Czasopisma naukowe Wydziału Prawa University of Bialystok
Not a member yet
1477 research outputs found
Sort by
Activities for the Independent Existence of the Polish State in the Light of the Jurisprudence of Criminal Courts
No full textW niniejszym artykule podjęto analizę pojęcia działalności na rzecz niepodległego bytu państwa polskiego w świetle aktualnego orzecznictwa polskich sądów karnych. Przedstawiono wybrane orzeczenia, w których sądy rozstrzygały, czy określone zachowania i działania mogą być uznane za przejaw walki o suwerenność państwa i czy spełniają one przesłanki przewidziane w art. 1 ust. 1 ustawy z dnia 23 lutego 1991 roku o uznaniu za nieważne orzeczeń wydanych wobec osób represjonowanych za działalność na rzecz niepodległego bytu państwa polskiego, skazywanych przez sądy i organy bezpieczeństwa państwa komunistycznego za działalność niezgodną z ideologią władz PRL, a związaną z dążeniem do odzyskania niepodległości przez Polskę.
Analizowana regulacja pozwala bowiem zasądzić od Skarbu Państwa odszkodowanie za poniesioną szkodę i zadośćuczynienie za doznaną krzywdę wynikłe z wydania lub wykonania orzeczenia albo decyzji. Właściwym i uprawnionym organem zasądzającym owe odszkodowania lub zadośćuczynienia jest sąd okręgowy lub wojskowy sąd okręgowy, który wydał orzeczenie stwierdzające nieważność. Postępowanie prowadzi się na podstawie przepisów rozdziału 58 Kodeksu postępowania karnego, dotyczącego odszkodowania za niesłuszne skazanie, tymczasowe aresztowanie lub zatrzymanie.
Pojęcie „działalność na rzecz niepodległego bytu państwa polskiego” jest zatem kluczowe w kontekście uznania za nieważne orzeczeń oraz zasądzania zadośćuczynień i odszkodowań na podstawie tzw. ustawy lutowej. Wskazano, w jaki sposób sądy karne oceniają motywację i charakter czynów, które w przeszłości kwalifikowano jako przestępstwa przeciwko ustrojowi PRL, a które współcześnie uznawane są za działanie w słusznej sprawie – obrony niepodległości, demokracji i praw człowieka. Analiza obejmuje wybrane orzeczenia sądów okręgowych i apelacyjnych oraz Sądu Najwyższego. W opracowaniu przywołano również przykłady najciekawszych stanów faktycznych, które były przedmiotem rozpoznania sądów karnych rozstrzygających sprawy na podstawie tzw. ustawy lutowej.This article analyses the concept of activities for the independent existence of the Polish State in the light of the current jurisprudence of Polish criminal courts. Selected judgments were presented in which the courts decided whether certain behaviours and actions could be considered as a manifestation of the struggle for the sovereignty of the state and whether they met the conditions provided for in Art. 1 section 1 of the Act of 23 February 1991 on the recognition as invalid of judgements issued against persons repressed for activities for the independence of Poland, convicted by the courts and security organs of the communist state for activities incompatible with the ideology of the authorities of the Polish People’s Republic related to the desire for the independence of Poland.
The analysed regulation allows the State Treasury to award compensation for the damage suffered and compensation for the harm suffered resulting from the issuance or enforcement of a decision. The competent and entitled authority awarding these damages or redress is the district court or military district court which issued a declaration of invalidity. The proceedings are based on the provisions of Chapter 58 of the Code of Criminal Procedure on compensation for wrongful conviction, pre‑trial detention or detention.
The concept of acting for the independent existence of the Polish state is therefore crucial in the context of declaring judgments invalid and awarding compensation and compensation based on the so‑called February Act. It indicated how criminal courts assess the motivation and nature of acts that in the past were classified as crimes against the communist regime, and which are now considered to be acting in a just cause – defending independence, democracy and human rights. The analysis includes selected decisions of district, appellate and Supreme Court courts. The study also cited examples of the most interesting facts that were the subject of hearing by criminal courts that decided cases based on act
The Phenomenon of Simony on the Basis of the Conciliar Provisions of the Catholic Church. A Legal‑historical Analysis
No full textSymonia jest rzeczywistością trudną i wstydliwą dla społeczności Kościoła katolickiego,jednak bardzo interesującą. Najczęściej występuje ona pod inną nazwą: świętokupstwo. Charakteryzowało się to tym, że na przestrzeni wieków kupowano święte rzeczy, urzędy, relikwie lub sakramenty. Początkowo traktowano ją jak grzeszne działania, godne potępienia, w późniejszym okresie traktowano ją już jako przestępstwo, za któreprzewidziano różne kary. Niekiedy symonię porównywano do zjawiska korupcji, które występowało w przestrzeni świeckiej. Symonia jako zjawisko stanowiło przedmiot debat i postanowień większości soborów powszechnych.
Artykuł prezentuje czytelnikowi skale zjawiska na przestrzeni wieków oraz reakcję, którą podejmowano podczas obrad soborowych. Dotychczas nie zaprezentowano szczegółowej analizy w tej materii. W tym celu wykorzystano źródła w postaci postanowień soborowych począwszy od soboru w Nicei z 325 roku, a skończywszy na 1965 roku – Soborze Watykańskim II. Stworzono narrację, w której wykorzystano różne metody badawcze: historycznoprawną, dogmatycznoprawną,filologiczną.
Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie zjawiska symonii, podkreślając jej prawny i historyczny wymiar. Przedstawione badania oraz przywołane wnioski mają zapoznać czytelnika z tradycją prawną i historyczną, a także uzmysłowić skalę wspomnianego zjawiska.
Czytelnik po lekturze artykułu powinien mieć świadomość, że społeczność kościelna, podobnie tak jak świecka, walczy z różnymi niewłaściwymi zjawiskami. W tym celu sięga po sprawdzone środki prawne, które mają na celu zapewnić bezpieczeństwo społeczności, naprawić naruszoną sprawiedliwość, zniwelować powstałe zgorszenie oraz wymusić na sprawcy czynu zabronionego, jakim jest symonia, skuteczną poprawę.Simony is a difficult and embarrassing reality for the Catholic Church community, but a very interesting one. It is most commonly found under another name: sacrilege. This was characterised by the purchase of sacred things, offices, relics or sacraments over the centuries. Initially, it was treated as a sinful activity, worthy of condemnation; later it was already treated as a crime, for which various penalties were provided. Sometimes simony was compared to the phenomenon of corruption, which occurred in the secular space. Simony as a phenomenon was the subject of debates and decisions of most universal councils.
This article presents the reader with the scale of the phenomenon over the centuries and the reaction that was taken during the Councils. So far, no detailed analysis has been presented on the subject. It draws on sources in the form of conciliar resolutions from the Council of Nicaea of 325 to the 1965 Vatican Council II. A narrative has been created using different research methods: historical‑legal, dogmatic‑legal, philological. The aim of the article is to present the phenomenon of simony emphasising its legaland historical dimensions. The presented research and the conclusions referred to are intended to acquaint the reader with the legal and historical tradition, as well as to make him aware of the scale of the phenomenon in question.
After reading the article, the reader should be aware that the ecclesiastical community, just like the secular one, resolves various improper phenomena. In order to do so, it reaches for proven legal means to ensure the safety of the community, to repair the violated justice and scandal and to force the perpetrator of the criminal act of simony to make effective amends
Private Expert Opinions in Criminal Proceedings – A Historical Overview
No full textThe article aims to demonstrate the evolution of criminal-proceeding legal regulations which have been in force in the Polish legislation since 1928, related to private evidence, including the so-called private expert opinions. A private expert opinion is understood as a private document submitted in a criminal proceeding by a non-institutional, private entity (e.g. a defendant or their defender, an aggrieved party or their attorney) to a judicial authority in order to be used in the proceeding and to pursue the legal interest of the entity under consideration.
The article presents the essential Polish legal regulations of the Codes of Criminal Proceeding of 1928, 1969, and 1997, referencing private evidence and use thereof in a criminal proceeding, as well as the status of a private expert opinion in the legal regulations under analysis; it presents the views of the doctrine and the case-law in this regard, prevalent at the time.
The conducted analysis leads to demonstrating the differences in the status and role of a private expert opinion in criminal proceedings in the aforementioned codes, as well as to showing the evolution of the use of private evidence in criminal proceedings.
The study utilised such research methods as the historical comparative legal analysis of the regulations in force in the successive parliamentary acts, supported by an analysis of the case-law and doctrine.The article aims to demonstrate the evolution of criminal-proceeding legal regulations which have been in force in the Polish legislation since 1928, related to private evidence, including the so-called private expert opinions. A private expert opinion is understood as a private document submitted in a criminal proceeding by a non-institutional, private entity (e.g. a defendant or their defender, an aggrieved party or their attorney) to a judicial authority in order to be used in the proceeding and to pursue the legal interest of the entity under consideration.
The article presents the essential Polish legal regulations of the Codes of Criminal Proceeding of 1928, 1969, and 1997, referencing private evidence and use thereof in a criminal proceeding, as well as the status of a private expert opinion in the legal regulations under analysis; it presents the views of the doctrine and the case-law in this regard, prevalent at the time.
The conducted analysis leads to demonstrating the differences in the status and role of a private expert opinion in criminal proceedings in the aforementioned codes, as well as to showing the evolution of the use of private evidence in criminal proceedings.
The study utilised such research methods as the historical comparative legal analysis of the regulations in force in the successive parliamentary acts, supported by an analysis of the case-law and doctrine
Public Discussion on the 1961 Draft Act on Private International Law
No full textThe discussion on the 1961 draft Act on Private International Law, prepared in 1956 by the Private International Law Team of the Codification Commission, constitutes an interesting and thus far insufficiently researched issue in the history of the Polish legal thought. The draft was intended to replace the then-binding 1926 Act on the Law Applicable to Private International Relations, which – despite its significance – had, by the time of the debate, already become outdated in light of the rapidly changing realities of international relations. An analysis of the extent of participation by members of the legal community in the debate, as well as of the views they expressed, reveals that the draft contained many modern solutions aligned with legislative trends in conflict of laws observed in other countries.
Critical remarks voiced by participants concerned primarily detailed technical or substantive issues, without calling into question the general structure and underlying assumptions of the draft. These positions played an important role in the further stages of legislative work, serving as valuable comparative material and a source of inspiration for the subsequent versions of the act. Consequently, the 1961 discussion may be regarded as an important stage in the development of the modern Polish private international law, reflecting both the contemporary level of legal reflection and the methods of legislative work in Poland.Dyskusja nad projektem ustawy o prawie prywatnym międzynarodowym z 1961 roku, opracowanym przez Zespół Prawa Prywatnego Międzynarodowego Komisji Kodyfikacyjnej w 1956 roku, stanowi interesujące i dotychczas niewystarczająco zbadane zagadnienie w historii polskiej myśli prawniczej. Projekt ten miał na celu zastąpienie obowiązującej wówczas ustawy o prawie właściwym dla stosunków prywatnych międzynarodowych z 1926 roku, która – pomimo swojej doniosłości – w momencie dyskusji była już aktem prawnym przestarzałym w kontekście dynamicznie zmieniających się realiów stosunków międzynarodowych. Analiza skali uczestnictwa przedstawicieli środowiska prawniczego w debacie nad projektem oraz treści prezentowanych poglądów pozwala dostrzec, że dokument ten zawierał wiele rozwiązań o charakterze nowoczesnym, odpowiadających tendencjom legislacyjnym w prawie kolizyjnym obserwowanym w innych państwach.
Krytyczne uwagi formułowane przez uczestników dyskusji dotyczyły przede wszystkim szczegółowych kwestii technicznych lub merytorycznych rozwiązań, nie kwestionując jednak ogólnej konstrukcji i założeń projektu. Stanowiska te miały istotne znaczenie w procesie dalszych prac legislacyjnych, stanowiąc cenny materiał porównawczy oraz źródło inspiracji dla kolejnych redakcji ustawy. W efekcie dyskusja z 1961 roku może być postrzegana jako ważny etap w procesie kształtowania nowoczesnego polskiego prawa prywatnego międzynarodowego, odzwierciedlający jednocześnie ówczesny poziom refleksji prawniczej oraz metody pracy legislacyjnej w Polsce
Contemporary Challenges in the Implementation of the Idea of Sustainable Development
No full textThe issue of sustainable development has been an important problem discussed among academics, practitioners and public authorities for more than thirty years. In theory, this topic has received extensive analysis presented in numerous publications. On the other hand, the introduction of the principles of sustainable development into socio-economic practice is met with many obstacles. The purpose of the article is, on the one hand, to point out the need for a close connection between environmental issues and the economic and social problems that are affecting modern civilization. On the other hand, it is to draw attention to the limitations of the implementation of the idea of sustainable development arising from the effects of global disasters and conflicts, such as global warming, the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic and the war in Ukraine. The methodological basis of the article was the use of the method of analysis of secondary materials, i.e., the literature on the subject, reports of empirical studies conducted, and official documents. The added value of the study is the identification of economic, geopolitical and socio-economic conditions regarding the difficulties of applying the idea of sustainable development. However, a situation that favors its implementation is the need for active cooperation between the world of science, business, public authorities and social organizations
Foreseeability and Prior Fault: Examining the Assessment Framework for Intoxication, Blame and Criminal Responsibility
No full textPrior fault in cases of intoxication prevents any mental impairments stemming from the intoxication from having exculpatory or mitigatory effects. This article critically examines the pitfalls of using ‘foreseeability’ as a main requirement to establish prior fault in such cases in the Netherlands, with brief comparative references to Polish law. The appropriateness of foreseeability as a criterion strongly depends on the approach taken. When foreseeability is interpreted in an abstract manner, the ability to adequately differentiate between situations of prior fault is greatly reduced. Specifically for intoxication combined with addiction or other mental disorders, this approach to foreseeability may cause over-criminalization. The article provides suggestions for a more appropriate assessment framework, which could include a more concrete foreseeability requirement and a volitional criterion.Prior fault in cases of intoxication prevents any mental impairments stemming from the intoxication from having exculpatory or mitigatory effects. This article critically examines the pitfalls of using ‘foreseeability’ as a main requirement to establish prior fault in such cases in the Netherlands, with brief comparative references to Polish law. The appropriateness of foreseeability as a criterion strongly depends on the approach taken. When foreseeability is interpreted in an abstract manner, the ability to adequately differentiate between situations of prior fault is greatly reduced. Specifically for intoxication combined with addiction or other mental disorders, this approach to foreseeability may cause over-criminalization. The article provides suggestions for a more appropriate assessment framework, which could include a more concrete foreseeability requirement and a volitional criterion
Control of Poaching in Poland as a Form of Implementation of the Agenda for Sustainable Development 2030
No full textThis article’s purpose is to present how the goals of the Agenda for Sustainable Development 2030 are implemented in Poland in terms of combating poaching. It discusses which services combat poaching in Poland and how they operate. The characteristic methods of legal sciences and criminology, namely literature analysis and criticism, the dogmatic method, secondary data analysis, and the interview method, were used to achieve the research goals. The first of these was used to analyse the scientific literature on poaching published to date, with a particular focus on the poaching of land animals. The dogmatic method was used to examine selected legal acts regulating poaching. The dogmatic and literature analysis methods were often applied simultaneously, which allowed interpretation of the regulations analysed. The secondary data analysis consisted of analysing statistics on poaching, specifically criminal statistics obtained from police headquarters. The final research method used were interviews carried out using a computer-assisted individual interview technique. Interviews were conducted with an employee of the Regional Directorate of State Forests in Białystok and an officer of the State Hunting Guard in Białystok, because both institutions are statutorily obliged to combat poaching in Poland.This article’s purpose is to present how the goals of the Agenda for Sustainable Development 2030 are implemented in Poland in terms of combating poaching. It discusses which services combat poaching in Poland and how they operate. The characteristic methods of legal sciences and criminology, namely literature analysis and criticism, the dogmatic method, secondary data analysis, and the interview method, were used to achieve the research goals. The first of these was used to analyse the scientific literature on poaching published to date, with a particular focus on the poaching of land animals. The dogmatic method was used to examine selected legal acts regulating poaching. The dogmatic and literature analysis methods were often applied simultaneously, which allowed interpretation of the regulations analysed. The secondary data analysis consisted of analysing statistics on poaching, specifically criminal statistics obtained from police headquarters. The final research method used were interviews carried out using a computer-assisted individual interview technique. Interviews were conducted with an employee of the Regional Directorate of State Forests in Białystok and an officer of the State Hunting Guard in Białystok, because both institutions are statutorily obliged to combat poaching in Poland
Considerations Regarding the Typology of Counter-Detection Measures in the Light of Quantitative Research on Organised Crime Groups that Recruit Football Hooligans
No full textThrough the application of counter-detection activities, football hooligan groups in Poland have created organised crime networks, that are able to identify, locate and neutralise police intelligence activities. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the issue of counter-detection activities undertaken by members of organised crime groups has not been acknowledged by researchers. Therefore, the existing body of work on forensic tactics as a scientific discipline needs to be critically analysed, and new definitions need to be adopted. The scope of the study includes definitions of forms of counter-detection activities (e.g. counter-surveillance or inverse surveillance), as well as the classification and functions of counter-detection activities. The article seeks to establish a framework and define the conceptual grid and key assumptions underlying the concept of counter-detection activities. It is the first desk-research analysis to systematise knowledge on the counter-detection activities of criminal groups. Analysis results are the basis for the creation of a theory of anti-forensics,: its typology is presented with the example of groups of football hooligans. The authors define the concept of counter-detection activities and its purpose, and seek to delineate the basic forms and strategies of counter-detection. The knowledge presented is also referred to as ‘anti-forensics’, which in fact, is a specific area of knowledge on how to prevent the detection of crimes and criminals. This follows directly from the wording of the cardinal rule of all crime-fighting: ‘Think like a criminal’.Through the application of counter-detection activities, football hooligan groups in Poland have created organised crime networks, that are able to identify, locate and neutralise police intelligence activities. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the issue of counter-detection activities undertaken by members of organised crime groups has not been acknowledged by researchers. Therefore, the existing body of work on forensic tactics as a scientific discipline needs to be critically analysed, and new definitions need to be adopted. The scope of the study includes definitions of forms of counter-detection activities (e.g. counter-surveillance or inverse surveillance), as well as the classification and functions of counter-detection activities. The article seeks to establish a framework and define the conceptual grid and key assumptions underlying the concept of counter-detection activities. It is the first desk-research analysis to systematise knowledge on the counter-detection activities of criminal groups. Analysis results are the basis for the creation of a theory of anti-forensics,: its typology is presented with the example of groups of football hooligans. The authors define the concept of counter-detection activities and its purpose, and seek to delineate the basic forms and strategies of counter-detection. The knowledge presented is also referred to as ‘anti-forensics’, which in fact, is a specific area of knowledge on how to prevent the detection of crimes and criminals. This follows directly from the wording of the cardinal rule of all crime-fighting: ‘Think like a criminal’
Wykorzystywanie algorytmów sztucznej inteligencji w rozpoznawaniu twarzy w celu określenia podobieństwa fenotypowego w procedurach medycznie wspomaganej prokreacji
No full textThe considerations presented here cover one aspect of the use of AI algorithms in the process of establishing phenotypic similarity between a cell donor or embryo donors and those interested in parenthood and the child. The Infertility Treatment Act does not expressly exclude the use of AI algorithms, which may help to achieve the goal of phenotypic similarity but may, contrary to the intention of the legislature, serve to disclose the data of a person or persons to whom the Act, by design, provides
anonymity. The authors analyse the acceptability of using images of donor reproductive cells and the use of AI algorithms to establish phenotypic similarity. Both benefits and potential risks remain under consideration
Granice ochrony karnej prawa do samostanowienia uczestnika badania klinicznego produktu leczniczego
No full textThis article addresses the issue of criminal law protection of the right to self-determination in clinical trials of medicinal products. It focuses on establishing the scope of the criminalisation of behaviours violating the right in question under Article 77 points 1–3 of the Act of 9 March 2023 on Clinical Trials of Medicinal Products for Human Use. The method of referring to the EU law applied in statutory features of these offences is, however, affected by obvious legislative deficiencies, seriously hampering the process of interpretation and casting doubt on the rationality of the decision about criminalisation. What can be concluded with certainty is that criminalisation covers the conduct of a clinical trial both when the subject did not express any statement approving their participation in it, and when such a statement lacked the essential features of informed consent. Furthermore, criminal law protection of the right to self-determination does not include minors or incapacitated persons, even to the extent that clinical trial provisions require it to be respected