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Para além do check-in: Como as estratégias de conteúdo e storytelling transformam a identidade digital de um hotel
Get PDFObjetivos | Considerando o habitual modus operandis da indústria hoteleira, um hotel de cinco estrelas apresenta a obrigatoriedade de oferecer uma elevada qualidade em todos os seus serviços, principalmente nas operações que envolvem interações diretas com os seus hóspedes (Dimitrios et al., 2023). De acordo com os resultados de Juliana et al. (2022), para conseguir prosperar perante a sua concorrência, qualquer empresa deve ser capaz de criar estratégias de marketing eficazes de curto e longo prazo. No setor hoteleiro, torna-se ainda mais fundamental que deixe de existir um foco extremo na promoção direta de serviços online, e que a sua presença digital não seja apenas customer-centric, para que seja possível beneficiar de todas as vantagens proporcionadas pelo marketing digital (Bhandari & Viktor A. Sin, 2023).
Apesar dos meios digitais contribuírem positivamente para uma melhoria do desempenho hoteleiro, um hotel continua vulnerável a variadas ameaças e riscos que podem surgir online. Desta forma, é fulcral que os gestores hoteleiros apresentem um conhecimento aprofundado de marketing digital e sejam orientados para rápidas soluções, de forma a beneficiarem das melhores e mais atuais ferramentas e implementarem as estratégias digitais mais eficazes, principalmente no caso dos hotéis de luxo, que dependem significativamente das vantagens competitivas de que gozam.
Este estudo foca-se na análise do impacto das estratégias de conteúdo e storytelling na construção da identidade digital de um hotel. Num mundo cada vez mais tecnologicamente avançado, e com novidades a surgirem online a um ritmo frenético, espera-se que a presença digital de uma marca hoteleira envolva uma panóplia de procedimentos, métodos e objetivos bem definidos que reflitam a sua imagem e personalidade. Em simultâneo, espera-se que os conteúdos desenvolvidos criem uma relação próxima com todos os clientes, qualquer que seja a plataforma digital, e em todas as fases da jornada do consumidor (Banyeva et al., 2023).
Daí que se pretenda avaliar a importância das estratégias de conteúdo e storytelling no plano estratégico digital de um estabelecimento hoteleiro de cinco estrelas ao longo deste estudo. É importante realçar que, atualmente, um hotel tem que estar presente no mundo digital, e destacar-se nas diferentes plataformas digitais para assegurar o brand awareness e reforçar a identidade da marca. Atualmente existe uma maior facilidade em gerir a sua reputação online, em comunicar diretamente com cada cliente, e em analisar os comportamentos, preferências e tendências do mercado altamente competitivo.
Metodologia | A metodologia adotada é essencialmente de natureza qualitativa, suportada pelo conhecimento aprofundado dos objetivos de marketing digital e pelas estratégias a serem implementadas, através da condução de entrevistas semiestruturadas a um administrador e à diretora de marketing e comunicação, de um hotel de cinco estrelas. Esta abordagem permitiu a obtenção de informações aprofundadas diretamente dos profissionais com o conhecimento especializado e atualizado, enquanto participantes ativos na criação e implementação das estratégias digitais. Realça-se que os entrevistados foram informados dos objetivos da pesquisa e assinaram um consentimento informado a permitirem a utilização dos dados obtidos nesta investigação.
Este estudo qualitativo permitiu compreender todo o processo criativo que origina os conteúdos digitais alinhados com a identidade e com os valores da marca hoteleira, a narrativa de comunicação adotada (em igual sintonia com as próprias instalações e história do hotel), bem como, com o plano estratégico de marketing digital delineado antecipadamente, e desenvolvido para cada fase do desenvolvimento do negócio, com o objetivo de garantir o sucesso do lançamento digital do estabelecimento hoteleiro de luxo.
Principais resultados e contributos | No final do estudo verificou-se que as plataformas digitais do hotel de cinco estrelas em estudo, bem como todos os conteúdos publicados pelo mesmo, refletiam a sua missão e visão através de um estilo de comunicação próprio e identidade visual coesa. Constatou-se que as estratégias de conteúdo e storytelling, desempenharam um papel crítico na diferenciação da marca, estando de acordo com a segmentação, o posicionamento e o público-alvo da unidade hoteleira. Acredita-se que, no longo prazo, esta abordagem permita que a unidade hoteleira se destaque da concorrência direta ao relacionar-se positiva e emocionalmente com cada utilizador online graças a narrativas envolventes e conteúdos personalizados. Não obstante, todas as estratégias digitais estão sujeitas a modificações perante crises, imprevistos de mercado e tendências tecnológicas emergentes.
Limitações | Uma vez que o estudo produzido se foca maioritariamente no impacto das estratégias de marketing digital em hotéis de cinco estrelas, os resultados obtidos poderão não ser diretamente aplicáveis a outras tipologias, que diferem na dimensão, na localização geográfica, no seu mercado alvo, entre outros fatores. Também é fundamental realçar que as informações apresentadas, tal como se comprova no caso das tecnologias atuais, estão sujeitas à temporalidade das estratégias digitais, às preferências do público e da própria gestão hoteleira, e à subjetividade das respostas obtidas. Desta maneira, a mutação inerente à evolução e tendências emergentes do marketing digital, transversal a qualquer área de negócio, faz com que exista uma certa limitação na compreensão do impacto real das estratégias de conteúdo e storytelling.
Conclusões | No contexto do mercado hoteleiro atual, este estudo contribui significativamente para o entendimento das dinâmicas digitais que moldam a identidade dos hotéis de luxo. A investigação desenvolvida demonstra a relevância de uma presença digital sólida diferenciadora, bem como de estratégias de conteúdo atrativas e eficazes. A investigação também sublinha a necessidade de uma adaptação constante do mercado hoteleiro para continuar a enfrentar e a ultrapassar as mudanças repentinas que ocorrem no mundo digital. Deste modo, é destacado que, num mundo cada vez mais tecnológico, o sucesso de um hotel de cinco estrelas não depende apenas da qualidade das suas instalações e serviços, mas também da excelência da sua presença online, da sua capacidade de contar histórias cativantes e envolventes que atraiam potenciais hóspedes, e os mantenham fiéis a uma marca que vai ao encontro das suas necessidades, e capta o seu interesse de forma diferenciadora e inovadora
The Pedra furada Restaurant on the Portuguese Way of Santiago
No full textAims | The aim of this study is to get to know the family background of the Pedra Furada Restaurant, now in its second generation, with more than 50 years of existence, as well as its integration and interaction in the rural environment of the interior of the municipality of Barcelos. It will also be important to learn about the permanent relationship with the Portuguese Way of Saint James, through the assistance given to pilgrims of different nationalities, and its consequent internationalisation, as a result of the appearance of the establishment in several international pilgrimage guides. At the same time, it is important to study the contribution made to the establishment of Barcelos as a gastronomic destination of reference in terms of Galo (rooster), otherwise this establishment would not have been mentioned in the Michelin and Boa Cama Boa Mesa guides.
Methodology | For this study, the main methodology will be a case study. This methodology will make use of informal interviews to get in direct contact with the people who run the restaurant, seeking to reveal the dynamics established both in terms of the connection with the Portuguese Way of St James and the management of the restaurant itself, the dichotomy between innovation and gastronomic tradition, the brand image of this landmark establishment. We also plan to use the data collection techniques of participant observation and documentary analysis.
Main results and contributions | This study aims to provide an academic and scientific understanding of how this establishment has survived and moulded itself to different dynamics over more than half a century. How it has adapted to all social and economic circumstances, without ever leaving the family sphere. On the other hand, how it has become a local, regional, national and international reference point for Portuguese gastronomy and also, we venture to say, the most important private sector reference point on the entire Portuguese Way of St James.
Limitations | The main limitations relate essentially to the time frame for the study, which means that seasonality does not fully reflect the reality of the restaurant\u27s dynamics, both internally and in terms of its position on the Portuguese Way of St James.
Conclusions | The Pedra Furada Restaurant has established itself on the national and international scene as a gastronomic benchmark after more than 50 years. A unique case study, where what began as a typical local "venda" is today, after two generations, a double international reference: gastronomic on the one hand and support for Pilgrims on the other! It is well documented in the most important national and international gastronomic guides, as well as in the most important international pilgrimage guides.
References
Brierley, J. (2021). A Pilgrim’s Guide to the Camino Portugués. Lisbon – Porto – Santiago. (Camino Guides), 12. ISBN: 978-1912216239
Coleman, S., & Eade, J. (Eds.). (2004). Reframing pilgrimage: Cultures in motion. London: Routledge.
Collins-Kreiner, N. (2010). The geography of pilgrimage and tourism: Transformations and implications for applied geography. Applied Geography, 20(1), 153–164. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2009.02.001
Evasões (2020). Roteiro em Barcelos: todos os caminhos vão dar ao galo. Retrieved from:
Frey, N. (1998). Pilgrim Stories. On and off the road to Santiago. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Guia Michelin (2023). Pedra Furada. Retrieved from: https://guide.michelin.com/pt/pt_PT/braga-region/pedra-furada/restaurant/pedra-furada
https://www.evasoes.pt/fim-de-semana/roteiro-em-barcelos-todos-os-caminhos-vao-dar-aogalo/629287/
Kong, L. (2004). Religious landscapes. In J. S. Duncan, N. C. Johnson, & R. H. Schein (Eds.), A companion to cultural geography (pp. 365–381). Malden/Oxford/Carlton: Blackwell.
Pereiro, X. (2019). Tourism and Pilgrimage, Two Sides of the Same Currency: The Portuguese Inland Way of St. James. Cuadernos de Turismo, 43, 613-616. Retrieved from: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=691397
Planeamento e desenvolvimento turístico, Prosilience e o papel central do Terceiro setor em tempos de incerteza
Get PDFObjetivos | Face à emergência de práticas mais sustentáveis de turismo, acentua-se a importância de mecanismos que garantam a participação ativa das comunidades locais nos processos de planeamento e desenvolvimento turístico (Dangi & Petrick, 2021; Erdmenger, 2022b; Seyfi et al., 2022; Vargas-Sánchez, 2022). Neste contexto, o terceiro setor, incluindo ONGs e outras entidades (Martins, 2017), tem vindo a afirmar-se como um setor relevante capaz de influenciar as estratégias turísticas num dado destino. Estas organizações podem desempenhar um papel determinante nas fases de planeamento turístico, defendendo os direitos e interesses das comunidades locais dos destinos turísticos, sobretudo em cenários adversos. Se por um lado, idealmente todas as políticas tomadas ao nível do destino têm o objetivo de fazer crescer o turismo (Torkington et al., 2020), desenvolver o turismo dentro das suas capacidades sociais e ambientais, pode implicar o foco em políticas contemporâneas de crescimento que são inevitavelmente insustentáveis (Sharpley, 2023). Neste sentido o recente conceito de “prosilience” contrariando a muito citada “resilience” (e.g. Michopoulou et al., 2023; Prayag, 2023) surge como uma forma de governance dos destinos com o objetivo de conceder aos atores da governação local, incluindo os responsáveis pelo ordenamento do território, os políticos, a indústria do turismo, os investigadores, meios de comunicação social, organizações sociais e residentes a capacidade de agregar o seu capital social para contribuir e beneficiar simultaneamente do turismo na sua cidade (Erdmenger, 2022a). O objetivo desta investigação passa por procurar verificar a efetividade de estruturas de capital social envolvendo o terceiro setor nos vários planos de desenvolvimento turístico nacionais.
Metodologia | Com o intuito de explorar a intersecção entre os paradigmas do planeamento turístico (Costa, 2014), o novo conceito de “prosilience” e o papel determinante do terceiro setor em períodos de incerteza, esta investigação adota uma abordagem interdisciplinar. Implementar-se-á uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre as variáveis centrais do estudo procurando analisar como a essência do conceito de “prosilience” e o terceiro setor têm vindo a estar presentes nos planos de desenvolvimento turístico nacionais. Paralelamente, realizar-se-á uma análise crítica de estudos de caso selecionados com base em critérios de relevância para o planeamento turístico sustentável e o papel preponderante do terceiro setor.
Principais resultados e contributos | Procura-se assim dar destaque à crescente da sustentabilidade no planeamento turístico e ao imperativo de uma governança onde as comunidades locais e o terceiro setor possam vir a desempenhar um papel efetivo, participando e influenciando as tomadas de decisão de forma a enfrentar os desafios contemporâneos. O terceiro setor emerge como um agente vital no processo de planeamento turístico sustentável, assegurando que o turismo beneficie genuinamente as comunidades locais. Salienta-se o conceito emergente de "Prosilience", que, de forma proactiva, se apresenta como uma estratégia promissora face aos desafios iminentes da sustentabilidade e planeamento turístico (Erdmenger, 2022a).
Limitações | Este estudo, ao centrar-se em documentos oficiais de planeamento e desenvolvimento sustentável do turismo e ao adotar uma abordagem baseada em estudos de caso, pode enfrentar limitações na generalização dos resultados. Investigação futura poderá beneficiar de uma abordagem mais diversificada e inclusiva. Novas investigações poderão procurar analisar plataformas “multistakeholder” (Blühdorn & Deflorian, 2019) na prossecução de estratégias de turismo sustentável incorporando estas novas realidades.
Conclusões | Este trabalho sublinha a vitalidade da sustentabilidade no planeamento turístico, particularmente em cenários de incerteza. O modelo de “governance” dos destinos assente na ideia de “prosilience” em vez de “resilience”, pode dar um maior destaque ao terceiro setor, revelando-se fulcral na promoção de práticas de planeamento turístico mais sustentáveis e na proteção dos interesses das comunidades locais. A introdução de conceitos inovadores oferece novos prismas e estratégias para abordar os desafios do turismo sustentável reiterando a urgência de uma colaboração contínua e inovadora no sector turístico para assegurar um futuro mais sustentável e equitativo no que ao turismo diz respeito.
Referências bibliográficas
Blühdorn, I., & Deflorian, M. (2019). The collaborative management of sustained unsustainability: On the performance of participatory forms of environmental governance. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11041189
Costa, C. (2014). Gestão estratégica do turismo: Evolução Epistemológica dos modelos e paradigmas, e tendências para o futuro. In C. Costa, F. Brandão, R. Costa, & Z. Breda (Eds.), Turismo nos países Lusófonos: conhecimento, estratégia e territórios (1st ed., pp. 19–40). Escolar Editora.
Dangi, T. B., & Petrick, J. F. (2021). Augmenting the Role of Tourism Governance in Addressing Destination Justice, Ethics, and Equity for Sustainable Community-Based Tourism. Tourism and Hospitality, 2(1), 15–42. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp2010002
Erdmenger, E. C. (2022a). Localability for Everyone: A PROsilient and Inclusive Destination Governance Model. In Pechlaner, Zacher, & Störmann (Eds.), Resilienz als Strategie in Region, Destination und Unternehmen (pp. 279–308). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-37296-5_10
Erdmenger, E. C. (2022b). The end of participatory destination governance as we thought to know it thought to know it. Tourism Geographies, 0(0), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2022.2086904
Martins, P. G. (2017). Formas de Participação do Terceiro Setor no Contexto do Turismo - O Caso do Algarve. https://ria.ua.pt/bitstream/10773/22841/1/Tese Paula Guerreiro Martins.pdf
Michopoulou, E., Pappas, N., & Azara, I. (2023). Event Innovation and Resilience During Times of Uncertainty. Event Management, 27, 477–480. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599523x16836740487997
Prayag, G. (2023). Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management Tourism resilience in the ‘ new normal ’ : Beyond jingle and jangle fallacies ? Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 54(October 2022), 513–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.02.006
Seyfi, S., Hall, C. M., Vo-thanh, T., & Zaman, M. (2022). How does digital media engagement influence sustainability-driven political consumerism among Gen Z tourists ? How does digital media engagement influence sustainability-. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 0(0), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2112588
Sharpley, R. (2023). Sustainable tourism governance: local or global? Tourism Recreation Research, 48(5), 809–812. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2022.2040295
Torkington, K., Stanford, D., & Guiver, J. (2020). Discourse(s) of growth and sustainability in national tourism policy documents. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(7), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1720695
Vargas-Sánchez, A. (2022). Industry 4.0, Circular Economy, and Tourism. Journal of Information Technology Applications & Management, 29(5), 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21219/jitam.2022.29.5.001
 
Gender differences in travel risk perceptions within the COVID-19 pandemic context
Get PDFTourism literature recognizes the importance of studying gender differences on the perceptions of risk due to the impacts on travel decisions (Yang et al., 2017). The purpose of the present study is to identify the main differences in safety perceptions to travel domestically and internationally between males and females within the COVID-19 pandemic context. Based in previous studies, the present work was built on the hypothesis that women are more sensitive than men to health risks with concerns travel behavior.
Using snowball sampling, it was possible to collect 1536 answers from respondents in 63 countries and the findings of this research, applied to the COVID-19 context, are in line with previous research: compared to men, women have a higher degree of risk perception when it comes to travel even when considering travel motivations
Inbound tourism and economic and social risks: Amidst the pandemic and regional conflicts
Get PDFWe aim to carry out an analysis of the registered movements which, whether stable, positive, or negative, allow us to conclude about similarities and differences between countries; the space each one has as an inbound tourism country; and the reading of their populations in the face of atypical years. We also intend to conclude on the dependence that each country has on tourist activity and how much this corresponds to an increased vulnerability to events of unusual occurrence and dimension.  
Creative Sketching and the Traveller’s Experience
Get PDF I do not understand what is wanted here.
The act of creative sketching can enhance a traveller\u27s experience in many ways. Drawings are much more than snapshot recordings of a place or thing. The value of sketching lies in the meditative process rather than an aesthetic evaluation of the product. Sketching is a way of creating reverence, and dignifying the subject.
Paul Woodruff explains the idea of reverence as being contextual and situational. Reverence is like a language, he says, in that it is not an isolated activity (Woodruff, 2014). Woodruff writes about music and theatre and justice, as examples of reverence. Drawing could be included in his analysis. For example, drawing the inside of a church, or a couple resting on a bench, is perceived as respectful rather than intrusive and voyeuristic. This is a contextual activity which involves more than the isolated self of the artist.
The traveller\u27s heightened attention on a subject is an active meditation, unlike many tourism experiences which are essentially a passive looking-at-things. The unmediated experience of drawing connects the artist to the place in ways that can strengthen one’s virtues of compassion, awe and insight. Thus, creative drawing can be described as a type of “ethical labour” (Smith & Duffy, 2004).
Frederick Franck describes drawing as a way of "retrieving the lost art of seeing" (Franck 1993). In an almost unconscious proprioception between vision, mind and hand, sketching is an activity that transcends routine perception, and results in what could be described as a religious experience.
Similarly, the \u27peak experiences\u27 described by Abraham Maslow (Maslow, 1970), and the \u27flow\u27 experiences described by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990), both involve an immersive activity that creates a feeling of oneness and connection to all of existence. This is a lot to claim on behalf of a modest tourist activity, but it is a common observation amongst religious thinkers. William James, for example, writes in his Varieties of Religious Experience, that one variety of that experience is the "grateful admiration of the gift of existence" (James, 2012, p. 83). Sketching is the very instantiation of this response to existence
As vivências do trabalho durante a pandemia de Covid-19: a satisfação e percepção dos trabalhadores de turismo da cidade do Rio de Janeiro
Get PDFIn this study, we sought to understand the potential influences of the Covid-19 pandemic on the perception of tourism workers in relation to their working conditions in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The research aimed to analyze the impact of the pandemic on these professionals\u27 perception of their current working conditions and the level of satisfaction associated with these circumstances.Neste estudo, buscou-se entender as potenciais influências da pandemia de Covid-19 na percepção dos trabalhadores do turismo em relação às suas condições de trabalho na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o impacto da pandemia na percepção desses profissionais sobre suas atuais condições de trabalho e o nível de satisfação associado a essas circunstâncias
The stories of the unheard: travel border-crossing and mobility injustice
Get PDFObjectives | Cross-border travel or overseas travel, facilitated with low-cost airline, has become the contemporary reality of the tourism industry. Travellers’ experiences of crossing the airport border, however, vary depending largely on their backgrounds (such as nationality, religion, appearance, and even accents) as well as the geopolitics of the border they are crossing in relation to the passport they are holding (Zare & Ye, 2023). To safeguard sovereignty, dehumanising practices, such as racial stereotyping and risk profiling have become normalised at airports, leaving many negative encounters unnoticed (Stephenson, 2006). The nuanced nature and impacts of these encounters were largely underexamined in the tourism literature, which gave birth to this study.
The assemblage theory will serve as a conceptual lens to understand the different components (human/non-human) that come together and influence social processes (Volo & Wegerer, 2023). Thus, this study aims to explore the various encounters of travellers passing through airport border control upon arriving at the destination airport. Through stories and associated memory journals, we hope to unpack the discourses that underpin the unequal and differentiated traveller experiences at the border.
Methodology | This study used a qualitative interview approach (Small, 1999; Pinnegar & Daynes, 2007) to examine the multi-faceted nature of travellers’ border-crossing at airports. By engaging with multiple voices and memories, this approach enables multiple meanings and understandings of a continuously constructed border-crossing reality to emerge, with aims to address and resist certain expressions of power, especially for those who were marginalized in terms of travel freedom (Torabian & Miller, 2022). Thematic and discourse analysis will be used to analyse data.
Main Results and Contributions | Preliminary findings have shown that international travellers undergo tremendous physical strains standing in long immigration queues and a broad range of negative emotions from fear, anxiety, and intimidation to anger, shock, feeling of intrusion, and shame. Some of these emotions continue during the trip and long after the holidays. Despite questioning the process of treatment at the airport border, many travellers opt to not voicing their concerns.
At times, travellers expressed strong reactions towards the often uncertain identities being questioned at the border. In some extreme cases, travellers were placed into immobility, such as being taken to the inspection rooms or being asked to wait without an estimated indication of time or reasons. Another observation was the constant rationalization and self-blame amongst some participants. Some stated that the reputation of their passport or stereotypes associated with certain ethnicities justified the treatments they have to endure at the border.
This study responds to the growing attention related to freedom of movement within the tourism industry and seeks to address concerns faced by many travellers. The usage of assemblage theory to unpack the overlooked discriminative border treatment expands our understandings of border encounter as more than the spatial definition (visible borders) and extends to the socially constructed and non-literal context of the border. This study also recognizes the airport border as a problematic, ethical and power-infused space. Travelers endure emotional, social, physical, and cognitive challenges that require further academic & industry attention.
Conclusions | Understanding tourists’ border encounters at the destination is of great importance for industry and policymakers. Problematising the border space is the first step in surfacing the experiences and challenges crossing airport border. Through such understandings, more humane and dignified approaches to border policing could be adapted
In Between Welcome and Unwelcome: The Airport Border-Crossing Experiences of Non-Resident Citizens
Get PDFObjectives | Freedom of movement has been recognised as a fundamental human right by national and international legislation and regulatory bodies (Aitchison, 2023). However, inequalities are prevalent in many settings. Prime examples of such settings are liminal spaces such as airport borders, where, in the name of national security, systematic ‘othering’ of the passengers dictates who is ‘us’ and who could be potentially ‘them’ and thus not being allowed entry (Zare & Ye, 2023). In the process of identifying ‘them’, many legal travellers, including international visitors, students, or skilled workers with legal status in the host country, are scrutinized and treated as if they pose a threat. The ‘guilty until proven innocent’ attitude at the borders towards legal residents who may have been living, working and paying taxes at the host country for a long time could create a sense of weariness and never quite belonging. Not having the passport of the host country (the objective dimension of the belonging) casts shadows the individuals’ sense of attachment and affection to the place (the subjective dimension of belonging) (Antonsich\u27s, 2010; Yuval-Davis, 2006). Therefore, this study explores the predominant airport border experiences of non-citizen residents of countries including students and skilled workers. The focus of this exploration is on deconstructing travellers’ experiences with the airport border procedures and to gain insight on the impacts of these events, especially immigration encounters on residents’ senses of welcome and belonging to the host country.
Methodology | Using a purposive sampling, semi-structured interviews were carried out with 10 non-citizen UK university lecturers. The Orchestra model (Pearce, 2011) was used as a framework to help interviewees deconstruct their experiences step by step. Pearce\u27s (2011) Orchestra Model of the Tourist Experience suggests that travellers’ experiences need to be examined from five aspects: physical, emotional, cognitive, behavioural and social.
Demographic Information were critical to understand the impacts of intersectionality on individuals’ border-crossing experiences. Therefore, with prior consent, age, nationality, visa type, travel companion, the length of residence in the UK, origin and destination airports were obtained from the interviewees. The participants were asked to describe key parts of their encounter with the immigration office at the border (critical incidents). Then, they were asked about their perception of the treatment they received, as well as how this experience impacted their sense of belonging and welcome to the host country. The Thematic analysis was adopted to identify recurring themes, patterns, and insights from the participants\u27 narratives (Braun & Clarke, 2006). Each interview question was aligned with pre-existing themes linked to the five components of the orchestra model. The themes were refined iteratively through a continuous comparison between the data and the underlying theoretical concepts.
Main Results and Contributions | Findings depicted that the airport border encounters for non-citizen residents returning home were physically, emotionally, cognitively, behaviourally, and socially challenging. Sitting for long in aeroplane and then standing in extensive queues at the border control, humans are bodily, emotionally, and cognitively stretched. The findings also demonstrated that the reality of border practices is often onerous, discriminatory, and hostile. Previous studies have noted the inequality in mobility rights and the normative profiling practices among international tourists at the airport border control, shaped by an amalgam of historical colonial orders, capitalist-oriented ways of thinking and asymmetrical power (Bianchi, Stephenson & Hannam, 2019; Torabian & Mair, 2017; Zare & Ye, 2023,). This study drew specific attention to the often-overlooked segments of non-citizen residents and their border encounters. The result of this study, therefore, underscores the significance of questioning today’s hyper-normalised and standardized airport border practices (Bal. et al., 2022). Surfacing the unheard voices, understanding the diverse travellers’ experiences, and employing design-based frameworks (Pearce & Zare, 2017) can be a step forward in improving border-crossing experiences.
The accounts in this study also revealed that holding passports from the country-of-origin outweigh having valid long-term visas and biometric resident cards in receiving fair and sensible border scrutiny. The participants’ legal status (residents but not citizens) versus their subjective affections and attachments to their life in the host country created a sense of dissonance among residents. This situation is described by Yuval-Davis (2006) and Antonsich\u27s (2010) as dictating rather allowing negotiation for ‘belonging’.
Limitations | As an exploratory study, the scope focused primarily on the skilled workers in higher education and PhD students’ experiences when entering or exiting the UK. It is arguable that the occupations of the participants are traditionally respected, thus possibly leading to partial border experiences. Future studies could expand the populations and explore a more diverse range of border-crossing experiences.
Conclusions | Theoretically, the routine airport crossings of non-citizen residents returning to their home countries have remained largely unquestioned. This study contributes to the knowledge by bringing to light these underrepresented voices. It unveils negative effects of border-crossing experiences on migrants’ sense of belonging and welcome and responds to the theoretical calls for exploring the ways in which more hospitable, welcoming, and inclusive spaces could be fostered (Chambers, 2022). Practically, the aim of this study was to draw attention to the fact that airport borders are often hostile rather than hospitable places for many travellers, regardless of their legitimate legal status. The key issue arises from the massive asymmetry of power and the absence of visible or easily accessible mechanism for border-crossers to voice their objections (Aitchison, 2023). In almost every other context, travellers are valued as customers with full rights to hold the service provider accountable in case of service failure (Wattanacharoensil, et al., 2017). A reform in the current philosophy, assumption and operation of the border control procedures is, therefore, necessary.
References
Aitchison, G. (2023). Border-crossing: immigration law, racism and justified resistance. Political Studies, 71(3), 597-615.
Antonsich, M. (2010). Searching for belonging–an analytical framework. Geography compass, 4(6), 644-659.
Bal, M., Brookes, A., Hack-Polay, D., Kordowicz, M., & Mendy, J. (2022). The Absurd Workplace: How Absurdity is Normalized in Contemporary Society and the Workplace. Springer Nature.
Bianchi, R. V., Stephenson, M. L., & Hannam, K. (2020). The contradictory politics of the right to travel: mobilities, borders & tourism. Mobilities, 15 (2), 290-306.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
Chambers, D. (2022). Are we all in this together? Gender intersectionality and sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30 (7), 1586-1601.
Pearce, P. L. (2011). Tourist behaviour and the contemporary world. Multilingual Matters.
Pearce, P. L., & Zare, S. (2017). The orchestra model as the basis for teaching tourism experience design. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 30, 55-64.
Torabian, P., & Mair, H. (2022). Insurgent citizens: mobility (in) justice and international travel. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(2-3), 392-407.
Wattanacharoensil, W., Schuckert, M., Graham, A., & Dean, A. (2017). An analysis of the airport experience from an air traveler perspective. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 32, 124-135.
Yuval-Davis, N. (2006). Belonging and the politics of belonging. Patterns of prejudice, 40 (3), 197-214.
Zare, S., & Ye, I. Q. (2023). Contested tourists\u27 border-crossing experiences. Annals of Tourism Research
Tourism trends in central region of Portugal
No full textWith continuous growth over the last few decades, tourism in Portugal has consolidated itself as a fundamental activity for generating wealth and employment, and there has been a diversification of destinations, where in addition to the historically best-known city regions, other less explored regions are gaining popularity in the search for authentic experiences. In this context, it is essential to highlight the importance of the Central Region, which is not only rich in historical and cultural heritage, but also has natural surroundings conducive to outdoor activities, ecological initiatives, and responsible tourism. The region comprises coastal and inland municipalities, marked by various diversities, potentialities, but also weaknesses in their NUTS III.
Objectives | The aim was to identify distinct groups of municipalities with similar patterns, both in terms of value and the profile (correlation) of the time series, as well as spatial correlations of municipalities with high, low and outliers. Was also to evaluate the existence of differences between the region\u27s NUTS III and to study the relational structure of the indicators under analysis.
Methodology | We used data on tourism indicators (lodging capacity (LC), lodging capacity per 1000 inhabitants (LC1000), nights (N), nights per 100 inhabitants (N100), average stay (AS), guests (G), proportion of non-resident guests (PNRG), lodging incomes (LI), total incomes (TI), Rooms (R) and Bed occupancy net rate (BONR) for 2017 and 2022, provided by the National Statistics Institute, as well as the Official Administrative Map of Portugal, version 2023, from the Directorate General for Territory, to delimit the territorial units of the study area, namely municipalities and NUTS III. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS 29.0.1 and R 4.3.2, integrated with the GIS application ArcGIS Pro 3.2.
In the cluster and outlier analysis, the Global Moran index (I) (Anselin, 1995) was used as a local indicator of the spatial association of municipalities, conceptualizing as neighbors those municipalities whose geometric boundaries share at least one vertex, and the euclidean distance method was used.
In the time series clustering, when the characteristic of interest parameter was the value of the indicator, the similarity of the series was obtained by taking the square root of the sum of the squares of the differences of the respective annual values. When studying the profile of the time series, similarity was measured based on the statistical correlation of the series over the years. The number of clusters was based on the highest value of the Pseudo-F statistic.
Correlation, ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by post-hoc tests were used to evaluate the existence of differences in the indicators between NUTS III and the relational structure of the indicators was evaluated by Factor Analysis.
Main Results and Contributions | There was great heterogeneity in the distribution of the indicators in the different NUTS III, 50% of the tourist accommodation establishments in the Centro Region in the years under study had a LC greater than or equal to 256 and a number of nights greater than or equal to 20201; a number of rooms greater than or equal to 120.17; a AS greater than or equal to 1.74 nights; a total number of guests greater than or equal to 11944 and a PNRG of 19.33; LI greater than or equal to 662.58 thousand €, TI greater than or equal to 898.67 thousand € and a BONR greater than or equal to 22.59 %. Tábua and S. Pedro do Sul with more than 3 nights of AS, Aveiro and Nazaré with more than 42% of BONR and Ourém followed by Coimbra in the other indicators.
From the of cluster and outlier analysis in 2022, it is important to mention the municipalities of: Leiria for having high values in the LC, N, G, LI, TI and R indicators, as do the neighboring municipalities; Lousã and Sertã for having low values in the same indicators, as do the neighboring municipalities; Batalha and Pombal for having low values in these indicators, while the neighboring municipalities have high values; Figueira da Foz for having high values in the LC1000 and N100 indicators, while the neighboring municipalities have low values.
The time series clustering showed that for the study in terms of value, the municipalities were grouped into 2 clusters in the analysis of the AS and BONR indicators, 9 clusters for TI and N100, 3 clusters for the PNRG indicator and 10 clusters for the remaining indicators. Regarding the analysis of the series profile, the municipalities were grouped into 2 clusters for the R indicator, 9 clusters for AS and G, 6 clusters for the BONR indicator and 10 clusters for the remaining indicators.
Factor analysis showed strong and significant correlations between LC, N, G, R, LI and TI and low correlations, almost zero, between AS and PNRG with the other indicators. The relational structure of the indicators is explained by three latent factors that explain 86 % of the total variance (component 1: LC, N, G, R, LI and TI; component 2: AS, PNRG and BONR; component 3: LC1000 and N100).
Regarding the NUTS III in the Central Region, there are significant differences for PNRG between Beira Baixa and the other NUTS III, except with Médio Tejo and Beiras e Serra da Estrela and between Coimbra and Beiras e Serra da Estrela for the LI and TI indicators.
Limitations | In addition to the time constraints, which prevented contact with the promoters of the respective tourist accommodation, for a more robust time series analysis, it would have been desirable for all the indicators to have annual data for a longer range, 10 or more years. Furthermore, in the 6 years of data analyzed, not all municipalities provided data for each year.
Conclusions | Since the transformation of the Central Region into a major tourist destination necessarily involves defining appropriate strategies and plans to develop the entire region in an integrated manner (Eusébio et al., 2008), it is essential to identify the municipalities with the highest and lowest tourist visibility. In this sense, it was verified that the methodologies adopted, in addition to analyzing tourism indicator data, are an essential tool for identifying and mapping hot spots, cold spots and abnormal space values with agglomeration and significance, as well as making it possible to identify the most similar municipalities, enhancing the analysis and definition of management and marketing strategies for the region\u27s tourism potential.
References
Anselin, L. (1995). Local Indicators of Spatial Association—LISA. Geographical Analysis, 27(2), 93-115. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x
Eusébio, C. A., Castro, E. A., Costa, C. (2008). Diversidade no Mercado Turístico da Região Centro de Portugal. Revista Turismo e Desenvolvimento, 10, 10-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34624/rtd.v0i10.13555
Com um crescimento contínuo ao longo das últimas décadas, o turismo em Portugal tem-se consolidado como uma atividade fundamental para a geração de riqueza e emprego, tendo-se verificado uma diversificação de destinos, onde para além das regiões das cidades historicamente mais conhecidas, ganham popularidade outras menos exploradas na busca de experiências autênticas. Neste contexto, torna-se incontornável realçar a importância da Região Centro, não só rica em património histórico e cultural, mas também com uma envolvente natural propícia para atividades ao ar livre, iniciativas ecológicas e turismo responsável. A região é composta por municípios do litoral e do interior, marcados por várias diversidades, potencialidades, mas também fragilidades nas suas NUTS III.
Objetivos | Pretendeu-se identificar grupos distintos de municípios com padrões semelhantes, tanto em termos de valor como de perfil (correlação) das séries temporais, assim como correlações espaciais de municípios com valores elevados, baixos e anómalos. Além disso, pretendeu-se também avaliar a existência de diferenças entre as NUTS III da região e estudar a estrutura relacional dos indicadores em análise.
Metodologia | Foram utilizados os dados dos indicadores do turismo (capacidade de alojamento (CA), Capacidade de alojamento por 1000 habitantes (CA1000), Dormidas (D), Dormidas por 100 habitantes (D100), Estada média (EM), Hóspedes (H), Proporção de hóspedes não residentes (PHNR), Proveitos de aposento (PA), Proveitos totais (PT), Quartos (Q) e Taxa líquida de ocupação cama (TLOC)) de 2017 e 2022, disponibilizados pelo Instituto Nacional de Estatística, bem como a Carta Administrativa Oficial de Portugal, versão de 2023, da Direção Geral do Território, para delimitação das unidades territoriais da área de estudo, designadamente municípios e NUTS III. A análise estatística realizou-se com recurso ao IBM SPSS 29.0.1 e linguagem R 4.3.2, integrados com aplicação SIG ArcGIS Pro 3.2.
Na análise de Clusters e Outliers utilizou-se o índice de Moran Global (I) (Anselin, 1995) como indicador local de associação espacial dos municípios, conceptualizando como vizinho os municípios cujos limites geométricos partilhem pelo menos um vértice e usou-se o método da distância euclidiana.
Na análise de clusters de séries temporais, quando o parâmetro de estudo foi o valor do indicador, a similaridade das séries foi obtida pela raiz quadrada a soma dos quadrados das diferenças dos respetivos valores anuais. Por sua vez, no estudo do perfil das séries temporais a similaridade mediu-se com base na correlação estatística das séries ao longo dos anos. O número de clusters baseou-se no maior valor da estatística Pseudo-F.
Para avaliar a existência de diferenças dos indicadores entre NUTS III recorreu-se à correlação, à ANOVA e ao teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguidos de testes post-hoc e a estrutura relacional dos indicadores foi avaliada pela Análise Fatorial.
Principais resultados e contributos | Verificou-se grande heterogeneidade na distribuição dos indicadores nas diferentes NUTS III, 50% estabelecimentos de alojamento turístico da Região Centro nos anos em estudo teve uma CA superior ou igual a 256 e um número de dormidas superior ou igual a 20201; um número de quartos superior ou igual a 120,17; uma EM superior ou igual a 1,74 noites; um total de hóspedes superior ou igual a 11944 e uma PHNR de 19,33; PA superiores ou iguais a 662,58 milhares de €, PT superiores ou iguais a 898,67 milhares de € e uma TLOC superior ou igual 22,59 %. Destacam-se Tábua e S. Pedro do Sul com mais de 3 noites de EM, Aveiro e Nazaré com mais de 42% de TLOC e Ourém seguido por Coimbra nos outros indicadores.
Da análise de clusters e outliers, em 2022, importa referir os municípios de: Leiria por registar valores elevados nos indicadores CA, D, H, PA, PT e Q, assim como os municípios vizinhos; Lousã e Sertã por apresentarem, nos mesmos indicadores, valores baixos, tal como os seus municípios vizinhos; Batalha e Pombal por apresentarem, nesses indicadores, valores baixos enquanto os seus municípios vizinhos registam valores altos; Figueira da Foz por assinalar nos indicadores CA1000 e D100 valores elevados, enquanto que os municípios vizinhos registam valores baixos.
Pela análise de clusters de séries temporais verificou-se que para o estudo em termos de valor, os municípios foram agrupados em 2 clusters na análise dos indicadores EM e TLOC, em 9 clusters para PT e D100, 3 clusters para o indicador PHNR e 10 clusters para os restantes indicadores. Relativamente à análise do perfil das séries, os municípios foram agrupados em 2 clusters no indicador Q, em 9 clusters para EM e H, 6 clusters para o indicador TLOC e 10 clusters para os restantes indicadores.
Pela aplicação da análise fatorial, verificou-se a existência de correlações fortes e significativas entre a CA, D, H, Q, PA e PT e estão pouco correlacionadas, quase nula, entre a EM e a PHNR com os outros indicadores. A estrutura relacional dos indicadores é explicada por três fatores latentes que explicam 86 % da variância total (componente 1: CA, D, H, Q, PA e PT; componente 2: EM, PHNR e TLOC; componente 3: CA1000 e D100).
Relativamente às NUTS III da Região Centro, verificam-se diferenças significativas para PHNR entre a Beira Baixa e as outras NUTS III, exceto com Médio Tejo e Beiras e Serra da Estrela e entre Coimbra e Beiras e Serra da Estrela para os indicadores PA e PT.
Limitações | Para além dos constrangimentos de tempo, que impediram o contacto com os promotores dos respetivos alojamentos turísticos, para uma análise de séries temporais mais robusta, era desejável, em todos os indicadores, a existência de dados anuais relativos a um período maior, 10 ou mais anos. Além disso, nos 6 anos de dados analisados nem todos os municípios apresentam dados em cada ano.
Conclusões | Sendo certo que, a transformação da Região Centro num importante destino turístico, passa necessariamente pela definição de estratégias e planos adequados para desenvolver toda a região de forma integrada (Eusébio et al., 2008), torna-se essencial identificar os municípios com maior e menor visibilidade turística. Nesse sentido, verificou-se que as metodologias adotadas, para além da análise dos dados dos indicadores de turismo, constituem uma ferramenta essencial para identificação e mapeamento de pontos quentes, pontos frios e valores espaciais anómalos com aglomeração e significância, assim como permitem identificar os municípios mais similares, potenciando a análise e definição de estratégias de gestão e marketing das potencialidades turísticas da região.
Referências bibliográficas
Anselin, L. (1995). Local Indicators of Spatial Association—LISA. Geographical Analysis, 27(2), 93-115. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x
Eusébio, C. A., Castro, E. A., Costa, C. (2008). Diversidade no Mercado Turístico da Região Centro de Portugal. Revista Turismo e Desenvolvimento, 10, 10-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34624/rtd.v0i10.1355