Czasopisma naukowe Wydziału Prawa University of Bialystok
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Remarks on the Impact of Consolidated Legal Regulations Concerning Markets in Crypto-Assets in the European Union on Administrative Enforcement Proceedings in Poland
No full textCurrently, almost one in five adult Poles invests in cryptocurrencies. Given the already relatively large and still growing number of investors in this group, it can be expected that some of them will also be liable under the provisions on administrative enforcement proceedings. In such cases, the entity conducting the proceedings will seek to apply an enforcement measure to compel the obliged person to fulfil the administrative legal obligation this person has failed to perform. The purpose of administrative enforcement proceedings is to enforce an obligation that has not been voluntarily fulfilled. The article contains an analysis of selected issues relating to the administrative enforcement targeted at virtual currencies and the impact of harmonised legal regulation of crypto-asset markets in the European Union on administrative enforcement proceedings in Poland. This analysis has been conducted to answer the research question concerning the impact on administrative enforcement proceedings in Poland of changes to selected provisions regulating them, resulting from the adaptation of Polish regulations to the legal regulation of crypto-asset markets in the European Union. The study uses a dogmatic-legal method based on an analysis of legal provisions, taking into account the literature on the subject. The article demonstrates that the analysed provisions, which are to be added to the regulation on administrative enforcement proceedings, will contribute to expanding the list of exemptions from administrative enforcement
Mediacja w sprawach cywilnych z udziałem pacjentów
No full textThe development of legal awareness among patients results in an increase in the number of cases heard by courts. However, mediation in civil cases involving patients is becoming an increasingly popular alternative to traditional court proceedings. This article discusses the specificity of mediation in civil disputes related to healthcare, considering the relationship between the patient, medical staff and healthcare institutions. The authors analyse the benefits and potential risks associated with mediation and also point out the challenges associated with it. Legal regulations and the practical aspects of implementing mediation in so-called medical disputes in Poland, as well as the issue of the costs of these proceedings, are discussed. The authors point out that mediation can be an effective tool in resolving medical disputes, minimizing the duration and costs of disputes, as well as improving relations between the parties
Udzielanie świadczeń zdrowotnych bez uprawnień – kto (nie)może diagnozować i leczyć pacjentów w Polsce
No full textThis article discusses the issue of providing health services without entitlement. Prohibited acts related to this are typified in the Law on the Profession of a Medical Doctor and Dentist. The seemingly clear typification of a misdemeanour and an offence, contained respectively in Article 58(1) and (2) of this law, proves in judicial practice to be quite problematic. Accordingly, the article attempts to examine the acts in question in terms of their sufficient clarity and the possibility of correctly interpreting the elements that constitute them. The results of this attempt indicate that in the Polish legal system, the possibility of determining precisely which health services are reserved exclusively for performance by doctors is particularly complicated. In addition, most allied health professions and related activities are not legally regulated. Such a situation requires legislative action so that Article 58(1) and (2) of the abovementioned law can be applied in practice and meet the requirements of the principle of nullum crimen sine lege certa
Eksperyment medyczny w świetle art. 39 Konstytucji RP
No full textThis article focuses on the subject matter of Article 39 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. This provision states that no one shall be subjected to scientific experimentation, including medical experimentation, without his or her voluntary consent. There are conflicting views expressed in the literature regarding the meaning of a medical experiment. It is necessary to decide whether the Constitution applies to both therapeutic and research experiments or research experiments only. The meaning of the term ‘medical experiment’ is examined against a wide background, and methods of linguistic, teleological and systemic interpretation are used. To the extent necessary, relevant international law is cited. As a result of the analysis, the conclusion is drawn that Article 39 of the Constitution does not apply to therapeutic experiments. The provision is interpreted inconsistently and creates problems in application. The conclusion is that it is necessary to consider amending the Constitution where medical experiments are concerned
Umowy o dostarczanie treści cyfrowej lub usługi cyfrowej – uwagi dotyczące charakteru prawnego
No full textChapter 5b of the Consumer Rights Act covers the regulation of contracts for the supply of
digital content or a digital service, which is the result of the implementation into the Polish legal order
of Directive (EU) 2019/770 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2019 on Certain
Aspects of Contracts for the Supply of Digital Content and Digital Services. This regulation brings up a
number of legal issues, some of which are considered in this study. First and foremost is the question of
whether a separate type of contract (in addition to, for example, a sale, exchange or donation contract)
has been identifi ed in this way. In view of the conclusion that we are only dealing with a certain class of
contracts in this case, the question of what criteria determine inclusion in this category will be analysed,
as well as the question of how to distinguish a contract for the supply of digital content from a contract
for the supply of digital services. The study also includes a consideration of what type of named or unnamed
contracts fall into this category
The Limited Use and Non-Use of Digital Tools and Technologies in the Activities of Political Parties in Poland
No full textThis article examines selected causes and manifestations of a limited use or outright non-use of digital technologies and tools by political parties in Poland. The analysis focuses on key areas of party activity within the digital ecosystem, particularly internal dimensions such as membership, party financing, internal e-voting, and decision-making processes. The research design combines a review of the existing literature, critical analysis of primary sources (including party websites and statutes), and original data derived from an expert survey
The Right to Privacy and the Obligation to Transfer and Authenticate Personal Data through the Internet: Conflicting Issues
No full textContemporary legal and commercial solutions practised by various types of businesses are associated with a definition of precisely specified obligations imposed on the actors of the indicated activities (natural persons, legal persons and other legal entities). This also includes an obligation to perform specific actions only (or in parallel) electronically, including the implementation and application of top-down (authoritative) authentication processes, defined by legislation and by commercial entities. In practice, there is a lot of controversy concerning both the necessity of such solutions and the definition of the nature and scope of protection of the rights of individuals who are obliged to transfer certain information in this way. This is not only about minimizing the possible liability of the specific actor who obtains this type of data (the administrative body, institution or entity, e.g. an entrepreneur) for its loss and/or improper use, but in general about justifying the necessity of this type of obligation. Analysis of these issues will be presented as part of a substantive study considered in the light of limits for protecting the right to privacy
“Sanctions Will Be Founded Upon Moral Moments” – A Few Remarks on the Aretology of the April Constitution (1935)
No full textThis article offers an analytical examination of the April Constitution of 1935 through the lens of its aretological (virtue-oriented) dimension. It aims to substantiate the thesis that constitutionalism is inherently linked to the phenomenon of civic and political virtue. From this perspective, a constitution is not solely a normative framework regulating state operations but also a distinct moral and political project.
The analysis employs the categories of liberal and illiberal constitutionalism, positing that each model promotes a different configuration of virtues ascribed to the citizen and the state. The individualist project competes with the solidarist model and operates with a different dynamic of citizen-state relations, their rights and mutual obligations; the former model seeks to minimise the arbitrary space of government action and frame it in a strictly normative framework; the latter often expands it, attributing it to individuals whose power is personalistic and charismatic in nature.
The article explores the ideological genesis of the April Constitution, particularly through the political and parliamentary speeches of its principal architect, Stanisław Car. It then turns to the normative and linguistic content of the constitutional text, with specific attention to its invocation of the “moral moments”.
Furthermore, the study analyses doctrinal responses (notably by Wacław Komarnicki and Maciej Starzewski) to assess how the legal scholarship of the era interpreted the axiological and technical structure of the Constitution. The research thus integrates theoretical approaches from constitutional law with a legal-historical perspective.Zaproponowany artykuł podejmuje próbę analizy konstytucji kwietniowej (1935) z punktu widzenia jej wymiaru aretologicznego. Weryfikuje tym samym tezę, że konstytucjonalizm nie może odciąć się od fenomenu obywatelskich i politycznych cnót: w ujęciu takim każdorazowo konstytucja pozostaje nie tylko zestawem reguł funkcjonowania państwa, ale określonym projektem polityczno-moralnym.
Sięgamy w naszej próbie analizy do kategorii konstytucjonalizmu liberalnego i nieliberalnego, zakładając, że w każdym z nim funkcjonuje nieco inny zestaw cnót pożądanych przez ustrojodawcę i formułowanych na gruncie konstytucji. Projekt indywidualistyczny konkuruje z modelem solidarystycznym i operuje inną dynamiką relacji obywatele – państwo, ich praw i wzajemnych zobowiązań. Pierwszy z modeli dąży do minimalizacji arbitralnej przestrzeni działania władz i ujęcia jej w ściśle normatywne ramy, drugi częstokroć ją poszerza, przypisując ją jednostkom, których władza miewa osobisty i charyzmatyczny charakter.
Przyglądamy się genezie konstytucji – zapowiedziom formułowanym w szczególności przez Stanisława Cara, m.in. w wystąpieniach na forum parlamentarnym i partyjnym. Następnie badamy warstwę językowo-normatywną konstytucji kwietniowej, skupiając się w szczególności na odniesieniach do „momentu moralnego”. Spodziewamy się zidentyfikować rozwiązania, które cechują model illiberalny, i podejmujemy próbę określenia, jak rzutuje on na aksjologię konstytucji.
Ponadto przywołujemy niektóre opinie reprezentantów ówczesnej doktryny (Wacław Komarnicki, Maciej Starzewski), by ustalić, jak postrzegała ona technikę i ostateczne rozstrzygnięcia ustrojodawcy w interesującym nas obszarze. Nasza próba łączy zatem propozycję sformułowaną przez teorię konstytucjonalizmu z perspektywą historycznoprawną
Respect for Common Historical and Cultural Heritage as a Condition for Stimulating Cooperation Between Poland and Lithuania in the Processes of Regional and Euro‑Atlantic Integration
No full textWojna na Ukrainie i zagrożenia ze strony Rosji zmusiły do redefiniowania polityki przez państwa Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej, stając się przyczyną zacieśnienia wzajemnych relacji. W stosunkach polsko‑litewskich zbliżenie, wydawałoby się, powinno być łatwiejsze dzięki wspólnemu dziedzictwu historycznemu i kulturowemu. Jednakże całkowicie odmienny stosunek do wspólnej przeszłości oraz narosłe antagonizmy utrudniają realne zbliżenie. Trudności związane z przezwyciężaniem wzajemnych uprzedzeń rzutują na stosunek władz litewskich do mniejszości polskiej. Konsekwencją tego jest ograniczanie przysługujących jej praw oraz utrudnianie pielęgnowania swojej odrębności.
Zasadniczym celem opracowania jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie o stosunek Polaków i Litwinów do wspólnej historii, na bazie którego można by rozwijać dalszą współpracę w warunkach funkcjonowania w dwóch samodzielnych organizmach państwowych zaangażowanych w procesy integracji regionalnej i euroatlantyckiej. Przygotowaniu opracowania posłużyły metody historyczna, dogmatycznoprawna oraz empiryczna. Poczynione ustalenia doprowadziły do wniosku, że wspólne dziedzictwo historyczne i kulturowe stanowi szansę na odbudowę i zacieśnienie relacji przy zachowaniu szacunku dla odrębności i samodzielności każdego z państw.
The war in Ukraine and threats from Russia have forced a redefinition of policy by the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, becoming a reason for closer relations. In PolishLithuanian relations, rapprochement should seemingly be easier due to a common historical and cultural heritage. However, completely different attitudes to the shared past and the antagonisms that have built up make real rapprochement difficult. Difficulties overcoming mutual prejudices affect the attitude of Lithuanian authorities towards the Polish minority. The consequence of this is the limitation of her rights and making it difficult to cultivate one’s individuality.
The main objective of the study is an attempt to answer the question about the attitude to common history by Poles and Lithuanians, on the basis of which further cooperation could be developed under the conditions of functioning in two independent state organisms involved in the processes of regional and Euro‑ Atlantic integration. Historical, dogmatic‑legal and empirical methods were used to prepare the study. The findings led to the conclusion that a common historical and cultural heritage represents an opportunity to rebuild and strengthen relations while maintaining respect for the distinctiveness and independence of each country
The Role of Non-Governmental and Intergovernmental Organizations in Strengthening Protection of Fundamental Rights of Migrants in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice
No full textThe aim of the paper is to verify the thesis that throughout the 25 years of forming of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice and migration and asylum policy, participation of non-governmental and international organizations has had its part in real strengthening of protection of fundamental rights. The methodology adopted assumes an analysis of legal norms in terms of their cohesion and completeness and an assessment of their efficiency at the level of their use by their addressees. The methodology also uses a functional analysis of the structure and activities taken up by the organizations analysed. The article analysis the activity of non-governmental and international organizations in the area of migration and asylum: analytical, advocacy and advisory activity and tangible work for the exercise of migrants’ fundamental rights. NGO actions complement projects taken up by Union and domestic institutions in their implementation of a migration policy. Thanks to the NGO activity, they concretize guarantees included in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. The analysis points out that the presence of these entities has a real impact on strengthening guarantees of fundamental rights of migrants in the AFSJ. In the last 25 years, the activity and presence and also visibility of NGO action in the area of migration and implementation of Union policies has grown and has been strengthened too