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Spatio‐temporal patterns and risk factors of wild boar–pig farm contact across Europe
No full textInternational audienceDiseases circulating at the wild–domestic animal interface are increasingly difficult to control due to human encroachment into wildlife habitats. Understanding the factors driving wild animals to visit livestock farms is crucial for reducing the risk of disease outbreaks with severe economic and social consequences. In this study, we quantified the contact rate at the wild boar–domestic pig interface across Europe using a large‐scale dataset of wild boar GPS tracking and domestic pig farm geolocations. We estimated wild boar contact rate with pig farms at hourly and monthly scales and analysed the influence of environmental, wild boar‐ and farm‐related variables. Across 187 tracked wild boars and 457 pig farms, we detected 3322 contact events, with a highly skewed contact distribution: only 5% of wild boars and 1% of farms accounted for 50% of all events. On average, each wild boar had 1.59 contacts per month with a given farm (95% CI: 1.33–1.85) and 2.58 contacts per month when considering all farms located within its monthly home range (95% CI: 1.62–3.53). Seasonal variation differed between sexes, with a bimodal distribution for males with contact rates peaking in March and August–September, and a slight increase in contact rate throughout winter for females. Monthly contact rate increased with forest cover, human footprint, wild boar population density and individual proximity to pig farms. Farms with more built infrastructure faced fewer contacts, and larger farms had higher contact rates. Contacts occurred mostly after sunset and around sunrise. Synthesis and applications . Our results highlight the need to incorporate wild boar spatio‐temporal behaviour and farm context into strategies aimed at reducing contact at the wild–domestic pig interface. While physical barriers and avoiding unintentional feeding remain essential, targeted measures during high‐risk periods, such as night‐time surveillance in summer and autumn, especially around large farms in wooded landscapes or areas with high wild boar density, could help reduce contact occurrence
Intérêt épidémiologique des centres de soins de faune sauvage pour la surveillance de l'influenza aviaire
No full textInternational audienceFrench wildlife rescue centres (WRC) receive each year over 100.000 distressed wild animals, presenting unique sampling opportunities for the detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, particularly in species that are little or not at all represented in other surveillance networks, or in which infection can be sublethal. Five French WRC provided 3.446 swabs sampled from 1.761 birds. Sub-type H5 avian influenza virus were detected on 22 birds using RT-qPCR, mainly from the Laridae family. The comparison of data thus collected with SAGIR HPAI-targeted surveillance data puts light on the complementarities between the already existing surveillance scheme, and a new one, yet to be created, actively involving WRC.Les centres de soins de faune sauvage (CDS) français accueillent chaque année plus de 100 000 animaux sauvages en détresse, offrant des opportunités de prélèvement uniques pour la détection de virus influenza aviaire (VIA) notamment hautement pathogènes, en particulier chez des espèces peu ou pas représentées dans les dispositifs de surveillance actuels, ou chez lesquelles l'infection est sublétale. Cinq CDS français ont fourni 3 446 écouvillons issus de 1 761 oiseaux. Des VIA de sous-type H5 ont été détectés sur 22 oiseaux par RT-qPCR, principalement sur des laridés. La comparaison des données ainsi récoltées avec celles de la surveillance renforcée SAGIR permet de mettre en lumière les complémentarités entre un dispositif de surveillance encore à inventer impliquant activement les CDS, et la surveillance déjà existante
Vers une meilleure prise en compte du castor dans les projets de restauration des cours d'eau: État des lieux et retour d'expérience sur la Romanche Séchilienne
No full textInternational audienceEn France hexagonale, l’expansion du castor européen (Castor fiber), espèce ingénieur des écosystèmes, génère des interactions avec les projets de restauration des cours d’eau. Ces interactions sont perçues de manière positive (diversification des habitats, régénération naturelle des milieux humides) ou négative (remise en cause des objectifs de la restauration, inondations). Afin d’acquérir des connaissances sur ce phénomène et d’appuyer les gestionnaires dans leur prise en compte de l’espèce, une enquête a permis de collecter des informations sur des projets de restauration, en lien avec la présence du castor et ses conséquences pour les gestionnaires et les milieux. Vingt-deux retours d’expérience ont été collectés à ce jour, permettant de mieux comprendre la diversité des types d’interactions et des moyens déployés par les gestionnaires dans ce contexte.Un de ces retours d’expérience concerne la Romanche Séchilienne. Mené par le Syndicat Mixte des Bassins Hydrauliques de l’Isère (SYMBHI), ce projet de restauration, réalisé entre 2015 et 2018, combine des objectifs de prévention des risques d’inondations, d’amélioration du cadre de vie et de lutte contre l’érosion de la biodiversité. Le castor est très présent sur ce territoire et a ainsi fait l’objet d’une attention dès les phases précoces du projet. Il a également bénéficié d’un suivi avant et après travaux. Après une diminution post-travaux du nombre d’indices de présence détectés en 2016, l’espèce semble s’être aujourd’hui rétablie durablement sur le site. Le SYMBHI a par ailleurs élaboré des fiches permettant de faciliter la prise en compte des espèces protégées, dont le castor, dans les projets de restauratio
BDRest, une base de données française des opérations de restauration en milieux terrestres
No full textNational audienceThe Nature Restoration Regulation, which came into force on August 18, 2024, combines an overall long-term nature restoration goal for the EU's land and sea areas with binding restoration targets for specific habitats and species. What is the current status? How much land has been restored? Which ecosystems have been restored? What restoration targets have been set? What techniques have been used? It is currently impossible to answer these questions (in France and in most other countries). This is because there is no inventory of restoration operations that takes into account the characteristics of the areas that have undergone ecological restoration. However, this is essential not only for evaluating the achievement of national objectives, but also for informing government agencies, practitioners, students, and researchers about the occurrence of restoration operations in their areas of expertise or geographical zones. The long-term goal of the BDRest database is to list all ecological restoration operations and their metadata. The test filling phase ended in 2025. We will present the possible uses of the database, a preliminary summary of the operations already entered in the database, and discuss possible developments for the database. This will involve identifying as many restoration projects as possible while establishing links with France's national restoration plan and the various stakeholders involved in ecological restoration.Le Règlement pour la Restauration de la Nature, entré en vigueur le 18 août 2024, combine un objectif global de restauration de la nature à long terme dans les zones terrestres et maritimes de l’UE avec des objectifs contraignants de restauration pour des habitats et des espèces spécifiques. Où en est-on actuellement ? Quelle surface a fait l’objet d’une opération de restauration écologique ? Quels écosystèmes ont été restaurés ? Quels objectifs de restauration ont été fixés ? Quelles techniques ont été utilisées ? Il est actuellement impossible de répondre à ces questions (en France, et dans la plupart des autres pays). En effet, il n’existe pas de recensement des opérations de restauration prenant en compte les caractéristiques des espaces ayant fait l’objet d’opérations de restauration écologique. C’est pourtant primordial pour non seulement évaluer l’atteinte d’objectifs nationaux, mais aussi pour informer services de l’état, praticiens, étudiants ou chercheurs de l’occurrence d’opération de restauration dans leurs domaines d’expertise ou leurs zones géographiques. La base de données BDRest a pour objectif, à long terme, de répertorier l’ensemble des opérations de restauration écologique et leurs métadonnées. La phase de remplissage test s'est terminé en 2025. Nous présenterons les usages qui peuvent être faits de la base de données, une synthèse préliminaire des opérations déjà entrées dans la base et discuterons des évolutions possibles de la base de données. Il s’agira notamment de recenser un maximum d’opérations de restauration tout en créant du lien avec le plan national de restauration français et les différents acteurs de la restauration écologique
Farmer's own decisions outweigh management strategies in reducing pesticide use in apple orchards
No full textInternational audienceCONTEXT: Efforts to reduce pesticide use, driven by concerns over their harmful effects on biodiversity and human health, have promoted alternative agricultural practices. How the farmers combine these practices in conjunction with field features, and the impact of these combinations on pesticide use remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify orchard management strategies associated with reduced insecticide and fungicide use in apple orchards in south-eastern France. We further examined whether reductions in chemical pesticide use increased reliance on biopesticides, and evaluated the relative contributions of advisory organizations and farmers' identity to pesticide applications. METHODS: We collected data from 171 orchards managed by 51 farmers, who provided treatment schedules for 2021–2023. Treatment frequency indices were calculated by pesticide category (chemical fungicides, biocontrol insecticides…), further broken down by product family (copper, virus…), target pest and specificity. We used principal component analyses (PCAs) to identify major patterns in farmer's management strategies, combining both practices (Alt'Carpo netting, irrigation type…) and orchard features (row orientation, length of adjacent hedges…). The effects of these management strategies on variation in pesticide use were then investigated using linear mixed models that included the PCA coordinates of orchards as explanatory variables. Additional models were run to assess the effects of individual practices. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Pesticide use was driven primarily by farmer identity, with advisory organizations and management strategies exerting limited influence. No trade-off was observed between chemical pesticides and biopesticides: orchards sprayed with more chemical pesticides were also sprayed with more biopesticides. The absence of dominant strategies suggests considerable flexibility in orchard management. While some management strategies were associated with lower pesticide use, these effects were mainly attributable to a few single practices. Effective low-pesticide strategies included Alt'Carpo netting, an early variety, a windbreak hedge (all associated with reduced insecticide use), and flood irrigation without sprinklers (associated with reduced fungicide use). Overall, orchards with low pesticide use did not suffer higher pest or disease pressure. SIGNIFICANCE: This study highlights significant potential for reducing pesticides in apple orchards, emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding of farmers' decision-making, regarding both pesticide applications and practices implemented at orchard establishment. Future research should further investigate these management strategies, with particular attention to their labor, market requirements and economic viability
Shifts in the European eel recruitment distribution: the impact of changing environmental conditions?
No full textInternational audienceThe European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is a facultative catadromous migratory species that spawns in the Sargasso Sea, and grows over a wide continental range from the Barents Sea (72°N) to the southern limit of Morocco (30°N). Recruitment refers to the arrival of glass eels on continental shelves after an oceanic larval drift from the spawning ground. Although recruitment trends used to be quite consistent across European regions, recent modelling exercises have highlighted regional variations. At the European scale, we examined the relative contributions of six regions to overall recruitment over time using trend analysis methods. Variations in these contributions may be related to changes in environmental conditions. We identified the ecological processes preceding recruitment and their associated spatial and temporal scopes (e.g., spawning in the Sargasso Sea from March to May) to propose hypotheses regarding the potential influence of environmental factors on these processes. Using short- and long-term correlation strategies, we examined the relationships between recruitment and selected environmental variables. Our findings support the existence of spatial heterogeneity in recruitment distribution across Europe, which may inform management decisions at both local and broader levels for this species
Extra-territorial excursions of Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) during the mating season across Europe
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Extra-territorial mating excursions (i.e. short-term movements beyond established home ranges to seek mating opportunities) represent an underexplored reproductive strategy in felids. Using telemetry data from 125 Eurasian lynx (172 lynx-years, 1995–2023) across Europe, we investigated sex-specific spatio-temporal patterns and drivers of these excursions during the mating season. Overall, 33% of males and 11% of females undertook excursions, with males having higher rates than females. Male excursions mostly occurred in March, coinciding with the peak of the conception period, while females tended to undertake excursions either before or after this peak. The median Euclidean distance travelled beyond the home range was 6.8 km for males and 2.6 km for females, with corresponding median durations of 119 h and 85 h, respectively. Translocated individuals exhibited higher excursion rates than those in established populations, suggesting mate-searching in novel environments. We found no evidence that human influences affected excursion rates or distances. Our findings highlight a mating tactic that is often overlooked and provide new insight into sex-specific and context-dependent movement strategies in Eurasian lynx. By linking extra-territorial excursions to reproduction patterns, our study informs future research on mate-searching behaviour in felids and offers implications for conservation planning, particularly in isolated or reintroduced populations
Multi-sorbent passive sampler for the preconcentration of contaminants with broad polarity spectrum in drinking water, including very polar compounds
No full textInternational audienceThe occurrence of Persistent and Mobile Organic Contaminants (PMOCs), especially very polar compounds (log P <1), remains poorly characterized in drinking water due to analytical limitations. These compounds are highly soluble, weakly retained on conventional C18 materials, and may persist through treatment processes, raising concerns about potential health and environmental impacts. To address this challenge, we developed a passive sampler combining three complementary sorbents (HLB, SAX, and SCX) to enhance retention across a wide polarity range. The device was evaluated under controlled conditions (47 target substances, 3 concentrations, triplicates) to assess sorption performance and pH sensitivity. Results confirmed the complementarity of the sorbents with broad retention for HLB and more specific patterns for SAX and SCX. The tool was then deployed for 15 days in both raw and treated waters across seven drinking water treatment plants. A total of 37 contaminants were detected, including 20 with log P <1. The treatment processes proved effective, with an average 13-fold reduction in the accumulated quantities between RW and TW, although the contamination profile in TW appeared more complex, likely reflecting presence of transformation products and residual highly polar compounds. Compounds with log P <1 were found to pass more efficiently through drinking water treatment processes, consistent with their higher polarity and lower affinity for conventional removal pathways. By integrating exposure over time, the sampler lowered detection limits and offered a more exhaustive contamination profile. This approach supports improved PMOC surveillance and lays the groundwork for future quantitative or untargeted monitoring strategies in drinking water systems
Characterisation of the nuptial colouration pattern of Phoxinus lumaireul Schinz, 1840 (Teleostei, Leuciscidae) and first record in France
No full textInternational audienceRecent molecular studies have highlighted the taxonomical complexity of the Eurasian minnows Phoxinus spp, pointing out their multiple endemic species to their respective catchments, and also the multiple translocations between drainages. Here, we report the first record of the Italian minnow Phoxinus lumaireul in France: a male specimen was caught in the Lake Geneva at Publier (Haute-Savoie department) the 31st May 2010 during an elecrofishing survey monitored by the ONEMA. The identification was done from a picture, according to morphological observations and the nuptial colouration pattern, in comparison with P. lumaireul from the Po catchment. We then attest the presence of a third minnow species in the Lake Geneva basin, in addition to P. csikii and P. septimaniae . The nuptial colouration pattern of P. lumaireul is diagnosable by very little developed nuptial tubercles on the head, pectoral fins yellowish hyaline, a green bluish stripe on Z3 until the caudal peduncle origin and black beyond, Z4 green yellowish and a belly shiny red from the throat to the caudal fin base for males, and pectoral, pelvic and anal fin bases pinkish, yellow spot on the operculum, Z4 slightly golden and Z5 white for female. Our morphological identification corroborates a molecular study from the Swiss part of the Lake Geneva basin. Phoxinus lumaireul is then the seventh and the first non-native minnow species occurring in France. Its introduction through human translocations seems to be ancient. We also discussed about ecological impacts for French and Swiss managers
Possible exposure to unidentified coronaviruses in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) populations suggested by SARS-CoV-2 serological investigation in France
No full textInternational audienceThe risk of viral transmissions from domestic/wild animals to humans is a major public health concern. Humans can also transmit viruses back to domestic and wild animals, acting as a reservoir for virus maintenance and a source of epidemic diseases re-emergence. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing COVID-19, likely originated from wildlife and has been evidenced to transmit from humans to captive, domestic and wild animals. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) show high SARS-CoV-2 prevalence following human contamination, suggesting they could act as an emerging virus reservoir. We completed recent research on European cervid species by investigating whether SARS-CoV-2 had emerged in longitudinally monitored European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) populations in direct contact with humans in France. We performed indirect tests (serological enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and seroneutralization) on sera collected before and after the virus emergence in humans, and direct reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction tests on nasal swabs collected in 2022. We also investigated the virus exposure and prevalence in three other cervid species. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests were positive for 2.20% of sera, pre- and post-pandemic, but seroneutralization and polymerase chain reaction tests were negative. Although one population showed increased seroprevalence post-2020, results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 has not emerged in those populations and that enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay cross-reaction with one or several unidentified circulating coronaviruses is possible