Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza
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Between Genitive and Accusative Uses. On the Impact of Negation on Nominal Phrases Introduced by jako in Contemporary Polish
Full text linkThe paper discusses research results based on data excerpted from the National Corpus of Polish. The analysis concerns the impact of negation on the grammar case used in nominal phrases introduced by jako. The purpose of our study was to establish the proportion of genitive and accusative uses in these contexts. We have also analysed the possible impact of the grammatical status of jako on the grammar case. We established that, in contemporary Polish, most nominal phrases introduced by jako contain genitive forms. Accusative forms, although rarer, may not be considered marginal, as they tend to appear in up to 34% of the contexts. We have also shown that there is a correlation between the grammatical status of jako and the way negation impacts these phrases. In structures where jako is considered part of the verb (e.g. Sportowiec nie traktuje trzeciego miejsca jako porażkę), accusative structures tend to appear more often than in those containing jako interpreted as independent lexical units (e.g. Nie znaliśmy tej dziewczyny jako studentki).The paper discusses research results based on data excerpted from the National Corpus of Polish. The analysis concerns the impact of negation on the grammar case used in nominal phrases introduced by jako. The purpose of our study was to establish the proportion of genitive and accusative uses in these contexts. We have also analysed the possible impact of the grammatical status of jako on the grammar case. We established that, in contemporary Polish, most nominal phrases introduced by jako contain genitive forms. Accusative forms, although rarer, may not be considered marginal, as they tend to appear in up to 34% of the contexts. We have also shown that there is a correlation between the grammatical status of jako and the way negation impacts these phrases. In structures where jako is considered part of the verb (e.g. Sportowiec nie traktuje trzeciego miejsca jako porażkę), accusative structures tend to appear more often than in those containing jako interpreted as independent lexical units (e.g. Nie znaliśmy tej dziewczyny jako studentki)
Nazwy własne w literaturze dziecięcej Rogera Hargreavesa w tłumaczeniu Marcina Wróbla
Full text linkThe subject of the analysis presented in the article were personal names and toponyms derived from 42 stories by Roger Hargreaves addressed to children aged 4–6. The description of proper names in the British writer’s works is based on theassumption that the translator fully understood and faithfully reflected the author’s intentions, taking into account the functionality of the cycle of stories and the age of the recipient, and that his goal was to faithfully translate the senses contained in the semantics/sound of the created onyms. The study aimed to capture the mechanisms of creating proper names and the ways of introducing onyms into the text. The article also describes an onymic strategy consisting of a syntactic and semantic juxtaposition of anthroponyms with toponyms which serves to complete the characterisation of the heroes and the construction of the literary world. The names extracted from Hargreaves’s works were considered in terms of their textual and semiotic structures, in both the motivational and pragmatic dimensions. A semanticpragmatic analysis of the names showed that the onyms invented by the author/translator were created as series. Within the creative models used by him, the following stand out due to their frequency: names derived using suffixes, names created with the use of an appellative used specifically for naming people – pan [mister], formations composed with the lexeme mały [small] and items created by means of onymisation.The subject of the analysis presented in the article were personal names and toponyms derived from 42 stories by Roger Hargreaves addressed to children aged 4–6. The description of proper names in the British writer’s works is based on theassumption that the translator fully understood and faithfully reflected the author’s intentions, taking into account the functionality of the cycle of stories and the age of the recipient, and that his goal was to faithfully translate the senses contained in the semantics/sound of the created onyms. The study aimed to capture the mechanisms of creating proper names and the ways of introducing onyms into the text. The article also describes an onymic strategy consisting of a syntactic and semantic juxtaposition of anthroponyms with toponyms which serves to complete the characterisation of the heroes and the construction of the literary world. The names extracted from Hargreaves’s works were considered in terms of their textual and semiotic structures, in both the motivational and pragmatic dimensions. A semanticpragmatic analysis of the names showed that the onyms invented by the author/translator were created as series. Within the creative models used by him, the following stand out due to their frequency: names derived using suffixes, names created with the use of an appellative used specifically for naming people – pan [mister], formations composed with the lexeme mały [small] and items created by means of onymisation
Słownictwo tematyczne w rejestrach percepty i ekspensy cechu piwowarskiego w Krakowie
Full text linkThe article has been devoted to the vocabulary found in the expenses and revenue register of the brewers’ guild in Cracow from the 1760s and 1770s. The analysis serves to expand the knowledge about the language of official documents, the specific language of guild documents and thematically-specialized vocabulary, mainly administrative, legal and economic one. The reference point for the observations is the analysis of the lexis used in the community’s guild protocols. Both types of documents contain vocabulary related to the subject of professional work, conducting financial business and to administrative and judicial matters. The content of the lexis is somewhat similar, but each thematic category in both types of sources contains a slightly different lexical composition, the saturation of genres differs as well. The study of one type of guild documents, even those considered to be the most representative and typical, does not allow for characterising the entire specificity of communication and the lexical richness of the communicative medium – i.e. the official language of a particular community.The article has been devoted to the vocabulary found in the expenses and revenue register of the brewers’ guild in Cracow from the 1760s and 1770s. The analysis serves to expand the knowledge about the language of official documents, the specific language of guild documents and thematically-specialized vocabulary, mainly administrative, legal and economic one. The reference point for the observations is the analysis of the lexis used in the community’s guild protocols. Both types of documents contain vocabulary related to the subject of professional work, conducting financial business and to administrative and judicial matters. The content of the lexis is somewhat similar, but each thematic category in both types of sources contains a slightly different lexical composition, the saturation of genres differs as well. The study of one type of guild documents, even those considered to be the most representative and typical, does not allow for characterising the entire specificity of communication and the lexical richness of the communicative medium – i.e. the official language of a particular community
O przydatności danych gwarowych w badaniach historycznojęzykowych z zakresu leksyki (na przykładzie gwar Pogórza)
Full text linkThe article discusses the usefulness of dialect data in historical-linguistic lexical research. The dataset comprises of selected dialectisms (including knysić / knysać, kurdawy, (s)kurdawieć, kurdoc, kurdupel, despet and derivative formations) from the dialects of the Biecz area in the Subcarpathian region, i.e., dialects from the south of Lesser Poland. The dialect data is often used in etymology in order to reconstruct the formal and semantic changes that various words have undergone. It can also help set up a proper etymological hypothesis and interpret words that appear to be isolated in Polish, cf. kurdupel. The analysis of dialect data can also be useful in studying the history of words of foreign origin, their persistence in the Polish language, semantic changes and word-forming potency, cf. for example, despet and derivative formations. It is important that dialect data cited in linguistic historical research be as complete as possible, truly reflecting the state of dialect lexis, the semantics of the cited dialectisms, chronology, their formal differentiation and territorial extents. This is because selective, poor information can, at times, distort the true picture of the origin and development of the forms under discussion (cf. the example of knysać // knysić).The article discusses the usefulness of dialect data in historical-linguistic lexical research. The dataset comprises of selected dialectisms (including knysić / knysać, kurdawy, (s)kurdawieć, kurdoc, kurdupel, despet and derivative formations) from the dialects of the Biecz area in the Subcarpathian region, i.e., dialects from the south of Lesser Poland. The dialect data is often used in etymology in order to reconstruct the formal and semantic changes that various words have undergone. It can also help set up a proper etymological hypothesis and interpret words that appear to be isolated in Polish, cf. kurdupel. The analysis of dialect data can also be useful in studying the history of words of foreign origin, their persistence in the Polish language, semantic changes and word-forming potency, cf. for example, despet and derivative formations. It is important that dialect data cited in linguistic historical research be as complete as possible, truly reflecting the state of dialect lexis, the semantics of the cited dialectisms, chronology, their formal differentiation and territorial extents. This is because selective, poor information can, at times, distort the true picture of the origin and development of the forms under discussion (cf. the example of knysać // knysić)
On the Stylistics and Translation Techniques of Mikołaj Rej’s Metrical Psalms
Full text linkThis analysis focuses on three of Rej’s earliest metrical translations of the psalms, composed before 1543: Psalm 85, Psalm 113 and Psalm 116, which were originally published as loose prints. The study aims to identify the characteristic features of Rej’s translation approach, with particular attention to those passages in the metrical psalms where the translator introduces semantic changes compared to the original text of the Vulgate. The article highlights the primary directions of these modifications, especially in relation to Rej’s subsequent work on the prose paraphrase of Psałterz (the Psalter). Comparative lexical analysis reveals that Rej frequently makes semantic alterations to update the content of the psalms. He also introduces amplifications to render the texts more concrete and to evoke a stronger emotional response from the readers. These techniques are similarly evident in his later prose paraphrase, Psałterz Dawidowy (the Psalter of David) (1543). The analysis thus illustrates the development and evolution of Rej’s editorial techniques as a translator.This analysis focuses on three of Rej’s earliest metrical translations of the psalms, composed before 1543: Psalm 85, Psalm 113 and Psalm 116, which were originally published as loose prints. The study aims to identify the characteristic features of Rej’s translation approach, with particular attention to those passages in the metrical psalms where the translator introduces semantic changes compared to the original text of the Vulgate. The article highlights the primary directions of these modifications, especially in relation to Rej’s subsequent work on the prose paraphrase of Psałterz (the Psalter). Comparative lexical analysis reveals that Rej frequently makes semantic alterations to update the content of the psalms. He also introduces amplifications to render the texts more concrete and to evoke a stronger emotional response from the readers. These techniques are similarly evident in his later prose paraphrase, Psałterz Dawidowy (the Psalter of David) (1543). The analysis thus illustrates the development and evolution of Rej’s editorial techniques as a translator
Neologizmy słowotwórcze w słowniku Obserwatorium Językowego Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego (na materiale haseł opracowanych do lutego 2022 roku). Część 3: Derywaty adiektywne i werbalne
Full text linkThis article constitutes the third part of a cycle devoted to 1 117 Polish derivational neologisms in Obserwatorium Językowe Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego (Language Observatory of the University of Warsaw). Its aim is to present and analyse 92 adjectival and 119 verbal derivatives in the Polish language divided into groups of derivational neologisms created by the use of the same formative technique and affix. The study concludes that the largest class among the described new adjectival derivatives in contemporary Polish language consists of suffixal structures and that the largest class of new verbal derivatives includes structures with inflectional formative. As for the morphemes used to create them, the suffixes -owy and -owa-/-uj- turned out to be the most productive.This article constitutes the third part of a cycle devoted to 1 117 Polish derivational neologisms in Obserwatorium Językowe Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego (Language Observatory of the University of Warsaw). Its aim is to present and analyse 92 adjectival and 119 verbal derivatives in the Polish language divided into groups of derivational neologisms created by the use of the same formative technique and affix. The study concludes that the largest class among the described new adjectival derivatives in contemporary Polish language consists of suffixal structures and that the largest class of new verbal derivatives includes structures with inflectional formative. As for the morphemes used to create them, the suffixes -owy and -owa-/-uj- turned out to be the most productive
Łowiec, łowca, łowiectwo… w polszczyźnie dawnej i współczesnej (na materiale leksykograficznym)
Full text linkThe article presents an attempt at determining how the Polish language was affected by hunting, which has been part of the Polish economy and culture for centuries. Linguistic material extracted from lexicographic and online sources was described and characterised for this purpose, which allowed for enriching the content related to contemporary Polish. The analysis of how the studied vocabulary is registered indicates a diversity in its functionality, while an overview of its use by the members of the hunting community proves that some of the words are being extracted from language archives and used as part of the names of huntingclubs or hunting magazines. Present among the hunting-related onyms are chrematonyms, anthroponyms and toponyms that show hunting’s historical links to people and places. Hunting-related proverbs conceptualise the diverse image of hunters; the diverse linguistic elements collected for and described in the study reflect the realities of hunting. The lexis, proverbs, place names and surnames morphologically related to hunting wild animals constitute a testament to the significant role that this area of life played and still plays in Polish culture.The article presents an attempt at determining how the Polish language was affected by hunting, which has been part of the Polish economy and culture for centuries. Linguistic material extracted from lexicographic and online sources was described and characterised for this purpose, which allowed for enriching the content related to contemporary Polish. The analysis of how the studied vocabulary is registered indicates a diversity in its functionality, while an overview of its use by the members of the hunting community proves that some of the words are being extracted from language archives and used as part of the names of huntingclubs or hunting magazines. Present among the hunting-related onyms are chrematonyms, anthroponyms and toponyms that show hunting’s historical links to people and places. Hunting-related proverbs conceptualise the diverse image of hunters; the diverse linguistic elements collected for and described in the study reflect the realities of hunting. The lexis, proverbs, place names and surnames morphologically related to hunting wild animals constitute a testament to the significant role that this area of life played and still plays in Polish culture
Aleksander Walicki’s Upominek zecerom od korektora as an Example of 19th-Century Orthoepic Guidance
Full text linkThe aim of the article is, first of all, to present a synthetic study of a little-known 19thcentury guide for printers by Aleksander Walicki entitled Upominek zecerom od korektora published in 1886 in Kraków. Secondly, placing the orthographic issues referred to in the book in a broad purist perspective, against the background of the 19th-century norm in the eastern borderland variant. Thirdly, drawing attention to the provenance of the words indicated in the guide for printers, which largely reveal the regional identity of its author. As a language enthusiast, and above all an extreme purist, Walicki downplays the fact that perfect knowledge of the linguistic system and usage is necessary to formulate normative recommendations. Sometimes ignorance of these factors leads him to make to erroneous normative judgements.The aim of the article is, first of all, to present a synthetic study of a little-known 19thcentury guide for printers by Aleksander Walicki entitled Upominek zecerom od korektora published in 1886 in Kraków. Secondly, placing the orthographic issues referred to in the book in a broad purist perspective, against the background of the 19th-century norm in the eastern borderland variant. Thirdly, drawing attention to the provenance of the words indicated in the guide for printers, which largely reveal the regional identity of its author. As a language enthusiast, and above all an extreme purist, Walicki downplays the fact that perfect knowledge of the linguistic system and usage is necessary to formulate normative recommendations. Sometimes ignorance of these factors leads him to make to erroneous normative judgements
Bułgarskie przekłady trenów i fraszek Jana Kochanowskiego
Full text linkThe type of poetry practiced by Jan Kochanowski is entirely foreign to Bulgarian literature, which until the mid-19th century was mainly devoted to religious writing and was not significantly influenced by Western literature. Nevertheless, the works of our Renaissance master are known in Bulgaria as they have been translated into Bulgarian since the 1980s. Jan Kochanowski\u27s texts were translated by two outstanding translators: Ivan Valev and Panayot Karagyozov. The article includes an analysis of the translations by both translators – its aim is to indicate the translation strategies they use, and in the case of epigrams, also to compare the translated texts. The author discusses these translations, focusing mainly on the difficulties resulting from the systemic differences between Polish (inflectional language) and Bulgarian (analytical language, with a mobile dynamic accent). At the same time, an analysis of the creative skills of both Bulgarian translators proves that the differences in their readings of Kochanowski’s works, and thus a slightly different way of translating, result from their different personalities and interests.The type of poetry practiced by Jan Kochanowski is entirely foreign to Bulgarian literature, which until the mid-19th century was mainly devoted to religious writing and was not significantly influenced by Western literature. Nevertheless, the works of our Renaissance master are known in Bulgaria as they have been translated into Bulgarian since the 1980s. Jan Kochanowski\u27s texts were translated by two outstanding translators: Ivan Valev and Panayot Karagyozov. The article includes an analysis of the translations by both translators – its aim is to indicate the translation strategies they use, and in the case of epigrams, also to compare the translated texts. The author discusses these translations, focusing mainly on the difficulties resulting from the systemic differences between Polish (inflectional language) and Bulgarian (analytical language, with a mobile dynamic accent). At the same time, an analysis of the creative skills of both Bulgarian translators proves that the differences in their readings of Kochanowski’s works, and thus a slightly different way of translating, result from their different personalities and interests