Czasopisma naukowe Wydziału Prawa University of Bialystok
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Zdolność zarodka do dziedziczenia
No full textOnly those who are alive at the time of the opening of a succession, i.e. at the time of the testator’s death, have the capacity to inherit. A child conceived at the opening of the succession also has the capacity to inherit if it is born alive (nasciturus). There is a continuing debate in legal science as to whether, in the case of assisted reproduction techniques (MAP), an embryo should also be considered as such a nasciturus prior to its transfer into the mother’s body. Th is article demonstrates that there are
no normative reasons in Polish law to differentiate the legal situation of a child depending on whether the death of the person from whom it can inherit occurred before or aft er the implantation of the embryo into the mother’s body. The legislature has not chosen to modify the principle that it is the moment of conception of the child, and not any other, that determines the beginning of the capacity to inherit. The practical diffi culties that may arise for the succession proceedings from the fact that the embryo may remain outside the mother’s body for a very long time are not of such a nature as to override the need for the child’s interest. However, a statutory regulation of this issue should be advocate
Amputacja ze względu na dysforię związaną z integralnością ciała a prawo karne
No full textOne of the issues related to the legality of medical procedures is the response to the question of the legality of deep interventions in the human body resulting from a patient’s medical conditions. This includes the issue of amputating a healthy limb, which can lead to an improvement in the mental quality of life for a patient suffering from body integrity dysphoria. From a medical standpoint, non-invasive treatment methods do not lead to significant improvements in the patient’s mental condition; in contrast, amputation serves as an effective therapeutic method. However, from the perspective of criminal law, such an amputation constitutes a severe impairment of human health. Nevertheless, since it has a medical justification, it is legally permissible under criminal law. A physician’s actions for therapeutic purposes, conducted in accordance with the principles of medical practice, do not violate the rules governing the treatment of legal goods in the form of health. However, it is not possible to justify amputation solely based on the patient’s consent to such a procedure (consent of the possessor of the legal good); an individual does not have the right to freely dispose of all their legal goods, and they cannot give legally valid consent to a severe impairment of their health
Prawne aspekty żywności funkcjonalnej w kontekście rozwoju rynku spożywczego w Polsce
No full textScientific research on functional foods has been conducted in Poland only by scientists specializing in food and nutrition, economics, biology and medicine. Therefore there is a real market demand for research on the legal aspects of functional foods. The aim of this article is to critically analyse current legal regulations that may apply to functional foods; the author assumes that they do not support the development of the market in functional foods, including consumer awareness of the health properties of food products. For this purpose, the paper presents the history of functional foods, its non-legal definitions and types. It is also necessary to define a catalogue of legal acts and soft law documents that may apply to functional foods, and to locate this type of food in the terminology of legal language. The author concludes that the lack of a concept of functional foods in legislation and overly complicated and strict regulations in the field of nutritional and health claims are not conducive to the development of the market in functional foods
Digital Currency in the Context of the Czech Financial System: Legal and Regulatory Challenges for a Two-Tier Banking System
No full textCentral bank digital currencies are a topic that is currently receiving increasing attention. It is
a type of money that brings signifi cant innovations to the fi nancial system. Because of the development
of cryptoassets and their alternatives, states are also considering the possible introduction of digital currencies
into their legal systems. However, the very defi nition of digital currency by central banks and the
variety of diff erent types of currency are challenges to its introduction. In addition, many jurisdictions
do not currently allow for the introduction of these digital currencies and require some revision. Th is
article aims to assess the Czech legal framework around the possibility of introducing central bank digital
currencies in the Czech Republic. Th e authors also address the legislative challenges associated with
implementing central bank digital currencies in general and specifi cally concerning the Czech Republic.
The stated objective is achieved through scholarly methods of primary and secondary data analysis, followed
by a comparison of starting points in diff erent countries
Can a National Financial Supervisor Support the Development of the Fintech Sector? Innovation Hubs as a Tool for Supporting Innovation: The Examples of Poland, Estonia, and Italy
No full textThis article aims to examine one of the primary tools utilized by national financial supervisors
to support innovative projects in the fintech sector. The analysis focuses primarily on the Innovation
Hub established by the Polish Financial Supervision Authority (KNF), with additional insights provided
from similar initiatives in two other European countries, Estonia (Finantsinspektsioon) and Italy (Bank
of Italy). The article is further enriched by examples from other European Economic Area supervisors.
The study seeks to address the question of whether national fi nancial supervisors can eff ectively support
innovative projects through instruments such as innovation hubs
A Few Reflections on the Maritime Activities of the Quaestorship during the Republic
No full textThe office of quaestor, classified as magistratus minores, has long been neglected by researchers, mainly due to the fact that the surviving sources are predominantly non‑legal in nature. The information contained in them is extremely scarce, sometimes so chaotic that it can discourage the piecing together of a scientific puzzle that would allow us to grasp even a fragmentary picture of the competences of this magistracy.
The subject of this text is an attempt to look at a well‑known fragment by a Byzantine historian (Lydus, De Mag. 1.27), which has been controversial in the academic world for many decades, taking into account the excavated (and still being excavated) rostra of Roman ships that took part in the battle of the Egad Islands (Aegati Insulae). The research is also based on the accounts of Polybius of Megalopolis and Livy of Patavium, which will be compared with the literature on the subject.
The main research problem is to determine whether the phrase quaestores classici, used in only one source (De Magistribus by Lydus) dating from the 6th century AD, is the result of the confusion attributed by contemporary researchers to the Byzantine historian, or whether, taking into account new epigraphic sources, at least a kernel of truth can be found there. In order to resolve this research dilemma, it will be necessary to outline a brief sketch of Roman activity at sea, including the duumiviri navales – a magistracy that appeared at the end of the 4th century BC. Historical‑legal and, to some extent, historical methods allow us to capture the changing reality of the Roman Republic in the 3rd century BC.Urząd kwestora, zaliczany do magistratus minores, przez dłuższy czas nie cieszył się atencją badaczy, co przede wszystkim jest wynikiem zachowanych źródeł, w zdecydowanej części nieprawniczych. Zawarte w nich informacje są wyjątkowo skąpe, czasem na tyle chaotyczne, że mogą zniechęcać do układania naukowych puzzli, pozwalających uchwycić choćby fragmentaryczny kształt kompetencji tej magistratury.
Przedmiotem niniejszego tekstu jest próba spojrzenia na znany fragment bizantyjskiego historyka (Lydus, De Mag. 1.27), od wielu dekad budzący kontrowersje w świecie nauki, z uwzględnieniem wydobytych (i w dalszym ciągu wydobywanych) rostra rzymskich okrętów biorących udział w bitwie u Wysp Egadzkich (Aegati Insulae). Bazę do badań stanowią także relacje pióra Polibiusza z Megalopolis i Liwiusza z Patavium, które to będą konfrontowane z literaturą przedmiotu.
Centralnym problemem badawczym jest ustalenie, czy użyta tylko w jednym źródle (De Magistribus Lydusa), pochodzącym z VI wieku n.e. fraza quaestores classici jest efektem bałaganu, jaki współcześni badacze przypisują bizantyjskiemu historykowi, czy też – mając na uwadze nowe źródła epigraficzne – można doszukiwać się tam chociażby ziarna prawdy. Aby rozstrzygnąć ten dylemat badawczy, niezbędne będzie nakreślenie krótkiego szkicu dotyczącego rzymskiej aktywności na morzach, z uwzględnieniem duumiviri navales – magistratury, która pojawiła się u schyłku IV wieku p.n.e. Metody historycznoprawna, a także – częściowo – historyczna pozwalają na uchwycenie zmieniającej się rzeczywistości republikańskiego Rzymu w III wieku p.n.e
Customary Law and Custom: Customary Inheritance Practices among Peasants in the Second Polish Republic
No full textArtykuł składa się z czterech części. Pierwsza z nich dotyczy pojęcia zwyczaju oraz prawa zwyczajowego. Autor omówił w niej teoretyczne i historycznoprawne zagadnienia, które są związane z obowiązywaniem prawa zwyczajowego, w tym instytucją desuetudo (odwyknienia), która ma również zastosowanie w przypadku obowiązywania prawa stanowionego. Kolejna część publikacji dotyczy prawa spadkowego II Rzeczypospolitej, w której czterech dawnych dzielnicach zaborczych obowiązywały odrębne systemy prawa spadkowego, tj. kodeks cywilny niemiecki, Kodeks Napoleona, kodeks cywilny austriacki i rosyjski Zbiór Praw. Trzecia część artykułu obejmuje zwyczaje spadkowe włościan, które obowiązywały w tych dzielnicach. Co istotne, zwyczaje te obejmowały około 60 procent społeczeństwa ówczesnego państwa polskiego i były często zróżnicowane regionalnie (w ramach danej dzielnicy).
W podsumowaniu zwrócono uwagę na wpływ zwyczajów spadkowych włościan na strukturę gospodarstw wiejskich oraz na projekty ustaw, które dotyczyły ich niepodzielności i odrębnego dziedziczenia. Wynika z tego, że obowiązujące wówczas zwyczaje spadkowe włościan miały ogromny wpływ na układ stosunków majątkowych ludności wiejskiej. Dokładne zaś wyznaczenie granicy między zwyczajem a prawem zwyczajowym często było i jest trudne do określenia, czego przykładem były zwyczaje spadkowe włościan w II Rzeczypospolitej.The article is divided into four parts. The first addresses the concepts of custom and customary law and discusses theoretical and historical legal concepts related to the validity of customary law, including the doctrine of desuetudo (disuse), which also applies to statutory law. The second part of the article is centred around the inheritance law in the Second Polish Republic, where the four former partitioned territories operated under distinct legal regime, i.e. the German Civil Code, the Napoleonic Code, the Austrian Civil Code, and the Russian Digest of Laws. The third part examines the customary inheritance practices among the peasant population in these territories. Notably, these customary practices governed inheritance among approximately 60 percent of the population in interwar Poland, often differing significantly across regions – even within the same legal jurisdiction.
The summary examines the impact of customary inheritance practices among peasants on the structure of rural holdings and legislative efforts to preserve their indivisibility and establish separate inheritance frameworks. These customary inheritance practices played a decisive role in shaping the distribution of property and wealth among the rural population. The precise delineation between custom and customary law has frequently proven difficult, both historically and today, as exemplified by the customary inheritance practices among peasants in the Second Polish Republic
Share in the State Income Tax Revenues and Additional Allowances Benefitting Local Government Associations in Interwar Poland
No full textUstawodawstwo regulujące system źródeł dochodów budżetów związków samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce międzywojennej charakteryzowały między innymi tymczasowość, niestabilność, niekiedy wręcz doraźność i w związku z tym ciągłe poszukiwanie rozwiązań docelowych, których nie zdołano przyjąć do września 1939 roku. Ta uwaga odnosi się w dużej mierze także do konstrukcji prawnej (w postaci udziału we wpływach oraz dodatków komunalnych) umożliwiającej częściowe wykorzystanie państwowego podatku dochodowego na rzecz budżetów związków samorządowych. Obie wskazane formy dochodów budżetów związków samorządowych stanowiły dlań wydajną, najbardziej dogodną i najmniej kosztowną sposobność pozyskiwania środków na finansowanie ich stale rosnących zadań.
Analiza przeobrażeń przedstawionej konstrukcji prawnej umożliwiającej wykorzystanie części wpływów państwowego podatku dochodowego na rzecz budżetów związków samorządowych wskazuje, że formą dominującą – ze względu na skalę i zakres terytorialny jej zastosowania (cały kraj) – był udział we wpływach, który przypominał dotację Skarbu Państwa. Starano się jednak wbudować do tego mechanizmu pewne bodźce, skłaniające zainteresowane związki samorządowe do wysiłku na rzecz zwiększania wpływów państwowego podatku dochodowego na ich terenie. Racjonalizowano także podział owego udziału, gdy siedziba zarządu opodatkowanego podmiotu oraz źródła jego dochodu znajdowały się na terenie różnych związków samorządowych.
Udział we wpływach podatku dochodowego miał największe znaczenie dla budżetów miast wydzielonych. Jego wielkość przewyższała bowiem ich dochody z podatków samoistnych.
Z kolei uprawnienie do ustanawiania dodatku komunalnego do państwowego podatku dochodowego przysługiwało jedynie gminom i powiatowym związkom samorządowym na obszarze województw: poznańskiego, pomorskiego i górnośląskiej części województwa śląskiego. Nie powiodły się bowiem starania na rzecz nowelizacji ustawy o tymczasowym uregulowaniu finansów komunalnych (w 1923 roku, 1936 roku i 1937 roku), w kierunku upowszechnienia tej formy pozyskiwania dochodów przez związki samorządowe, która oddawała do decyzji ich organu stanowiącego ustanowienie i skalę (w ramach określonych ustawowo granic) dodatkowego obciążenia podatników na swoim terenie.The legislation regulating the systematic sources of revenues for the budgets of local government associations in interwar Poland was of temporary nature, it lacked stability and in fact, sometimes laws were introduced ad hoc; this resulted in continuous attempts to find definitive solutions; however, these were not adopted before September 1939. The same comment is largely true as regards the legal construct (for the share in the revenues and municipal allowances) making it possible to partly designate the state’s income tax revenues to the budgets of local government associations. These two forms of income for the budgets of local government associations were the most convenient and the least costly way for the latter entities to acquire resources for financing their increasingly complex tasks.
An analysis of the changes in the legal construct which made it possible to designate a part of the state’s revenues from income tax to the budgets of local government associations shows that the dominant form, both in terms of the scale and the territory (the whole country), involved revenue sharing which resembled a grant from the State Treasury. However, there were attempts to incorporate certain incentives into the mechanism, prompting specific local government associations to make effort towards an increase in the state’s revenues from income tax at their territories. Likewise, attempts were made to reasonably divide the share in the revenues, if the headquarters of the taxpayer entity and the sources of its income were situated in the territories of different local government associations.
Income tax revenue sharing was of major importance for the budgets of independent townships since the amount exceeded their revenues from autonomous taxes.
Furthermore, the right to designate a municipal allowance in addition to the state income tax was awarded only to the communes and district local government associations within the Poznańskie, Pomorskie as well as Upper Silesia part of the Śląskie voivodships. This situation resulted from the failure to successfully amend the Act on the temporary regulation of municipal finances (attempted in 1923, 1936 and 1937), which aimed to introduce this form of revenue acquisition as a common practice to be applied by local government associations, and which would have left it at the discretion of their constituent body to impose additional burden (in line with the statutory limits) on the taxpayers at their territory
Chronicle of the Bialystok Legal Historians Community (2024)
No full textAktywność naukowa białostockiego środowiska historyków prawa w 2024 roku znalazła wyraz w artykułach opublikowanych na łamach periodyków naukowych oraz zamieszczonych w pracach zbiorowych. Ważnym aspektem tej działalności był także udział w ogólnopolskich i międzynarodowych konferencjach naukowych, połączony z wygłoszeniem referatów.The scientific activity of the Białystok community of legal historians in 2024 was reflected in articles published in scientific journals and included in collective works. An important aspect of this activity was also participation in national and international scientific conferences, combined with the presentation of papers
Selected Problems of the Agricultural and Forest Soil Classification Procedure in Poland Against the Background of EU and Selected Member States’ Regulations
No full textIn Poland proper soil classification is essential in connection with the disclosure of this type of data in the land and building register. In particular, agricultural tax rates, annual fees for excluding land from agricultural production, and the correctness of allocating agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes depend on the reliability of registration data. Therefore, the aim of this study is an attempt to analyse and evaluate the procedure for carrying out soil classification specified in the provisions of generally applicable law and to draw de lege ferenda conclusions. Moreover, the relevant EU and selected member states regulations were analysed. The biggest disadvantage of the soil classification procedure is the lack of statutory regulation to determine the qualification requirements for persons applying for the right to perform this classification. A soil classifier may be any person authorized by the district governor, which may result in the risk of incorrectly carrying out classification activities in the field and determining the types of land use and their valuation classes. De lege ferenda, it is necessary to postulate an amendment to the Geodetic and Cartographic Law by specifying appropriately high qualification requirements for persons applying for authorization to carry out soil classification. There is no uniform and harmonized procedure for soil classification in the EU. Each member state applies its own rules and procedures, which are adapted to specific local conditions. There is thus a need to harmonise the procedures and methods for soil classification in order to provide a coherent EU-level framework for a sustainable use of soils