Czasopisma naukowe Wydziału Prawa University of Bialystok
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Charakter prawny umowy o prowadzenie rejestru akcjonariuszy oraz obowiązek zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa i integralności danych zawartych w rejestrze
No full textTh e content of the obligation to ensure the security of data contained in the register of shareholders,
emphasized by the legislature, the implementation of which rests with the entity maintaining
the register, has not been developed in the provisions of the Commercial Companies Code. In the context
of the potential liability of this entity for improper performance of the agreement to maintain the
shareholder register, it is therefore necessary to determine the features that are important for this issue
and the legal nature of such an agreement, as well as which sources of normative law specify orders
or prohibitions of specifi c conduct, so as to ensure the security of digital data contained in the shareholder
register
Cyfrowe pole bitwy: strona internetowa spółki jako miejsce publikacji ogłoszeń a spory domenowe i korporacyjne
No full textIn Article 5 § 5 of the Commercial Companies Code, the legislature imposes on joint-stock
companies and limited joint-stock partnerships the obligation to maintain their own websites and to
publish on them announcements required by law and the statutes of the companies. However, a number
of detailed issues related to the determination of the address of such a website and its functioning have
not been regulated, including such a fundamental issue as the method to determine what is or is not
a company’s website within the meaning of the above-mentioned provision. In practice, shareholders
generally assume that the website will be the one located at the address appearing in the National Court
Register. Although such a conclusion seems logical, it does not clearly result from the applicable legal
regulations. However, this circumstance takes on particular signifi cance in cases where a corporate dispute
overlaps with a dispute over the company’s internet domain. Such cases provoke questions such as
what requirements (e.g. in terms of hosting, domain registration, actual control, etc.) must be met for
a website to be considered the company’s ‘own’ within the meaning of Article 5 § 5 ; whether a company
can maintain (and alternatively use) more than one website for the publication of advertisements; from
when a change of a company’s website address is eff ective; and what the corporate consequences are of
a company losing control over the content of its website. Th e subject of this article is analysis of the above
issues and an attempt to provide answers to the questions presented. The entire discussion is crowned
with conclusions de lege ferenda
Administracja publiczna rynku finansowego wobec innowacji. Centrum innowacji (innovation hub), piaskownica regulacyjna (regulatory sanbox) i inne specjalne instytucje regulacyjne innowacji
No full textThe digitalization of products and services on the financial market creates new challenges for
public authorities administering this area. Th e Polish Financial Supervision Authority (PFSA) has been
legally obliged to take care of the security of the market and at the same time support the innovation of
it. Currently, innovation is strongly related to digitalization. Th is means that the PFSA has had to fi nd
legal and organizational solutions to fulfi l these obligations. Th is article presents an argument indicating
the contradiction between security and innovation. It then discusses solutions that allow the maximization
of both security and innovation in the fi nancial market. Th ese solutions were developed in
the administrations of highly developed fi nancial markets and have already been transferred or can be
transferred to the practice of the PFSA. On the basis of the British solutions, the article gives the examples
of and discusses the most important solutions, collectively referred to as special regulatory institutions
for innovation, i.e. innovation hubs, regulatory and digital sandboxes and innovation pathways
The Construction of the Title of a Normative Actin Polish Legislative Practice in the Years 1918–1920
No full textTytuł aktu normatywnego, choć pozbawiony mocy normatywnej, stanowi jeden z kluczowych elementów struktury każdego aktu prawnego. Pełni szereg istotnych funkcji: informacyjną, porządkującą, sygnalizacyjną oraz formalną, a jego poprawna konstrukcja wspomaga między innymi procesy legislacyjne, stosowanie prawa i jego interpretację. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zbadanie sposobu kształtowania tytułów aktów normatywnych w pierwszym okresie istnienia współczesnej polskiej legislacji, czyli w latach 1918–1920, kiedy brakowało nie tylko formalnie ustanowionych zasad techniki prawodawczej, lecz także utartych i stałych praktyk w procesie tworzenia prawa.
W celu ustalenia korzeni ewentualnych praktyk i wzorów pokrótce opisano konstrukcje tytułu aktu normatywnego występujące w dziennikach urzędowych poszczególnych państw zaborczych. Następnie analizie poddano akty opublikowane w Dzienniku Praw Królestwa Polskiego / Państwa Polskiego i jego kontynuacji – Dzienniku Ustaw Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej – w celu ustalenia, jakie praktyki redakcyjne były wówczas stosowane oraz które z nich przetrwały i zostały utrwalone w późniejszych normach prawotwórczych.
Artykuł koncentruje się na analizie układu elementów w tytule aktu, nie zaś na problematyce formułowania przedmiotu regulacji. Badanie przeprowadzono z zastosowaniem metody historycznej i komparatystycznej, a wyniki zaprezentowano w formie zestawień tabelarycznych i opisowych. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono temu, w jakim stopniu ówczesna praktyka wpłynęła na kształt polskich zasad techniki prawodawczej z 1929 roku.The title of a normative act, although lacking normative power, constitutes one of the key elements in the structure of any legal act. It serves several essential functions: informational, organisational, indicative, and formal. Its proper construction supports, among other things, legislative processes, the application of law, and its interpretation. The aim of this article is to examine how the titles of normative acts were shaped during the initial period of the modern Polish legislation, i.e. in the years 1918–1920, when there was a lack not only of formally established rules of legislative technique, but also of well -established and permanent practices in the law-makingprocess.
In order to identify the roots of possible practices and models, the article briefly outlines the construction of the titles of normative acts as they appeared in the official journals of the partitioning powers. Subsequently, an analysis was carried out of the acts published in the Journal of Laws of the Kingdom of Poland/of the Polish State (Dziennik Praw Królestwa Polskiego / Państwa Polskiego) and in its successor, the Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland (Dziennik Ustaw Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej), in order to determine what editorial practices were employed at the time and which of them survived and became embedded in the later law-making norms.
The article focuses on analysing the structure and arrangement of the elements comprising the title of the act, rather than on the issue of formulating the subject of regulation. The research was conducted using historical and comparative methods, and the results are presented in the form of tabular and descriptive summaries. Particular attention is given to the extent to which the practices of that period influenced the development of the Polish principles of legislative technique adoptedin 1929
Power in the Conditions of International Anarchy
No full textThe aim of this analysis is to discuss the concepts of “power” and “great power” and to situate them within the conditions of international anarchy. The article refers to the assumptions of realist theories of international relations in the context of the role of great powers in the system and in the historical foundations of power. Power determines a state’s position within the balance of power but also shapes relations within the system of anarchy. The power of individual political entities thus generates real interconnections in a world of polycentric international rivalry. However, the balance of power, even when reinforced by universally recognised and respected norms, remains synonymous with anarchy, as no entity holds a monopoly on violence.
Consequently, international order exists primarily due to a specific configuration of power relations among the major powers. This one is built on real potential. The neorealist tradition in IR stipulates that national power derives primarily from material capacities and resources – geography (territory), population, national resources, industrial capacity, military capacity, quality of government and diplomacy, as well as national character and the national morale.
The neoliberal approach adds to the material resources of power, the potential of influence through international institutions and factors of “soft power”. In our understanding of the major components of the national power, we follow the realist and neorealist traditions. In this context, however, the significance of the geographical factor (and geopolitics), as a component building the international status of political entities was critically analysed.The aim of this analysis is to discuss the concepts of “power” and “great power” and to situate them within the conditions of international anarchy. The article refers to the assumptions of realist theories of international relations in the context of the role of great powers in the system and in the historical foundations of power. Power determines a state’s position within the balance of power but also shapes relations within the system of anarchy. The power of individual political entities thus generates real interconnections in a world of polycentric international rivalry. However, the balance of power, even when reinforced by universally recognised and respected norms, remains synonymous with anarchy, as no entity holds a monopoly on violence.
Consequently, international order exists primarily due to a specific configuration of power relations among the major powers. This one is built on real potential. The neorealist tradition in IR stipulates that national power derives primarily from material capacities and resources – geography (territory), population, national resources, industrial capacity, military capacity, quality of government and diplomacy, as well as national character and the national morale.
The neoliberal approach adds to the material resources of power, the potential of influence through international institutions and factors of “soft power”. In our understanding of the major components of the national power, we follow the realist and neorealist traditions. In this context, however, the significance of the geographical factor (and geopolitics), as a component building the international status of political entities was critically analysed
Is Soviet Law Still Relevant to Legal Academic Research? Polish Contributions to Soviet Legal Studies: Revisiting a Forgotten Jurisprudence
No full textAlthough the Soviet Union has collapsed and Soviet law no longer functions as a living legal system, its significance as an object of legal scholarship remains an open and pressing question. The legacy of Soviet law is not merely of historical interest; it also provides an important lens for understanding the ways in which law can be instrumentalised for political ends and how legal systems may be shaped or distorted by authoritarian power. This article argues that the continued study of Soviet law offers valuable insights into contemporary challenges to the rule of law, particularly in post-socialist contexts where legal institutions often retain traces of their Soviet heritage.
In pursuing this argument, the article pays particular attention to the often-overlooked contributions of Polish legal scholars. Already in the interwar period, Polish academics provided some of the earliest and most incisive analyses of Soviet legal theory and practice. Later, the postwar Polish émigré community produced a significant body of scholarship that critically examined Soviet law from a comparative and international perspective. Their work not only enriched the broader understanding of the Soviet legal system but also highlighted its global implications for legal theory and practice.
Finally, the article underscores the importance of internationalising this intellectual legacy. By bringing Polish scholarship into closer dialogue with global Soviet legal studies, we can better appreciate the complexity of Soviet law and its enduring relevance, while simultaneously broadening the scope of comparative legal history.Although the Soviet Union has collapsed and Soviet law no longer functions as a living legal system, its significance as an object of legal scholarship remains an open and pressing question. The legacy of Soviet law is not merely of historical interest; it also provides an important lens for understanding the ways in which law can be instrumentalised for political ends and how legal systems may be shaped or distorted by authoritarian power. This article argues that the continued study of Soviet law offers valuable insights into contemporary challenges to the rule of law, particularly in post-socialist contexts where legal institutions often retain traces of their Soviet heritage.
In pursuing this argument, the article pays particular attention to the often-overlooked contributions of Polish legal scholars. Already in the interwar period, Polish academics provided some of the earliest and most incisive analyses of Soviet legal theory and practice. Later, the postwar Polish émigré community produced a significant body of scholarship that critically examined Soviet law from a comparative and international perspective. Their work not only enriched the broader understanding of the Soviet legal system but also highlighted its global implications for legal theory and practice.
Finally, the article underscores the importance of internationalising this intellectual legacy. By bringing Polish scholarship into closer dialogue with global Soviet legal studies, we can better appreciate the complexity of Soviet law and its enduring relevance, while simultaneously broadening the scope of comparative legal history
On the Application of the Philosophy of Ordinary Language to the Study of Law – Causation In The Law by Herbert L. A. Hart and Tony Honoré
No full textCelem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie pracy brytyjskich prawników Herberta Lionela Adolphusa Harta i Tony’ego Honorégo pt. Causation in the Law, wydanej po raz pierwszy w roku 1959, jako modelowego przykładu zastosowania metod filozofii analitycznej – zwłaszcza jej miękkiej wersji, zwanej „filozofią języka potocznego” – do badania prawa. Praca ta jest przykładem specyficznego spojrzenia na problemy prawne, to próba rozstrzygania problemów prawnych, jak pisał Hart, „w perspektywie filozofii”.
Artykuł przywołuje podstawowe założenia filozofii analitycznej, na tle których prezentowane są rozwiązania przyjęte przez autorów Causation… Przyświeca im przekonanie, że dotychczasowe definicje przyczynowości nie do końca i nie zawsze sprawdzają się w praktyce prawniczej. Hart i Honoré przyjmują, że stosowane dotychczas w prawie pojęcie przyczyny jest zbyt ograniczone, i proponują ujęcie znacznie szersze. Autorzy, czyniąc zadość ogólnym regułom filozofii analitycznej, wykonują pracę metodą „drobnych kroczków” – badają pojęcie przyczyny w prawie wnikliwie, analizują setki spraw z różnych dziedzin prawa i różnych prawnych porządków, a ich celem jest wypracowanie nowej, bogatszej i inspirującej koncepcji przyczynowości.
Przedstawione w książce pojęcie przyczynowości nie jest jednolite, to cała grupa pojęć skupionych wokół centralnej idei przyczynowości, rozumianej jako fizyczna manipulacja lub interwencja, przy czym wszystkie peryferyjne rozumienia przyczynowości w jakimś sensie odnoszą się do rozumienia centralnego. Ta nowa koncepcja przyczynowości, różna od ujęć dotychczasowych i silnie zakorzeniona w założeniach filozoficznych, stała się inspiracją i punktem wyjścia dla współczesnych autorów podejmujących temat przyczynowości w prawie.The purpose of this article is to present the work of British lawyers H.L. A. Hart and T. Honoré titled Causation in the Law, first published in 1959, as a model example of the application of the methods of analytic philosophy – especially its soft version, called “ordinary language philosophy” – to the study of law. This work is an example of a specific view of legal problems, it is an attempt to solve legal problems “in the perspective of philosophy.”
The article recalls the basic assumptions of analytical philosophy as the background of which the solutions adopted by the authors of Causation... are presented. The authors of the paper on the concept of causation in law are guided by the conviction that the existing definitions of causation do not fully and always work in legal practice. Hart and Honoré accept that the concept of causation used in law so far is too limited and propose a much broader approach. The authors, doing justice to the general rules of analytical philosophy, carry out the work using the “small steps” method – they study the concept of causation in law in depth, analyze hundreds of cases from different fields of law and different legal orders, and their goal is to develop a new, richer and inspiring concept of causation.
The concept of causation presented in the book is not uniform, it is a whole group of concepts centered around the central idea of causality, understood as a physical manipulation or intervention, with all peripheral understandings of causality in some sense relating to the central understanding. This new conception of causality, which is different from previous approaches and strongly rooted in philosophical assumptions, has become the inspiration and starting point for contemporary authors addressing the topic of causation in law
Application of the April Constitution During World War II. From the “Paris Agreement” to the Second July Crisis
No full textThe April Constitution was passed and applied under specific political conditions. The Basic Law was prepared seeing Jozef Pilsudski as president, and his political base as the natural ruling camp. The highest power in the state was concentrated in the hands of the president, who was to be the moderator in the event of conflicts between the government and parliament and who had wide‑ranging prerogatives, among which there was, crucial for war conditions, the power to appoint a successor for the duration of the war.
Did the constitution prove effective under completely changed political conditions? Did it allow the succession of power in accordance with the principle of legalism? How did the constitutional mechanisms work in the changed political conditions, in which the president belonged to a camp with responsibility for the war defeat, and the prime minister was a pre‑war oppositionist with different political concepts, especially in foreign policy? The article is an attempt to answer these questions.Konstytucja kwietniowa została uchwalona i była stosowana w określonych warunkach politycznych. Ustawę zasadniczą przygotowano, widząc Józefa Piłsudskiego na stanowisku prezydenta, zaś jego zaplecze polityczne jako naturalny obóz rządzący. W rękach prezydenta skupić się miała najwyższa władza w państwie, miał on być moderatorem w razie konfliktów między rządem a parlamentem, dysponował szeroko zakreślonymi prerogatywami, wśród których znalazło się, kluczowe dla warunków wojennych, uprawnienie do mianowania następcy na czas wojny.
Czy konstytucja zdała egzamin w zupełnie zmienionych warunkach politycznych? Czy pozwoliła na zgodną z zasadą legalizmu sukcesję władzy? Jak działały mechanizmy konstytucyjne w zmienionych warunkach politycznych, w których prezydent należał do obozu, na którym ciążyła odpowiedzialność za klęskę wojenną, a premier był przedwojennym opozycjonistą, prezentującym odmienne koncepcje polityczne, zwłaszcza w polityce zagranicznej? Artykuł jest próbą odpowiedzi na te pytania
The Family in the Italian Legal System: Civil Models and Income Taxation
No full textIn the Italian legal system, the taxation of family income has undergone profound changes over the years, in line with the economic-social balances that characterized the original structure and subsequent evolution of the family, a term for which there is no univocal definition. The family today can be founded on marriage, civil union or de facto cohabitation; the first two models, by attributing the status familiae to the partners, identify the family aggregation as a place of production of wealth as well
as affection and, therefore, an expression of ability to pay, with consequent relevance also on a tax level; the third model, rising to a mere fact resulting in signifi cant effects on a legal level, instead has a completely marginal fiscal discipline. This essay, starting from an analysis of the choices made within the OECD and from the diachrony of the sources of Italian law, examines critical issues in the current legislation from a proactive perspective, from which, despite the warnings expressed on more than one occasion by the Judge of Laws on the basis of Italian constitutional principles, the lack of an organic tax regime designed for families becomes evident, the system being based on an atomistic vision of interpersonal relationships
The New Polish Act on Family Foundations: A Comparative Study of Foundations in Poland and Other European Countries
No full textThis article presents a new regulation on family wealth management recently adopted in Poland and compares it with the solutions adopted in relevant legislation in other states, particularly German-speaking countries, with a special focus on German law. This comparative analysis starts with a retrospective look at the development of regulations on foundations in Poland leading to the adoption of the Act on Family Foundations, and subsequently examines the regulations currently binding in Germany, Austria and Luxembourg, aiming at pinpointing the basic similarities as well as differences in the way foundations are approached by legislators in Poland and other European (mostly German-speaking) countries. It also points out the main difference that characterises Polish family foundations, which, rather than serving charitable purposes, are predominantly if not only intended to manage and preserve family wealth