Digitalni arhiv Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu
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Acoustic analysis of Croatian and Serbian RP pronunciation – formant analysis and fundamental frequency measurements
No full textOsnovni je cilj ovoga istraživanja utvrditi referentne formantske frekvencije (F1-F3) na
ukupno 162 izvorna govornika hrvatskoga i srpskoga jezika. U radu su akustički ispitane
spolne i jezične razlike. Kontrastivnom analizom utvrđene su razlike u izgovoru svih vokala.
Rezultati su također pokazali da različito fonetsko okruženje utječe na vrijednosti formanata
čak i u središnjem dijelu vokala. Spolne razlike među govornicima obaju jezika utvrđene su u
svim analiziranim parametrima. Također, pokazalo se da je najsnažniji pokazatelj spolnih
razlika među govornicima hrvatskoga jezika F1 i Df mjera, dok je u srpskome jeziku najveću
razlikovnost pokazao F1. U oba jezika utvrđena je veća akustička raspršenost kod žena.
Formantska disperzija pokazala se i kao dobar parametar jezične razlikovnosti.
Analizom fundamentalne frekvencije utvrđene su spolne i jezične razlike među govornicima.
Muški govornici obaju jezika imaju značajno nižu prosječnu F0 u odnosu na žene, kao i
govornici hrvatskoga jezika u odnosu na govornike srpskoga. U obama jezicima pokazalo se
da žene značajno više variraju u F0 nego muškarci. Ispitivanjem korelacije između formanata i
F0 te između formanata samih utvrđene su korelacije F0 te F2 i F3 u hrvatskome jeziku, dok su
u srpskome značajne korelacije potvrđene samo kod žena. Ukupno gledano, najveći je broj
korelacija zabilježen kod žena i između formanata samih.
Ovim se radom nastojalo pridonijeti fonetici hrvatskoga jezika, oblikovati referentni okvir za
procjenu formanata osumnjičenika u forenzičkim slučajevima te okvir za opis vokalske
raznolikosti regionalnih varijeteta hrvatskoga jezika. Sociofonetski aspekt ovoga istraživanja
ogleda se u usporedbi različitih mjera formanata te fundamentalne frekvencije, između
govornika različitoga spola te jezikaThe subject of this study is on the one hand motivated by the need for the necessary acoustic
description of the vowel system of Croatian, and on the other hand by the recent research
methods in forensic phonetics. Formant analysis is the main component of most forensic
phonetic cases. Physiological features of the speaker, their sociolinguistic background and
idiosyncratic phonetic behaviour, are reflected in formant frequencies. That is the reason why
formant analysis is applied in different scientific fields: articulatory, acoustic and forensic
phonetics, sociophonetics, sociolinguistics, etc.
The primary aim of this research is to determine the reference formant frequencies (F1-F3) of
the vowel system of the Croatian and Serbian languages. For the purposes of this research,
184 native speakers were recorded. After the verification process, 162 speakers were selected
from the corpora. Both languages were represented by an equal number of speakers (NCRO=
81 and NSER= 81), with a remotely larger number of male compared to female voices (NF= 70
and NM= 92). Ladefoged (2003) recommended that corpora in sociolinguistic and
sociophonetic research should include speakers of both sexes, due to the differences in
coexistent phonology, phonetics etc., which is confirmed in the majority of world languages.
Speakers recorded for this dissertation were chosen according to five criteria: speech status,
place of birth and an extended stay, place of birth of their parents, level of education, and
birth year.
The recordings were carried out in very similar conditions: in rooms with reduced noise level
or in studio conditions. All speakers were recorded by the same recording schedule, and were
given the same instructions. Vermeulen and Cambier-Langveld (2017) noted that the same
speech style (reading, spontaneous speech, etc.) is optimal for speaker comparison in forensic
phonetics. For the purposes of this research, speakers were instructed to read a list of 50
shorter sentences in which target words were placed in the final positions. Each vowel was
represented through 10 two-syllable words with a different phonetic environment. Formant
frequencies (F1-F3) were estimated from the central stable part of the accented vowel of the
target word, with the help of the Praat program (Boersma & Weenik, 2015).
In some vowels ([u], [o] and [i]), and more often within female voices, formants tended to
overlap. This spectral integration was noticed in both languages, and in these samples all
results were subsequently acoustically and perceptively checked and corrected. The
fundamental frequency was also evaluated in the central part of the accented vowel. Very low frequencies, which were the result of the glottal fry, have been excluded from the results.
Glottalization was more often recorded within men voices, which is in sociophonetics
interpreted as a possible social marker of highlighting their own masculinity.
The programs MATLAB (MathWorks Inc., 2015) and JASP (JASP Team, 2018) were used
for the statistical analysis of the collected data. Descriptive statistics consisted of determining
average, median, minimum, and maximum values of formants and F0. For the purposes of this
research, the frequency ranges of F0 were also calculated. They were determined by
specifying the average minimum and maximum values of the fundamental frequencies for
each speaker individually. The results were then processed by factors of different sex and
language.
Further analyses were conducted using frequency values of formants (F1-F3) and the
fundamental frequencies. For the purpose of testing the significant differences in average
absolute deviation of these, acoustic parameters (as dependent variables) have been
calculated. The average absolute deviation has been selected as a more stable measure for the
dispersion of measured results (compared to the standard deviation, or variance analysis),
given the increasing number of measurements. In this way, the measured dispersions of
results have been compared amongst different vowels, sexes, and languages. Different
parametric tests have been used for the comparison of differences between the various groups
of speakers (of diverse sex and/or language). Correlation coefficients have been calculated
between formant frequency values and the fundamental frequency, and also between formants
themselves. Correlation coefficients have been calculated using Pearson formulas for
estimating connectedness.
The study examined sex and language differences among analysed speakers in several
acoustic parameters (formant values, formant dispersion, and fundamental frequency).
Furthermore, it questioned if there are some acoustic differences in the variability of vowel
systems according to the factors of sex and language. Since it is generally known that
coarticulation has the strongest impact in the trajectory areas of vowels, this study questioned
whether a different phonetic environment has an impact on the formant values in the central
part of the accented vocals. Given that some authors emphasize that it is more useful to
interpret the relations among formants than the average values for each formant separately
(Chistovich & Lublinskaya, 1979; Chistovich, 1985; Hayward, 2000; Harrington, 2013), in this research differences in formant relations between speakers of different sexes were
analysed, as well as differences among speakers of different languages.
This study presumed that the majority of male speakers would have lower frequency values of
the formants, fundamental frequency, and measure of formant dispersion, compared to those
of female speakers. Considering the fact that some studies showed that coarticulation
influence is the strongest around vowel [a] due to its lowest articulation stability (Stevens &
House, 1963), and that in sociophonetical research of Croatian (Škarić, 2009; Kišiček, 2012)
the same vowel was described as the most distinctive vowel in Croatian, the investigation was
also directed towards the variability of formant frequencies in different vowels. Since the pilot
research of Varošanec-Škarić, Bašić and Kišiček (2016) has shown that vowel [a] was more
open, vowels [i] and [e] were more front, vowels [i] and [u] more closed, and vowel [u] more
back in Croatian than in Serbian, in the present study the vowel systems of the analysed
languages have been acoustically described and compared.
Furthermore, it was expected that overall average values of the fundamental frequency would
be lower for Croatian speakers of both gender groups compared to the results in previous
studies (Škarić, 1998; Jovičić, 1999; Biočina, Varošanec-Škarić & Kišiček, 2017). Also, this
study determined the frequency ranges of the fundamental frequency for speakers of both
languages, as well as for both gender groups. Correlations of formants and the fundamental
frequency, as well as correlations between the formants themselves have been examined.
Results of the formant analysis have shown that both genders in both languages have the
lowest average values of the first formant while pronouncing the front vowel [i], and the
highest F1 values for the central vowel [a]. The lowest average values of the second formant
have been found for the back vowel [u] and the highest for [i]. The third formant had the
highest average values for vowel [i], whereas [o] had the lowest. Considering that previous
research of similar subject matter in the Croatian language and this research was conducted
with substantial methodological differences (in the number of speakers, pooling results of
speakers of different sexes, deficient speech material, different speaking style, etc.), average
values of formants were compared descriptively – without statistics, which in that case would
be unjustified. Results of the average reference values for Croatian were closest to the results
from the study by Varošanec-Škarić and Bašić (2015), and for Serbian; they were closest to
the results from Marković and Bjelaković (2009), as well as from Varošanec-Škarić et al.
(2016). An overview of recent studies on formant analysis in the Croatian and Serbian languages has shown that there is a greater discrepancy in the formant values for Serbian – as
stated by different authors - than it is for Croatian.
In addition, this study includes an acoustic contrastive analysis in order to describe the vowel
systems of the Croatian and Serbian languages. The importance of the differences was also
statistically analysed. The results have shown that vowel [a] is placed further back in both
genders for Croatian speakers, where a significant difference was found for the first and third
formant. The front vowel [e] has shown itself as more front and it was observed that it is
pronounced with less open lips than in Serbian (statically significant only among women).
Between female speakers of the Croatian and Serbian languages there is also a difference in
the pronunciation of the vowel [e], which is somewhat more closed in Croatian (yet it has no
statistical significance). Vowel [i] is also more closed in Croatian (statistical significance
determined only among men), while in terms of the feature front/back, one can say that the
results are sexually dimorphic: male speakers tend to have higher values for the second
formant which indicates more front pronunciation, while female speakers, on the other hand,
pronounce it more to the back when compared to Serbian speakers.
According to the results from the conducted analyses, back vowels [o] and [u] are more
closed (and back) in Croatian, and the vowel [o] is significantly more closed only in women.
Statistical significance for vowel [u] has been observed among all formants for both sexes,
which brings us to the conclusion that [u] is more closed and further back in Croatian and that
it is articulated with more rounded lips.
After determining the average formant values in both analysed languages, the next step was to
compare the variability of different formant frequencies between all vowels within both
genders and languages separately. It was observed that F1 has the lowest value variability
across the vowels, while it is somewhat higher for F2, and the highest for F3. If we look at the
results across different vowels, the highest variability of the first formant was observed in
vowel [a] in both gender groups. This was indicated on the one hand by the results from
sociophonetic studies in Croatian (Škarić, 1991; Varošanec-Škarić, 2010), according to which
the vowel [a] is the most distinctive vowel of the Croatian vowel system, and on the other
hand by the results from studies according to which the coarticulation influence is strongest
for the vowel [a], due to its lowest articulatory stability (Stevens & House, 1963).
In the Croatian language, the biggest dispersion of the second formant was determined among
men during the pronunciation of vowel [o], and among women during the pronunciation of the front vowel [i]. The third formant varies the most in the back vowel [u] in male speakers,
and in [i] for women. In the Serbian language, the greatest dispersion of F1 in women was
observed for the front vowel [e], while the back vowels [o] and [u] showed the same values of
dispersion among the male population. The second formant had the highest variability in both
sexes of Serbian speakers during the pronunciation of the front vowel [e], while for F3 the
same was observed in the pronunciation of the back vowel [o].
Based on the comparison of average formant frequencies between different sexes in one
language, and between speakers of the same sexes in both languages, several conclusions
have been drawn. As expected, in both analysed languages female speakers had higher values
of all analysed formants (F1-F3), compared to male speakers. By means of statistical analysis
it has been confirmed that Croatian speakers of both sexes differ significantly in their average
values: F1 is significant for all vowels, F2 for the majority (with the exception of central [a]
and back vowel [u]), F3 also for the majority (except the back vowel [u]), as well as in values
of formant dispersion (Df) in all vowels. Hence, it can be said that F1 and Df are stronger
acoustic parameters for sex differentiation in Croatian than parameters F2 and F3, which has
already been ascertained by Torre III and Barlow (2009).
The results of the analysis in the Serbian language have also confirmed this pattern of gender
distinction based on the values of F1. Namely, the results show that men and women differ
with a statistical significance in their average values: F1 in nearly all vowels (with the
exception of the back vowel [u]), F2 for fewer vowels (in [e] and [u]), and F3 for back
vowels. Unexpectedly, the parameter of formant dispersion has been a very weak indicator of
gender distinction in Serbian (no statistically significant difference has been found).
Therefore, we can conclude that in the Serbian language the strongest factor for gender
distinction is the first formant, while the second and third are equally weak indicators of
gender differences.
The measure of formant dispersion (Df) was used to examine gender and language differences
between the analysed speakers. The results show that the Df values in the Croatian language
are primarily higher among women, except for vowels [a] and [o]. Female Serbian speakers
had higher Df values in all vowels, compared to female speakers of Croatian. The statistical
significance of variability of the analysed parameters (F1, F2, F3 and Df) was examined
between male and female Croatian speakers and, subsequently, between speakers of different
sex in the Serbian language. The results show that the difference in dispersion of formant values in Croatian is statistically significantly higher in women for vowels [a], [e] and [i],
while in men this is the case for back vowels. Therefore, we can say that acoustic dispersion
of formant frequencies is higher for female speakers of the Croatian language, which
reinforces equivalent results of studies in other languages (Gordon & Heath, 1998; Hanson &
Chuang, 1999). For Serbian speakers, the variability of the first formant is significantly higher
among female speakers in nearly all vowels (except [u]), whereas the variability of F2 was
primarily higher among male speakers (in vowels [a], [i] and [o]).
Apart from examining sex differences, the aim of using the measure of formant dispersion
was to analyse language differences between the speakers. The results have shown that Df
values are mainly higher for speakers of the Serbian language (vowels [a], [e] i [u]). The
results showed that Df values are mainly higher within speakers of Serbian (for vowels [a], [e]
and [u]). Higher Df values have been determined among speakers of Croatian in the front
vowel [i], while in the back vowel [o] their values were very close. Female speakers of
Croatian had lower Df values in all vowels, compared to female speakers of Serbian. Since the
same tendency has been confirmed in both groups of speakers, these findings suggest that
differences in Df values are caused by language differences, respectively by differences in the
vowel systems of the analysed languages, which had reflected on formant values, as well as
on Df values. In this research, the results also showed lower variability of formant frequencies
(F1-F3) among speakers of both sexes in Croatian, compared to speakers of Serbian
(statistically significant for vowels [e] and [o] for male speakers, and for vowels [e], [i], [o]
and [u] between female speakers of Croatian and Serbian).
Taking into consideration that the phonetic environment effects not only the trajectory part of
the vowel, but also the formant frequencies in the stable part of the vowel, this research
questioned coarticulation effects of different phonetic environments. The results showed that
F1 values tend to fall in fricative and plosive phonetic environment. On the other hand, F2
values tend to rise in the same environment. An increase in F2 values is especially
emphasized in the plosive environment in front vowels. Second formant showed higher values
in the fricative environment in back vowels, which was confirmed in different languages
(Stevens & House, 1963).
The second aim of this dissertation was to compare the different measures of the fundamental
frequency, with the purpose of questioning sex and language differences between the Croatian
and Serbian languages. The results of the acoustic analysis and statistical data processing showed that the average F0 value for male speakers of Croatian is 118 Hz, and for female
speakers 197 Hz. The highest average F0 values were calculated for the front vowel [i], and
the lowest for the central vowel [a], which was confirmed for both sexes. In comparison to
previous research, frequency values are very close, closest to the results of the most recent
studies with similar methodology (Varošanec-Škarić, 2010; Kišiček, 2012; Biočina et al.,
2016; Varošanec-Škarić et al., 2017). In the group of Serbian speakers, the average F0 for
male speakers is 108 Hz, and 179 Hz for females. Comparing the fundamental frequency
values between speakers of the same sex and different language has shown that speakers of
Croatian (females and males) have significantly lower F0 values for every analysed vowel and
generally at the level of all vowels (p<0,001).
Sex and language differences have also been analysed according to the range of the
fundamental frequency. Descriptive statistics showed that male speakers of Croatian mainly
have wider F0 range, with regard to women. Surprisingly, in Serbian the results were opposite.
Comparing the frequency ranges of F0 between the speakers of Croatian and Serbian, results
showed that male speakers of the Croatian language have a wider F0 range in vowels [a], [e]
and [i]. In the group of male speakers of the Serbian language, results showed a wider range
for back vowels ([u] and [o]). Female speakers of Croatian and Serbian also differed in F0
range. Speakers of Serbian have shown a wider range in vowels [a], [e] and [u], while in the
remaining vowels female speakers of Croatian had a wider range.
Although frequency ranges are a frequently used parameter in phonetics, statistically speaking
they are not a stable and reliable indicator of dispersion. Accordingly, significance of sex and
language differences in F0 were tested with complex ANOVA and multiple paired t-tests.
Descriptive statistics, ANOVA analysis, and t-tests suggest very diverse results. Namely, for
all vowels it has been established that F0 is significantly more variable within the group of
female speakers, than within male speakers. These results have been confirmed for both
analysed languages, and were found in numerous sociolinguistic and sociophonetic studies for
different languages. The findings of this study also indicate that there are no significant
differences in F0 variability (except for vowel [e]) between speakers of the analysed languages
(confirmed for both sexes).
Finally, this dissertation has questioned the correlations between the fundamental frequency
and formants, as well as the correlations between formants themselves. These correlations
were analysed within speakers of different languages and different sexes. Also, the significance of the correlations themselves was analysed. In the group of Croatian speakers,
results showed that there are statistically significant correlations between F0 and F2, as well as
between F0 i F3. Surprisingly, correlations between F0 and the first formant have not been
found. Taken together, these results suggest that there is a greater number of correlations
between F0 and formants within the group of female speakers
Uprava rudnika u rimskoj provinciji Dalmaciji prema epigrafskim spomenicima
No full textRimska provincija Dalmacija bila je rudama bogato područje. Ovdje su
eksploatirane brojne rude: zlato, srebro, olovo i željezo. Na čelu rudarskih područja bili
su prokuratori, koji su nadgledali cijeli proces eksploatacije. Ove poslove obnašali su ili
vitezi ili carski oslobođenici. Uz njih su bili brojni niži službenici, koji su bili zaduženi
za specifične poslove ili specifične rudnike. Rudarska područja često su kovala vlastiti
novac, odnosno imala su zasebnu mikroekonomiju. Fizičke poslove je najčešće
obavljalo lokalno stanovništvo. Fizički posao obavljali su i kriminalci koji su bili
osuđeni na doživotni rad u rudniku. Uprava rudnika bila je zadužena i za promociju
religije na rudarskom području. Rudarstvo s područja rimske provincije Dalmacije nekoliko je stoljeća bilo iznimno važno za ekonomsku sliku Carstva
Korištenje 3D modela u arheologiji
No full textRazvoj računala i računalne grafike, promijenio je izgled 3D modela, ali i omogućio njihovu širu primjenu u arheologiji. Tako danas u arheologiji možemo razlikovati dvije vrste 3D modela; 3D digitalizaciju i 3D rekonstrukciju.
3D digitalizacija, koja se provodi uz pomoć laserskih skenera i modeliranja temeljenog na fotografijama, stvara digitalne replike nalaza ili nalazišta, koje pomažu u izradi arheološke dokumentacije.
S druge strane 3D rekonstrukcije najčešće se koriste za prezentaciju arheoloških nalazišta,njegovih dijelova ili nalaza
Tradução de contos selectos da coleção Contos Vagabundos (Mário de Carvalho) e análise dos procedimentos de tradução
No full textO presente trabalho é constituído por duas partes: 1) a tradução autoral de três contos portugueses; 2) a análise dos procedimentos de tradução com elementos da análise contrastiva entre as línguas portuguesa e croata, com foco na tradução do artigo indefinido, do pretérito mais-que-perfeito e das formas de tratamento. O método principal é substituição de soluções de tradução com várias opções possíveis e argumentação conforme os conhecimentos linguísticos contemporâneos. Encontra-se o seguinte: o papel do artigo indefinido em croata é realizado pelo numeral jedan (que proporciona a leitura específica) ou o pronome indefinido neki (que, na maioria dos casos, proporciona a leitura não específica). O pretérito mais-que-perfeito é
menos frequente em croata do que em português, devido, em parte, a ausência do mesmo tipo de processo da subordinação temporal existente em português. As formas de tratamento em
português frequentemente não podem ser traduzidas precisamente para o croata. Conclui-se que existem aparentes semelhanças entre as duas línguas nessas áreas, mas que de facto essas acabam de ser diferenças súbteis que exigem cautela por parte do tradutor ou aprendente da língua portuguesa.Ovaj se rad sastoji od dva dijela: 1) autorskog prijevoda triju portugalskih priča; 2) analize prijevodnih postupaka s elementima kontrastivne analize između portugalskog i hrvatskog jezika, s naglaskom na prevođenju neodređenog člana, pluskvamperfekta i formi obraćanja. Glavna metoda je zamjena prijevodnih rješenja raznim mogućim opcijama i argumentacija u skladu sa suvremenim lingvističkim saznanjima. Pronađeno je sljedeće: uloga neodređenog
člana u hrvatskom je jeziku ostvarena uporabom numerala „jedan” (koji upućuje na specifičnu interpretaciju) ili neodređene zamjenice „neki” (koja u većini slučajeva upućuje na nespecifičnu interpretaciju). Pluskvamperfekt se u hrvatskom koristi rjeđe nego u portugalskom, djelomice
zbog nepostojanja takve vrste procesa vremenske subordinacije kakva postoji u portugalskom. Forme obraćanja u portugalskom jeziku često se ne mogu precizno prevesti na hrvatski. Zaključuje se da postoje prividne sličnosti između ovih dvaju jezika u navedenim područjima, ali se ispostavlja da su te sličnosti zapravo suptilne razlike koje od prevoditelja ili učenika portugalskog jezika zahtijevaju oprez
Asocijacijske leksičke veze kod osoba oboljelih od shizofrenije
No full textRad se bavi asocijacijskim leksičkim vezama kod osoba oboljelih od shizofrenije. Prvi dio rada prikazuje teorijsku pozadinu shizofrenije, semantičke mreže i asocijacija, a nakon toga prikazana su relevantnija lingvistička istraživanja u shizofreniji. Drugi dio rada sastoji se od istraživanja, analize i rezultata istraživanja. Analiza se temelji na rezultatima testa kategorijalne fluentnosti kojim je testirano deset kategorija. Rezultati dobiveni ispitivanjem ciljne i kontrolne skupine analizirani su kvantitativno i kvalitativno. Zaključak istraživanja u skladu je s postavljenim hipotezama. Na samom kraju rada nalaze se grafovi kvantitativne analize i tablice skalarne procjene prototipnosti asocijacija.This paper deals with associative lexical connections in patients with schizophrenia. The first part of the paper describes the theoretical background of schizophrenia, semantic networks and associations, after which relevant linguistic studies in schizophrenia are shown. The second part of the paper consists of the conducted research, analysis and research results. The analysis is based on the results of a verbal fluency test that covered ten categories. The results of the experimental and control groups were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The conclusion of the research is in accordance with the hypotheses. At the end of the paper there are graphs of quantitative analysis and tables of the scalar assessment of prototype associations
Language and orthography of Kopitar’s gospel in the context of the Bosnian Church Slavonic literacy
No full textKopitarovo četveroevanđelje, pohranjeno u Univerzitetskoj biblioteci u Ljubljani (Cod. 24),
jedan je od tridesetak sačuvanih tekstova bosanske crkvenoslavenske pismenosti. Kodeks
je nastao u drugoj polovini 14. st. u okrilju Crkve bosanske, ali se ubrzo nakon propasti
kraljevstva našao u pravoslavnom manastiru, gdje je prvobitni izgled kodeksa prilagođen
liturgijskom obredu srpske pravoslavne crkve. Filološko istraživanje rukopisa, zasnovano
na usporednim proučavanjem s drugim predstavnicima bosanske skupine, nametnulo se
kao zadatak istraživanja čiji rezultati trebaju ponuditi najvažnija saznanja o kodeksu i
procesu uređivanja teksta na svim jezičkim razinama, potom o mjestu ovoga rukopisa u
odnosu na crkvenoslavenska kanonska, ali i evanđelja bosanske skupine. Cijeli kodeks, koji
je po svim osobinama – kodikološkim, grafetičkim i jezičkim – tipičan predstavnik
bosanske skupine, pisao je jedan pisar verzijom zapadnog ćiriličnog pisma, dok pravopisne
navike ovoga pisara pokazuju slijeđenje bosanske ortografske tradicije. Jezik Kopitarova
evanđelja obilježava prodor dijalekatskih inovacija iz zapadnoštokavske podloge; pored
ikavizma, u tekstu se bilježi i refleks j < *dj te rijetko i refleks grupe va < vь. Pored toga,
jezik ovoga pisara karakteriziraju i crte koje svjedoče o stanju štokavskih govora, poput
vokalizacije poluglasa u /a/, refleksa u < vь itd. Na morfološkom planu tekst pokazuje
izrazitu konzervativnost, što se potvrđuje u čuvanju arhaičnih kategorija poput
asigmatskog aorista, ali i starijih gramatičkih nastavaka, iako se sporadično bilježi i prodor
inovacija iz strukture štokavskih govora, dok sintaksički nivo također potvrđuje vjerno
slijeđenje kanonskog stanja. Tekstološka analiza Kopitarova evanđelja pokazuje da se u
podlozi rukopisa nalaze dva temeljna sloja – stariji, koji bosanska evanđelja povezuje sa
kanonskim i ujedno svjedoči o starini i jedinstvu bosanske skupine, te mlađi sloj – koji
Kopitarov rukopis udaljava od bosanskog stabla i približava ga rukopisima druge redakcije
slavenskoga prijevoda Evanđelja. Na temelju provedenog istraživanja, za grafiju i jezik
Kopitarova četveroevanđelja utvrđeno je da predstavlja tipičan primjer modela
crkvenoslavenskoga jezika koji je u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni njegovan u drugoj polovini 14. i
početkom 15. stoljeća.Kopitar’s gospel, stored in the University Library in Ljubljana (Cod. 24), is one of the thirty
preserved texts of the Bosnian Church Slavonic literacy. The codex is written in the second
half of the 14th century under the auspices of the Bosnian Church, but is soon after the fall
of the kingdom found in the Orthodox monastery, where the original appearance of the
codex was amended to the liturgical ritual of the Serbian Orthodox Church. The philological
research of this codex, based on comparative study with other representatives manuscripts
of the Bosnian group, imposed itself as a task of research whose results should provide
important information about it and the process of editing his text at all language levels,
then about the place of the manuscript in relation to the Church Slavonic canonical but also
the gospels of the Bosnian school. The entire codex, which is by all the features –
codicological, graphetic and linguistic – a typical representative of the Bosnian school, was
written by one scribe, in Western Cyrillic type, while the spelling habits of this writer show
the following of the Bosnian orthographic tradition. The language of Kopitar’s gospel
marks the breakthrough of dialectal innovations from the Western Shtokavian substrate.
Besides Ikavian, in the Codex it is registered the reflex j <* dj, rare reflection of the group va
< vь. Furthermore, other linguistic features are recorded, which testify about the condition
of the Shtokavian speech, such as the vocalization of the semivowel /a/, and the reflex u <
vь etc. On a morphological level, the text indicates a certain conservatism, which is best
reflected in the preservation of archaic categories such as the asigmatic aorist, but also of
older grammatical endings, although the breakthrough of innovations from the
grammatical structure of the Shtokavian speech are sporadically recorded, while the
syntax level also confirms the faithful following of canonical gospels. The textological
analysis of Kopitar’s gospel has shown that there are two basic layers in the substrate of
this manuscript – the older, which connects the Bosnian gospels with the canonical and
also testifies about antiquity and the unity of the Bosnian group of texts, and the younger –
which distanced Kopitar’s gospel from the Bosnian tree and brings it closer to the
manuscripts of younger redactions of the Church Slavonic translation of the gospel. Based
on the research carried out, for the graphic and the language of the Kopitar’s gospel, it can
be stated that it is a typical example of the model of the Church Slavonic that was used in
medieval Bosnia at the second half of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th century
Self-directed learning of fashion bloggers - case study
No full textSlobodno vrijeme predstavlja veliki prostor u životima mladih, a često se postavlja pitanje
kojim ga je sadržajima najbolje popuniti budući da u njemu osoba mora ostvariti tri temeljne
funkcije: odmor, razonodu i razvoj ličnosti. Kako je razvoj tehnologije donio promjene u
načinu na koji provodimo slobodno vrijeme i u načinu na koji učimo, u ovom radu pokušalo
se pokazati kako aktivnosti slobodnog vremena mladih u 21. stoljeću mogu potaknuti
različite oblike učenja poput samousmjerenog. Potrebno je mlade pripremati za
samousmjereno učenje i usmjeravati ih u tom procesu kako bi oni razvili stalnu želju za
učenjem, a naučene tehnike primjenjivali u bilo kojem području. Tema ovog rada je
samousmjereno učenje modnih blogerica. Za istraživanje odabrana je eksplorativna
višestruka studija slučaja koja se činila najpogodnijom za opisivanje fenomena bloga kao
aktivnosti slobodnog vremena i njegove moguće pedagoške koristi. Cilj je bio istražiti
provođenje slobodnog vremena uz aktivnost modnog bloga i njegovo korištenje kao alat za
samousmjereno učenje. Kako pokazuju rezultati asinkrono provedenih intervjua, sve tri
modne blogerice istaknule su pozitivne doprinose njihovom rastu i razvoju uz aktivnost
bloga, a isticale su potrebu stalnog samousmjerenog učenja osobito u područjima u kojima
su uočene prilike za napredak. S obzirom na to da su pedagoška istraživanja modnih blogova
rijetka, ovo istraživanje pokazalo je kako itekako postoji pedagoška korist aktivnosti modnog
bloga.Leisure is a big part in young people's lives, and often the question is asked which content is
the best to fill it with, since the person has to realize three basic functions: rest, divertissement
and personality development. As technology development has brought about changes in the
way we spend leisure time and in the way we are learning, this paper tries to show how the
activities of youth in the 21st century can spur different forms of learning like self-directed.
Young people need to be prepared for self-directed learning and directed in that process so
that they develop a constant desire for learning and apply learnt techniques in any area. The
theme of this paper is self-directed learning of fashion bloggers. For research, an exploratory
multiple case study was considered to be most appropriate for describing the phenomena of
blog as leisure activity and its possible pedagogical benefits. The aim was to explore leisure
time with the activity of the fashion blog and its use as a self-directed learning tool. As the
results of asynchronous interviews show, all three fashion bloggers highlighted positive
contributions to their growth and development with the activity of the blog, emphasizing the
need for constant self-directed learning, particularly in areas where opportunities for progress
were noted. Since pedagogical research of fashion blogs is rare, this research has shown that
there is a lot of pedagogical benefit to the fashion blog activity
Transition from early childhood education and care to compulsory school education – the curricular meeting place
No full textPedagogijska teorija i praksa početak formalnog školovanja prepoznaje kao značajan trenutak
djetetova života. Dijete se mora prilagođavati, preuzeti nove socijalne uloge i ostvariti i
održati nove socijalne odnose, a uz to biti uspješno i na akademskoj razini. Novo školsko
okruženje može biti u velikom nesrazmjeru s djetetovim ranijim iskustvima i djetetovim
mogućnostima te otežati djetetovo uključivanje u novu sredinu. Kontinuitet odgojnoobrazovnog
djelovanja dječjeg vrtića i osnovne škole, uz optimalnu razinu diskontinuiteta,
može osigurati djetetu potrebne izazove koji njeguju razvoj. Problematika prijelaza iz jednog
odgojno-obrazovnog sustava u drugi postavlja i jedno od temeljnih pitanja shvaćanja
suvremenog djetinjstva i djeteta te samim time i o svrsi odgoja i obrazovanja na svim
razinama. Ona se ne može ograničiti samo na iznovljavanje strategija za suočavanje s
promjenom, nego je potrebno istražiti koje su to promjene, u kojoj mjeri su nužne te o čemu
ovise. Polazeći od ekološke teorije (Bronfenbrenner, 1979) koja poima dijete u njegovu
cjelokupnom socijalnom okruženju i međusobnim odnosima, i teorije socijalnog
konstruktivizma Vygotskog (1978) u kojem se učenje shvaća kao sukonstrukcija iskustva i
znanja djeteta i njegove socijalne okoline, u ovom radu problematizirao se prijelaz djeteta iz
dječjeg vrtića u osnovnu školu. U radu se odmaknulo od pristupa prijelazu iz perspektive
djetetove spremnosti, odnosno gotovosti za osnovnu školu, prema pristupu prijelazu koji
uvažava i njeguje iskustvo svih uključenih aktera. Istražile su se kurikulumske poveznice
između dječjeg vrtića i osnovne škole te je ponuđena teorijska i empirijska analiza prijelaznog
razdoblja djeteta iz perspektive odgajatelja i učitelja razredne nastave u Republici Hrvatskoj.
Provođenjem kvantitativnog i kvalitativnog istraživanja dobiveni su rezultati koji ukazuju na
nizak intenzitet povezanosti dvaju sustava, na različite motive takve prakse te na različitu
sliku o djetetu koju njeguju odgajatelji i učitelji razredne nastave. U tekstu predložene
smjernice podrazumijevaju intenzivnu i sustavnu (samo)refleksiju postojeće prakse s ciljem
dekonstrukcije i/ili rekonstrukcije prevladavajuće pedagogije. (Samo)refleksija uključuje sve
stručnjake obje odgojno-obrazovne razine kao snažne mreže podrške, a ne izolirano
odgajatelje i učitelje razredne nastave, čime se samo dodatno potvrđuje potreba razvijene
kulture (samo)procjene za razvoj kvalitete ustanove i djetetova iskustva.In the pedagogical theory and practice the process of starting school is being recognized as a
significant moment of the child's life, as well as all other participants of the process. The child
takes on new social roles and enters in a new social relationships. At the same time, the child
must be successful at the academic level. The new school environment can be in great
discrepancy with the child's early experiences therefore the starting school can make it
difficult for a child to take part in a new environment. The educational continuity from
preschool to primary school will provide the child with the necessary challenges that
encourages development. The issue of transition from one educational system to another sets
one of the fundamental questions about the understanding of contemporary childhood and the
child and hence the purpose of education at all levels. It cannot be limited to developing a
strategy to deal with change, but rather to explore what changes are happening, what they
depend on and are they necessary. The underlying theory of transition to school that is being
considered in this paper is the ecological theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1979), which embraces the
child in its overall social environment and mutual relationships, and the theory of social
constructivism of Vygotsky (1978), in which learning is understood as the reconstruction of
experience and knowledge of the child and its social environment. The paper is not seeking to
observe the transition from the perspective of child's readiness, but rather from the perspective
of acknowledging the experience and knowledge of all stakeholders.
This paper explored the curricular meeting place during the starting school process in the
Republic of Croatia from the preschool and compulsory school teacher’s perspective.
Theoretical and empirical analysis of the transition process and links between early and preschool
education and care and compulsory school education was given. By carrying out the
quantitative and qualitative research of the problems at hand, results indicated the low
intensity connections of the two educational systems, different motives of such practice and
the different image of the child between two educational systems. The new guidelines
proposed at the end of the paper imply an intensive and systematic (self) reflection of the
existing practices. The (self) reflection involves all professionals from both educational levels
as a strong support network. Preschool and compulsory school teachers should not be isolated
in their curricular meeting place, but open for all stakeholders and joint collaboration. That only further verifies the need for developed culture of self-reflection and self-evaluation in
ensuring the quality of institution development and child experience
Kontrastivna analiza turskih deiktičkih elemenata bu, şu i o i njihovih prijevodnih ekvivalenata u engleskome jeziku
No full textThe thesis represents a contrastive analysis of demonstrative uses of the Turkish and English language. Its aim is to find English equivalents of Turkish demonstratives bu, şu and o, examining both pronominal and adnominal demonstratives. As demonstratives are deictic expressions, their various uses are arranged into five categories, each examining a demonstrative use related to a distinct semantic type of deixis, followed by an additional category dealing with non-deictic uses. The various demonstrative uses were analysed through representative examples taken from literary sources. The examples show a Turkish and English version of the same excerpt taken from one of the literary sources, with the aim of observing not only the demonstrative in question but also how it affects and fits within the context of each of the languages. Each example is preceded by an introduction into what the example is demonstrating and is followed by commentary discussing the choice of demonstrative in each of the languages with a view to show and explain their differences and similarities. The thesis shows the ways in which two languages may differ in respect to their demonstrative systems, exemplifying the complexity of demonstratives. The thesis demonstrates that the biggest similarities can be found in the semantic uses denoting space and time, which are oftentimes viewed as universal representations. That is, such a conclusion goes hand in hand with the assumption that languages predominantly use an egocentric representation of space, in which the speaker represents the deictic centre. The same can be concluded for time demonstratives, which are also one of the primary semantic demonstrative uses. On the other hand, the similarities of the two languages’ demonstrative systems recede as demonstrative uses extend, which is best illustrated in the category of non-deictic uses
Juraj Ĉulinović's paintings in National gallery in London
No full textJuraj Ĉulinović renesansni je slikar petnaestog stoljeća hrvatskog podrijetla koji se školovao u radionici Francesca Squarcionea u Padovi. U ovom radu detaljno su obraĊena dva njegova djela: poliptih iz crkve sv. Nikole u Padovi i Bogorodica s Djetetom. Oba djela ĉuvaju se u National Gallery u Londonu. Neposredan uvid u djela, koja se nalaze u depo Galerije i nisu lako dostupna istraţivaĉima, stvorio je priliku za njihovu temeljitu obradu te otvorio vrata nekim novim interpretacijama. U istraţivanju i izradi diplomskog rada korišteno je nekoliko povjesnoumjetniĉkim metoda: autopsija prilikom uvida u djela u depou National Gallery te formalna, ikonografska i komparativna analiza. Osim toga, pregledani su i obraĊeni i arhivski te muzejski podaci koji se ĉuvaju u Research Centeru National Gallery u fondu National Gallery Archivea radi što detaljnijeg i sveobuhvatnije analize oba djela.
Ĉulinovićev poliptih iz crkve sv. Nikole u Padovi preko Edinburgha i Pariza, 1860. godine dolazi u zbirku National Gallery u Londonu. Ovaj poliptih sadrţi deset slikanih polja s prikazima svetaca, Imago pietatis te Bogorodice s Djetetom. Svi prikazi nalaze se na pozlaćenoj pozadini te su vješto slikarski izvedeni. Ne postoje zapisi o izvornom izgledu poliptiha, kao ni o okviru u koji su slikana polja bila smještena, što otvara mogućnost raznih interpretacija razmještaja slikanih polja o kojima se u radu raspravlja. Uz to, postoje i razna nagaĊanja oko identifikacije starije svetice s palmom i knjigom, prikazane na jedom od polja. Slikarska rješenja za mnoge od prikaza Ĉulinović pronalazi u radovima umjetnika sjevernotalijanskog kruga.
Slika Bogorodica s Djetetom bogato je dekoriran prikaz dopojasno prikazane Bogorodice tipiĉan za padovansku školu. Bogorodica i Dijete na ovoj su slici smješteni su u iluzionirani arhitektonski okviru urešen antikizirajućim motivima u donatelijanskoj tradiciji. Cijeli prikaz pun je vjerskih simbola koji kroz vegetabilne i ţivotinjske motive komuniciraju s promatraĉem-vjernikom. Osim simbola, na slici su prikazana i dva slova, »A« i »P« ĉije znaĉenje već godinama intrigira istraţivaĉe.
RadJuraj Ĉulinović is fifteenth century renaissance painter of Croatian heritage who studyed painting in Francesco Squarcione's workshop in Padua. This thesis is focused on two of his works that are part of National Gallery Collection in London: Altarpiece from Paduan church of St. Nicolo and Madonna with Child. These painting are currentily in store and are not for public viewing. Direct contact with paintings enabled torough research upon all aspects of the work. In addition to formal analysis, this research was enlarged with documents and archive notations form National Gallery Archive fundus in National Gallery Research Centre.
Ĉulinović's altarpiece was made for the church of St. Nicolo in Padua. After, it was part of various collections in Edinbourgh and Paris before it ended in London's National Gallery Collection. This altarpiece contains ten paintings with representaions og various saints, Imago pietatis and Madonna with Child. All thees paintings have golden bachground with detailed human figures up front. There are no documents or descriptions about how these painting were originally organized, hence many researchers gave their visions on this matter. Thus, one of the saints is still not identifyed. This femail morty ispainted with book and a palm lief. For most of his paintings on this altarpiece Ĉulinović used some of technical solutions made by artists from his circle. Madonna with Child is a tipical paduan reproduction of half-lengh Virgin with Child Christ by her side. They are painted in highly decorative arch-work detailed with sami-antiq details. Thus, painting is full of Christian symbols, in terms of various fruit and animal motives. One of the questions that is intriguing researcherches is the meaning of letters »A« and »P« painted on both sides of painting