Czasopisma naukowe Wydziału Prawa University of Bialystok
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Udział profesjonalnego pełnomocnika w rozwiązaniu małżeństwa przed notariuszem – propozycje dla polskiego ustawodawcy
No full textThis article addresses a contemporary challenge of family law, which is the legitimacy of regulating the possibility of dissolving a marriage before a notary public. Particular attention is paid to the issues concerning the advisability of the participation of a professional lawyer in the activities undertaken before a notary public. Among other things, an answer is given to the question of whether the appearance of spouses at the notary public for the dissolution of marriage would obligatorily require the
participation of a professional lawyer or legal counsel for each spouse. In this regard, reference is also made to the regulations in force in selected countries
Ochrona praw małoletnich pacjentów w świetle wymogów dokumentu Standardy ochrony małoletnich
No full textFrom 15 August 2024, institutions providing healthcare services where children are or may be present are required to introduce an additional mandatory document, the so-called Standards for the Protection of Minors. The essence of this document is to ensure the safety of a minor patient in relations with the entity’s staff , other minor patients and persons close to them. The legislature’s idea was to indicate the principles determining safe contact with a minor and the procedures for responding in any situation of suspicion that a child is being harmed. Unfortunately, the universal scheme set out by the Act is difficult to implement to the same extent in every institution; it therefore requires adaptation to the specifics of its activity. It also requires taking into account the risks that may occur in a given place and the provisions regulating the activity of the entity and its internal regulations. This article aims to present selected problems noticed during the development and introduction of the document on standards for the protection of minors in medical institutions
The Definitive Primacy of Patient Autonomy over the Right to Life? Commentary on the Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 4 September 2022 on the Case of Mortier v. Belgium (appl. no. 78017/17)
No full textThis Commentary is an in-depth critical study of the European Court of Human Rights ruling in Mortier v. Belgium. The authors present the facts and the tribunal’s decision against the background of the ECtHR’s previous case law on terminally ill patients. Unlike Polish law, euthanasia and assisted suicide are permissible under Belgian law; thus, for the first time in its existence, the tribunal addressed not so much the permissibility of euthanasia as it examined the circumstances of its use. In this regard, it was critical for the authors to look at the ECtHR reasoning on the interplay between Articles 2 and 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights in order to answer the question of whether there has been an evolution or a revolution in the interpretation of the two laws. In the case of the rights of terminally ill patients, the issue is the right to make end-of-life decisions in accordance with the patient’s wishes, and whether the paradigm of patient autonomy has become the highest value in the doctor–patient relationship; this hich could also be indicated by recent changes to the International Code of Medical Ethics and the international text of the Hippocratic Oath (the Declaration of Geneva). In this context, it also becomes valuable to analyse the changes made to the Polish Code of Medical Ethics, which came into effect on 1 January 2025
Nadzór AML nad kryptoaktywami od 30.12.2024 r. – zmiany w Dyrektywie 2015/849 wprowadzone rozporządzeniem 2023/1113
No full textTh e aim of this article is to take a closer look at the most important changes to EU AML supervision
of cryptoassets introduced to EU Directive 2015/849 by EU Regulation 2023/1113. Th e analysis
leads to the thesis that as of 30 December 2024, this supervisory landscape has been signifi cantly remodelled.
Th ere have been changes to the subject of supervision, the scope of supervised activity, entity
modifi cations and licensing requirements. Th ese changes are aimed at tightening AML supervision over
cryptoassets. The considerations made also allow us to state that the EU legislation perceives the MiCA
regulation as a legal act of a systemic nature for a new class of assets, i.e. cryptoasse
Generative AI in International Trade Law: Navigating Opportunities and Challenges
No full textThe subject of this article is an analysis of the impact of generative AI (GenAI) on international
trade law, from the perspective of both the threats and the opportunities of integrating GenAI
into international trade. It addresses topics including intellectual property law, international trade law
principles, information security, trade negotiations, contracts, competition, liability and AI ethics. The
authors employ a holistic approach, examining numerous applications of GenAI in international trade.
They conclude with how the international legal framework for GenAI may help people navigate challenges
and seize opportunities to benefi t international trade
Koncepcja i podstawy prawne dla nowego ujęcia rejestru – „Rejestr 3.0”
No full textThis article introduces the authors’ original concept of ‘Register 3.0’, a modernized model of
public registers designed to meet the demands of the evolving European digital economy and the increasing
algorithmization of law. In the context of signifi cant regulatory developments in the European
Union, particularly the adoption of the eIDAS2 Regulation, the authors emphasize the urgent need to
reformulate the architecture and function of public registers. Register 3.0 is envisioned as an interoperable,
automated, and highly secure data system, built upon cutting-edge technologies. A central component
of this concept is datafi cation, understood as the real-time and automatic acquisition of data from
reference sources without the need for manual processing. Th e article presents a comparative analysis
of three generations of registers: traditional data repositories (Register 1.0), interoperable systems with
partial automation (Register 2.0), and advanced registers integrated with algorithmic legal frameworks
(Register 3.0), capable of issuing legal decisions and initiating cascading legal consequences autonomously.
Th e authors discuss the possibility of embedding legal rules within algorithmic architecture –
a process referred to as ‘crypto-law’ – where traditional legal norms are encoded directly into secure
digital environments, thus enabling fully automated legal and administrative processes. Furthermore,
the article explores practical applications of this concept, such as the Unified Business Registry system
in Dubai, as proof of the feasibility and eff ectiveness of Register 3.0 in real-world scenarios. By examining
the legal, technological, and institutional prerequisites for implementation, the authors argue that
Register 3.0 not only supports the automation of state functions and judicial systems but also serves as
a foundation for next-generation legaltech solutions. Th e study opens the door to further interdisciplinary
research on adapting European legal frameworks to accommodate these innovations, positioning
Register 3.0 as a cornerstone of future digital governance
Prawo dostępu do Internetu, prawo do niekorzystania z Internetu i prawo do bycia offline a prawo do prywatności – czy multiplikacja praw człowieka jest remedium na ich efektywność?
No full textThe research objective of this study is to address the need for scientific interest in categories that are somewhat overshadowed by analyses dedicated to internet access, namely the categories of not using the internet and being offline, and their possible conceptualisation within the framework of the next human rights, in order to then refer to the longer history of human rights and the established status of the right to privacy. The leading research perspective is that of human rights, which has allowed important questions to be asked in the context of the intensifying phenomenon of the multiplication of rights. In this context, is moving towards a standardisation of the right to access the internet, the right not to use the internet and the right to be offline justified and, as such, is it confirmed in the axiologically conditioned protective function of law? Does the multiplication of rights not undermine the effectiveness of their protection mechanisms and obliterate the values underlying them and the scope of their protection? Should the well-established right to privacy shape the content of the right to access the internet, or on the contrary the right not to use the internet or the right to be offline, even if one wants to recognise them as having a postulatory character de lege lata
Human Rights and Digital Choice: Rethinking the Right (Not) to Use the Internet
No full textAs digitalization permeates nearly all areas of life, access to the internet has become essential for the exercise of numerous human rights, including freedom of expression, access to information, and participation in public life. However, the growing expectation to engage digitally may undermine individual autonomy, especially when access to fundamental services or legal entitlements depends on being online. This article examines the underexplored concept of the right not to use the internet as a human rights issue. It argues that digital non-use – whether by choice, necessity, or circumstance – must be recognized as an aspect of informational self-determination rooted in the principles of dignity and autonomy. While access to the internet facilitates other rights, the freedom to disconnect is equally essential to prevent new forms of exclusion, coercion, and surveillance. Drawing on evolving interpretations of existing rights – particularly the rights to privacy, freedom of expression, and non-discrimination – the paper proposes that digital autonomy requires protecting both positive and negative dimensions: the right to use the internet and the right not to use it. It hypothesizes that formally recognizing a ‘right to digital non-use’ as a separate human right faces significant challenges in highly digitalized societies, while the existing European human rights framework is sufficiently robust to protect this right. The analysis supports both hypotheses
From Lenin to Putin. From the Circle of Russian Legal Tradition
No full textThe author shows the history of Russia over several centuries. He points out that for several centuries Russia was ruled by a dictatorship (in Russian it was called the tsar’s self-rule). A feature of Russia’s political culture has long been the dictatorship of the ruler. The tsars of the Russian Empire even effectively subjugated the Orthodox Church. The events of the 20th century are therefore not unique in the Russian history.
Lenin invented the institution of professional revolutionaries. This is how the Soviet Communist Party was structured: like a professional army led by chiefs. From the first weeks of his seizure of power, Lenin ordered the political police to be put into operation. Its head and creator was Feliks Dzerzhinsky, a Bolshevik of the Polish origin. Stalinism was a continuation of Leninism. Under Stalin, the political police played the mostimportant role in the state.
The author shows the path that Vladimir Putin, a high political police officer, took to power. It shows how Putin was able to transform the power of the President of the Russian Federation into absolute power and how he is aiming to reactivate the Soviet empire.Autor przedstawia historię Rosji na przestrzeni kilku stuleci. Wskazuje, że przez kilka stuleci w Rosji panowała dyktatura (po rosyjsku nazywana samowładztwem cara). Cechą kultury politycznej Rosji od dawna była dyktatura władcy. Carowie Imperium Rosyjskiego skutecznie podporządkowali sobie nawet Kościół prawosławny. Wydarzenia XX wieku nie są więc niczym wyjątkowym w historii Rosji.
Lenin wymyślił instytucję zawodowych rewolucjonistów. Tak właśnie zorganizowana była Komunistyczna Partia Związku Radzieckiego: jak zawodowa armia dowodzona przez wodzów. W pierwszych tygodniach od przejęcia władzy Lenin uruchomił policję polityczną. Jej szefem i twórcą był Feliks Dzierżyński, bolszewik polskiego pochodzenia. Stalinizm był kontynuacją leninizmu. Pod rządami Stalina policja polityczna odgrywała najważniejszą rolę w państwie.
Autor pokazuje drogę, jaką Władimir Putin, wysoki oficer policji politycznej, obrał do władzy. Pokazuje, jak Putin był w stanie przekształcić władzę prezydenta Federacji Rosyjskiej w władzę absolutną i jak dąży do reaktywacji imperium sowieckiego
A Little‑known Lublin Episode in the Biography of Professor Stanisław Zachorowski – The Cracow Legal Historian
No full textArchiwum Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego wśród bogatych zasobów skrywa teczkę zaopatrzoną w odręcznie napisany tytuł: „Profesorowie zaproszeni, lecz nie wykładali”. Ów zbiór otwierają akta profesora Stanisława Zachorowskiego. Uczony przez całe swoje zawodowe życie związany był głównie z Krakowem i tamtejszym uniwersytetem. Tak też był postrzegany przez jemu współczesnych. Związki Zachorowskiego z podwawelskim grodem i wszechnicą jagiellońską przesłaniają jego relacje z powołanym w 1918 roku Uniwersytetem Lubelskim. Celem artykułu jest przywołanie tego powszechnie mało znanego epizodu z życia krakowskiego profesora, zwłaszcza okoliczności zatrudnienia, próby faktycznego podjęcia zadań uniwersyteckich oraz nagłego i nieoczekiwanego zakończenia przez niego pracy w lubelskiej wszechnicy. Tak przedstawione niemal nieznane zagadnienie pozwoli nie tylko lepiej wyświetlić niektóre fragmenty ciekawej biografii Stanisława Zachorowskiego, lecz także ukazać mechanizmy tworzenia nowych struktur akademickich w odrodzonej po I wojnie światowej Rzeczypospolitej. Jeśli nawet przyjmiemy, że ze względu na wczesną śmierć uczonego współpraca ta miała wymiar przede wszystkim formalny czy wręcz symboliczny, to warto podkreślić, że miała także istotne – tak za życia, jak i po śmierci Zachorowskiego – konsekwencje dla lubelskiejAlma Mater.
Tekst składa się z dwóch części. Pierwsza przedstawia proces naukowego rozwoju profesora i poszczególne szczeble jego awansu zawodowego. Interesujące jest to, że początki pracy badawczej Zachorowski wiązał z Wydziałem Filozofii krakowskiej wszechnicy, zaś umiejętnie pokierowany przez wybitnego uczonego, profesora Bolesława Ulanowskiego, zwrócił swoje zainteresowania w kierunku historii prawa kościelnego, a następnie historii prawa polskiego. Druga część artykułu odnosi się do tytułowego, mało znanego lubelskiego epizodu w życiorysie uczonego. Poznajemy w niej profesora niewahającego się podjąć niełatwego zadania godzenia obowiązków zawodowych pomiędzy Krakowem a Lublinem, uczonego przystępującego do zadań z ambitnym planem dydaktycznym i naukowym, a wreszcie człowieka złożonego chorobą, będącego jednak ciągle w gotowości do realizacji zobowiązań.
Artykuł powstał na podstawie materiałów archiwalnych i niezbędnej literatury przedmiotu. W celu jego opracowania teczki pozyskano głównie z archiwów uniwersyteckich Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego [dalej: AKUL] i Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego [dalej: AUJ]. Archiwalia krakowskie pozwalają całościowo ukazać działalność zawodową Zachorowskiego w jagiellońskiej wszechnicy (AUJ, WF II 504, teczka doktorska Stanisława Zachorowskiego; AUJ, S II 619, Zachorowski Stanisław. Docent prywatny; AUJ, WP II 138, Teczka habilitacyjna Stanisława Zachorowskiego). Kluczowe dla opracowania zagadnienia okazały się materiały lubelskie (AKUL, sygn. 86, Profesorowie zaproszeni, lecz niewykładali, Stanisław Zachorowski), które dotychczas były jedynie marginalnie eksplorowane. Znajdziemy w nich między innymi korespondencję pomiędzy rektorem lubelskiej uczelni a krakowskim profesorem, jego plany co do prowadzenia zajęć, zakres proponowanych wykładów oraz sprawy organizacyjne związane z przyjazdami do Lublina. Mamy także pełny zapis korespondencji listowej i telegramowej, na podstawie której możemy odtworzyć poszczególne etapy choroby profesora Zachorowskiego i związanych z tym konsekwencji dla organizowanej uczelni i dla rodziny profesora – żony i dzieci.
W celu możliwie kompleksowego opracowania wykorzystano także zasoby archiwalne: AKUL, sygn. 2, Rep. 124, Zespół Przedwojenny. Erekcja Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego i ogólna organizacja od 1918; AKUL, sygn. 24 I, Zespół Przedwojenny (1918–1939), Protokoły plenarnych posiedzeń [Wykładających] i Senatu [Akademickiego] UL. 1918–1926 [niepełne], b.p.; AKUL, Dąbkowski Przemysław, A-br.; Archiwum Polskiej Akademii Nauk [dalej: APAN], sygn. III-98, Materiały Rafała Taubenschlaga, Pamiętniki z lat 1881–1947, mps. Materiał archiwalny dotyczący Zachorowskiego po raz pierwszy został zebrany i wykorzystany w sposób kompleksowy. Tekst przygotowano z wykorzystaniem metody historycznoprawnej.Among the rich archives of the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, there is a handlabelled folder titled “Profesorowie zaproszeni, lecz nie wykładali” [The Invited but Never Lecturing Professors]. The folder contains the records of Prof. Stanisław Zachorowski. The scholar was predominantly associated with Cracow and its university throughout his academic career. Zachorowski’s strong affiliation with Cracow and its academia apparently overshadows his connection with the University of Lublin, established in 1918. The aim of this article is to shed light on a little-known episode in the life of Professor Stanisław Zachorowski, a scholar from Cracow. It focuses on the circumstances of his employment, on his attempts to assume academic responsibilities, and on the sudden and unexpected termination of his work at the Catholic University of Lublin. This examination of an otherwise obscure topic not only provides insight into certain aspects of Zachorowski’s fascinating biography but also shows the processes involved in establishing new academic structures in the newly reborn Republic of Poland after World War I. The article casts some light on this lesser-known episode in the life of the Cracow-based professor. Although his premature death may render this connection seemingly formal or symbolic, it undeniably bore profound implications for the Lublin institution of higher education, both during Zachorowski’s lifetime and in the period that followed.
The text is structured into two segments. The first one looks at the professor’s academic development and advancement up the university ladder. Interestingly, Zachorowski’s early scholarly pursuit was philosophy at the Jagiellonian University. Only later, under the mentorship of the distinguished scholar, Prof. Bolesław Ulanowski, he refocused towards the history of the ecclesiastical law, eventually expanding his research by the history of the Polish law. The second segment explores the less-known Lublin stage of Zachorowski’s career. At some point, he decided to assume his academic responsibilities in Cracow and Lublin at the same time. Despite confronting severe health challenges, the professor remained steadfast in his dedication to the academic service, undertaking ambitious pedagogical and research initiatives.
This article is grounded in an analysis of archival materials and relevant scholarly literature. The files were sourced from the university archives of the Catholic University of Lublin [AKUL] and the Jagiellonian University [AUJ]. The Cracow archival material offers a holistic perspective on Zachorowski’s professional endeavors at the Jagiellonian University (AUJ, WF II 504, teczka doktorska Stanisława Zachorowskiego; AUJ, S II 619, Zachorowski Stanisław. Docent prywatny; AUJ, WP II 138, Teczka habilitacyjna Stanisława Zachorowskiego). The materials found inLublin proved particularly valuable for the study (AKUL, sygn. 86, Profesorowie zaproszeni lecz niewykładali, Stanisław Zachorowski). The sources had been hardly studied before. The materials contain correspondence between the rector of the Lublin school and the Cracowprofessor, plans for classes to be taught, the proposed scope of lectures, and arrangements regarding Zachorowski’s trips to Lublin. Additionally, the records reveal the full account of letter and wire exchange which chronicles the progression of professor’s illness and its profound impact, not only on the new Lublin university but also on his family: the wife and children.
The following archival collections were also explored for the sake of a thorough analysis: AKUL, sygn. 2, Rep. 124, Zespół Przedwojenny. Erekcja Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego i ogólna organizacja od 1918; tamże, sygn. 24 I, Zespół Przedwojenny (1918–1939), Protokoły plenarnych posiedzeń [Wykładających] i Senatu [Akademickiego] UL.1918–1926 [niepełne], b.p.; tamże, Dąbkowski Przemysław, A-br.; Archives of the Polish Academy of Sciences [APAN], sygn. III-98, Materiały Rafała Taubenschlaga, Pamiętniki z lat 1881–1947, mps. Notably, it was the first comprehensive compilation and use of archival materials related to Professor Zachorowski. The study employs a historicallegal methodological approach