, posebice buržoazije i nestanka njenog sustava vrijednosti kao i sveprisutna oskudica. Nadalje, cilj rada je istražiti na koji način Goytisolovi likovi reagiraju na nevolje i okrutne životne okolnosti. U ovom su se kontekstu istražili načini pobune koje ovi likovi upotrebljavaju zbog svoje nesposobnosti suočavanja s teškom društvenom i vlastitom stvarnošću
Prikazi donatora na crkvama u Italiji i X. regiji
No full textJačanjem i utvrđivanjem kršćanstva kroz vrijeme uz pomoć političke situacije,
crkveni dužnosnici dobivaju više ovlasti, čime dolazi više obaveza i sve veća
financijska sredstva.U bizantskoj umjetnosti slika ima veliku važnost, a njen
najrasprostranjeniji medij je mozaik. Specifična umjetnička pojava koja se kreće javljati
u crkvenim mozaicima ranobizantskog razdoblja je ktitorska kompozicija. Termin se odnosi na ktitore, odnosno donatore koji se prikazuju kao figura realističnog, portretnog
lica koja drži model crkve u rukama. Kroz ovaj rad vidimo želju za prepoznavanjem
koja se javlja među uzvišenim crkvenim dužnosnicima i bogatim vjernicima, a čiji
razvitak možemo pratiti preko prvih epigrafskih mozaičnih zapisa pa sve do
monumentalnih mozaika i fresaka. Takvi monumentalni mozaici se u ovome radu
analiziraju na primjerima biskupa Eklezija i Eufrazija čije prikaze možemo vidjeti u
bazilici San Vitale u Ravenni te u Eufrazijevoj bazilici u Poreču, gdje su oni svoj lik kao
donatori i zabilježili.Ktitorska kompozicija nastavlja se koristiti u sakralnoj umjetnosti i kroz Srednji vijek za prikazivanje bogatih donatora sklonih Crkvi.At the beginning of the Early Byzantine period, Christianity, helped by the
political situation of the time, started to grow in influence and in power. As a result,
church officials gained more responsibility and influence but they also gained a lot more
money.Iconographic images have great meaning in Byzantine art. The medium most
often used to represent these images is mosaic art. A specific artistic phenomenon can
be seen appearing in church mosaic art during the Early Byzantine period. The
phenomenon is called ktetor composition and refers to the images of ktetors, or donors,
appearing in Christian mosaic church art. These figures are shown with a realistic face
whilst holding a model of the Church they’ve financed build in their hands.Throughout
this thesis we can see the desire to be recognized and acknowledged exhibited by high
church officials, and rich laymen associated with The Church. We follow the
development of Ktetor composition through mosaic inscriptions, monumental mosaics
and finally, fresco art. The monumental mosaics of this type are analyzed based on the
examples of bishop Ecclesius and Euphrasius whose images can be seen in typical
ktetor composition at The Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna and at the Euphrasian
Basilica in Poreč, respectively. Ktetor composition can be seen used throughout the Middle age to represent rich donors associated with The Church
Methods of active learning in Waldorf school
No full textOvim radom teorijski je ispitan koncept aktivnoga učenja i metoda koje to učenje
pospješuju. Također je prikazan kratak pregled waldorfske pedagogije s posebnim osvrtom na
njena didaktička obilježja. U empirijskom dijelu ispitana je primjena strategija i metoda
aktivnoga učenja u Waldorfskoj školi u Zagrebu. Istraživanjem je oprimjereno učenje
otkrivanjem i rješavanje problema, integrativno učenje i nastava usmjerena na djelovanje,
terenska nastava, rad na projektu, mentorski rad, učenje pokretom; zatim crtanje,
pripovijedanje, postavljanje pitanja, demonstracija, te individualni i grupni rad. Nisu
oprimjerene strategije timskog rada i suradničkog učenja, kao ni učenje uz primjenu
informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije.The paper analyses the concept of active learning and the methods that stimulate it. It
also includes an overview of Waldorf education with emphasis on its didactic features. The
empirical section contains an analysis of the strategies and methods of active learning in the
Waldorf School in Zagreb. The research shows examples of learning through discovery and
problem-solving, integrative learning and act-oriented teaching, out-of-classroom learning,
project work, tutorials and learning through motion, as well as drawing, telling stories, asking
questions, demonstration, and individual and group assignments. There are no examples of the
strategies of team work and cooperative learning nor computer-aided learning
Security of information in digital form
No full textInformacije u digitalnom obliku danas su nezaobilazan dio svakodnevice. S obzirom na važnost i osjetljivost određenih informacija, veliki napori se ulažu u njihovu sigurnost. Kako su informacije u digitalnom obliku pohranjene u datotekama na računalima ili u bazama podataka, sigurnost informacija osim fizičkog osiguranja hardvera podrazumijeva i softversku zaštitu. Softverska zaštita informacija ne bi bila moguća bez kriptografije. Cilj rada je dati pregled određenih segmenata softverske sigurnosti informacija s fokusom na kriptografiju. Proučen je rad i način korištenja simetričnih i asimetričnih kriptografskih algoritama, kriptografske funkcije sažetka, digitalnih potpisa i certifikata te koju ulogu ti algoritmi imaju u zaštiti informacija. Za ilustraciju su opisani neki od algoritama: DES, RSA, SHA-1 i DSA.Today, the information in digital form is unavoidable part of everyday life. Given the importance and sensitivity of certain information, great efforts are invested in security of the information. Since information in digital form is stored in files on computers or in databases, information security includes both physical protection of the hardware and software protection. Software protection would not be possible without cryptography. The aim of this diploma thesis is to review certain segments of the information security provided by software with special focus on cryptography. The usage of symmetric and asymmetric cryptography algorithms has been studied along with hash algorithms, digital signatures, certificates and role those algorithms have in data protection. For illustration, detailed description of inner workings has been explained for some of the algorithms: DES, RSA, SHA-1 and DSA
The process and aspects of theatre translation in Croatia
No full textThis thesis provides a detailed description of the process and aspects of theatre translation in Croatia. As similar studies in Croatia are scarce, the majority of information presented in this paper has been obtained through semi-structural interviews with people directly involved in this subject: translators, directors, and actors. This paper aims to provide an in-depth analysis of all phases of theatre translation in Croatia, from the initial phase of ordering a translation to the final phase of presenting it on stage, historical context of theatre translation in Croatia, language issues translators and directors encounter while translating and adapting a text for the stage, the role of the actors in the whole process, as well as a brief overview of the importance of collaboration between the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences and the Academy of Dramatic Arts.Ovaj se rad bavi detaljnim opisom procesa i aspekata kazališnog prevođenja u Hrvatskoj. S obzirom na to da u Hrvatskoj nema mnogo sličnih istraživanja, većina podataka u ovom radu dobivena je polustrukturiranim intervjuima s ljudima koji su direktno uključeni u ovu temu; prevoditeljima, režiserima i glumcima. Cilj ovog rada je opsežna analiza svih faza kazališnog prevođenja, od početne faze kada se prijevod naručuje do završne kada se dramsko djelo postavlja na pozornicu, povijesni kontekst kazališnog prevođenja u hrvatskoj, jezične probleme s kojima se prevoditelji i redatelji susreću pri prevođenju i adaptaciji teksta za pozornicu, uloge glumaca u cijelom procesu, kao i kratkio svrt na važnost suradnje između Filozofskog fakulteta i Akademije dramskih umjetnost