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Portuguese Influence on Culinary Heritage Tourism Along the Sugar Road in Japan
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When Portuguese missionaries came to Nagasaki, Japan, they brought the gift of sugar “that would transform Japanese cuisine forever” (Wilson, 2021). Sugar was first brought in on Portuguese vessels to the port of Nagasaki in the 16th century and it became critical to the development of traditional Japanese sweets (wagashi) and sugar culture as it travelled along the Sugar Road (Sun, 2015). The Portuguese introduced European confectionaries including Castella sponge cake, Confetto (konpeito) candy, bolos and caramel even establishing these Portuguese food products as Japanese words (Sugar Road Council, 2022). During the Edo period (1600-1868) the Tokugawa Shogunate sealed off Japan’s borders under the policy of Sakoku (Craig, 2003) and Dejima island in Nagasaki became the only port open to foreign ships. In 1759 bulk shipments of sugar began moving through Dejima along the Sugar Road to Kitakyūshū and then on to Edo (Tokyo) and other parts of Japan (Sun, 2015). The Japanese combined local products with imported sugar from the Portuguese, Dutch and Chinese to transform Western cuisine into a unique food culture which has been passed down through the generations (Sugar Road Council, 2022). This culinary heritage has since become an important resource for contemporary food tourism along the Sugar Road. The objectives of this research project are to first trace the influence of Portuguese sweets on the historical evolution of traditional wagashi and secondly understand their influence on more contemporary wagashi offered along the Sugar Road and the resulting implications for food tourism.
Methodology
The methodology involves site visits, photo-documentation of Sugar Road products and the systematic analysis of secondary documents. In 2017, the authors conducted a site visit to Dejima Island in Nagasaki, the starting point of the Sugar Road and recreated trading post where bulk shipments of sugar arrived in Japan. Further research at that time was interrupted by the Covid-19 pandemic until 2023. In 2023 site visits were made to Saga City and Ogi City. Saga City is situated directly on Sugar Road and the authors documented souvenir food products in Saga City. Saga railway station explicitly references the Sugar Road and its Heritage designation. Ogi City is located just to the north on a linked secondary road and became well known for yokan (sweet bean jelly). Site visits were made to shops along ‘Yokan Street’ including Muraoka Yokan-shop founded by Muraoka Yasuhiro in 1899 and the Yokan Museum.
Main results and contributions
Research has identified important historical and contemporary food products that contribute new opportunities for food tourism along the Sugar Road. Countries such as Portugal have had a significant impact on the development of a unique food culture along the Sugar Road. During the Edo period these highways opened trade between the regions of Japan and while originally restricted to the movement of pilgrims, government officials and feudal lords travelling to and from Edo under the policy of sankin-kōtai (alternate periods of residence), in time, these highways become important democratised travel circuits with towns offering accommodation, supplies and local delicacies. The closing of the county to foreign trade in the Edo period forced sugar to be shipped through Nagasaki which then permeated though the country and on to Kyoto, today well known for its wagashi (Sugar Road Council, 2022). While some heritage food products have remained the same as they have been for centuries, others have evolved and adapted to meet new customer demands. The wagashi shops of today serve both historic and contemporary sweets that can trace their influence to the introduction of sugar by the Portuguese. The Sugar Road Liaison Council was formed in 2008 to leverage the culture and history of the Sugar Road to revitalize the western Kyushu region. The Council includes three prefectures (Nagasaki, Saga and Fukuoka), eight cities and private organisations and businesses. In June of 2020, Japan Heritage certified the ‘Sugar Culture’ of the Sugar Road which includes 52 cultural properties including traditional sweets, historic documents, and historic buildings along the Sugar Road. Businesses can now apply to use the ‘Japan Heritage logo’ and the ‘Sugar Road logo’ (sugar-road.net) in marketing their products. In addition to promoting sugar food products and the Sugar Road, the Sugar Road Liaison Council has also held joint exhibits, a road stamp rally, bus tours, walking tours and train tours.
Research limitations
Future research needs to be completed at other locations along the Sugar Road to investigate other opportunities to develop food tourism along the Sugar Road. This research is part of a wider research project on traditional Japanese sweets which incorporates both wagashi shops (some open for over centuries) and other more modern wagashi shops.
Conclusions
The Sugar Road offers a step back in time to the Portuguese introduction of sugar into Japan. The adoption of sugar into Japan has resulted in a distinctive food culture which remains both tied to the European influences of the past but also is embracing innovation now being marketed as new opportunities for food tourism.
References
Craig, A. (2003) The Heritage of Japanese Civilization. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
sugar-road.net. About Sugar Road Liaison Council. https://sugar-road.net/sugar_road_council/
Sugar Road Council (2022) Gourmet Kyushu, European trade meets Japanese tradition wihtr delicious results along Kyushu’s “Sugar Road”. https://www.visit-kyushu.com/en/see-and-do/gourmet-kyushu/ancient-european-trade-meets-japanese-tradition-delicious-result/
Sun, N. (2015) Nagaskai Kaido – Kyushu’s Sugar Road. Public Relations Office, Government of Japan, June 2015, https://www.gov-online.go.jp/eng/publicity/book/hlj/html/201506/201506_13_en.html#:~:text=The%20best%20way%20to%20explore,Period%20(710%E2%80%93794).
Wilson, J. (2021) Nagasaki Japan and its rich history of Kyushu’s Sugar Road. Sakuraco, https://sakura.co/blog/nagasaki-japan-and-its-rich-history-of-kyushus-sugar-road/
 
Tourism literacy: um conceito e competências para trazer um olhar mais sustentável e ético ao turismo.
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Objetivos | Esta investigação tem como objetivos fundamentais procurar:
Definir o conceito de Tourism Literacy (doravante TL);
Apresentar uma proposta de competências, que permita aos investigadores e demais stakeholders avaliar as competências neste âmbito, podendo, por isso, ser aplicada em estudos futuros; ou seja: procurar compreender o papel dos mediadores envolvidos neste processo, quem são e como se relacionam, através dos seus canais de comunicação; como se tornam competentes e literatos, numa relação que faz parte de um processo educomunicativo, no qual existem sempre as fases de preparação, experiência e aprendizagem e em que todos são educadores não formais, estabelecem conexões, direcionando as suas ações para o desenvolvimento integral do ser humano;
Demonstrar que estas competências têm uma relação estreita com a comunicação e os media, cada vez mais determinante na comunicação turística e que, sendo aplicadas, contribuirão para os mediadores (todos os envolvidos no processo turístico) possam ter páticas mais consonantes com os ODS (Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável) e as propostas da OMT (Organização Mundial do Turismo) relativas à sustentabilidade, cultura, ética e diálogo intercultural.
Metodologia | São analisados os papéis e as produções mediáticas de três Destination Management Organizations (DMOs) do Algarve/Portugal (Região de Turismo do Algarve - RTA, Associação de Turismo do Algarve - ATA e Câmara Municipal de Faro). Com base nos modelos de Pérez-Rodríguez e Delgado-Ponce (2012), Ferrés e Piscitelli (2012) e Scolari et. al. (2018), elabora-se uma proposta de Competências em TL, apontando dimensões essenciais para a existência de uma literacia no campo da indústria do turismo, considerando que a TL fará parte de um processo de aprendizagem contínuo e holístico, integrado numa nova ecologia de múltiplas literacias. Após a Revisão de Literatura, procedeu-se à definição dos domínios, dimensões e indicadores, de forma a estabelecer um mapa concetual das principais características de quem possui TL: proposta de competências (já validada por peritos).
Os mediadores foram abordados através da aplicação de uma entrevista estruturada. O objetivo era conhecer as suas prioridades estratégicas na planificação e implementação dos processos de comunicação nas suas instituições. Posteriormente, foi realizada a recolha de conteúdos das suas plataformas de Facebook, Twitter, Instagram e YouTube e estamos no processo de análise qualitativa dos mesmos, de acordo com a proposta desenvolvida por Borges e Sigiliano (2021), apostando numa triangulação metodológica, que nos permita comprovar a existência de sinais de TL.
Principais resultados e contributos | Sendo a formação do conhecimento contínua, gerada no processo de comunicação/meios de comunicação, holística e em ambientes formais e informais, no qual somos todos "prosumers/produsers", temos de balizar novos modelos de aprendizagem. Identificar competências que nos transformem em cidadãos mais ativos e críticos, possuidores de competências que nos permitam agir conscientemente no nosso habitat comunicativo e na vida social é um dos resultados que consideramos importante nesta investigação, bem como o aprofundamento do conhecimento dos processos de mediação ligados ao turismo. A identificação de competências especificamente em TL, não só melhorará a compreensão da atividade e tudo o que envolve, mas trará ferramentas para ampliar práticas consonantes com um melhor e mais amplo desenvolvimento social/comportamental e conducentes a um olhar mais sustentável e ético nos sujeitos participantes no processo turístico.
Limitações | A maior limitação identificada prende-se com o facto de não se conseguir, no tempo desta investigação, alargar a amostra a turistas, fator que nos permitiria conclusões mais profundas.
Conclusões | Viajar é objeto de muito debate e análise em instituições globais, organizações locais, jornalistas e investigadores. Fenómenos como o overtourism e a turismofobia (práticas insustentáveis do turismo de massas) afetam a relação entre os que estão ligados a esta indústria. A sustentabilidade como preocupação global desafia o pensamento e a capacidade de transformar esta prática em algo que Tejedor (2021:38) vê como caracterizado por "solidariedade, alteridade, companheirismo, curiosidade, ilusão, aprendizagem, cultura". E destaca claramente a dimensão de aprendizagem.
Apesar das limitações, estamos confiantes (e os resultados obtidos assim nos apontam) que a TL e as competências a ela associadas nos permitirão a construção de uma sociedade melhor, na qual a importância de incentivar o diálogo, a leitura das comunidades com empatia e a criação de laços de solidariedade entre a diversidade do próprio território, os habitantes e o turista, se torna central. A TL não se dissocia de um Ethos ligado às questões da participação, da criatividade, da cidadania literata (Fantin, 2022) e dos valores éticos, presentes na relação com o Outro, com o Ambiente e com o Património, tal como destacado no Código Global de Ética para o Turismo, ou nos ODS.
Referências bibliográficas
Borges, G. e Sigiliano, D. (2021). Qualidade Audiovisual e Competência Midiática: proposta teórico-metodológica de análise de séries ficcionais. Anais Do XXX Encontro Anual Da Compós. Pontifícia Universidade Católica De São Paulo, https://bit.ly/42A4n99
Fantin, M. (2022). Literacia midiática: dimensões críticas, éticas e estéticas. Seminários de Formação em Literacia Midiática – Literacia Mediática. Observatório da Qualidade no Audiovisual. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EeHCBcmpowU
Ferrés, J. & Piscitelli, A. (2012). La competencia mediática: Propuesta articulada de dimensiones e indicadores; media competence. articulated proposal of dimensions and indicators. Comunicar, 19(38), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.3916/C38-2012-02-08
Pérez-Rodríguez, M. A., & Delgado-Ponce, A. (2012). From digital and audiovisual competence to media competence: Dimensions and indicators. Comunicar, 39, 25-34. https://bit.ly/3PyRXKO
Scolari, C. A., Masanet, M. -., Guerrero-Pico, M. & Establés, M. -. (2018). Transmedia literacy in the new media ecology: Teens\u27 transmedia skills and informal learning strategies. Profesional De La Informacion, 27(4), 801-812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.jul.09
Tejedor, S. (2021). Manual para le creación de guías de viajes. Cómo contar el mundo en la era COVID-19. Col. Manuales. Editorial UO
Fomentar o turismo sustentável: Enquadrar a conceção de experiências criativas de impacto social
No full textObjectives Tourist behaviour has undergone considerable changes, reflecting a growing concern for sustainability, and encouraging the need to reconsider tourism strategies. Recently, creative tourism has been presented as a more sustainable mode of tourism based on learning, active participation, co-creation, creative self-expression, and local community engagement (Akdemir et al., 2023; Carvalho et al., 2019, 2023a, 2023b; Duxbury & Richards, 2019). Airbnb interest in several forms of activism corresponds to the natural access to lodging and communities (Dolnicar, 2021). Still, also its social impact experiences can foster the interest of a local community to promote a social or environmental cause within the tourism business. Hosts of these social impact experiences can be part of an NGO or non-profit organisation where Airbnb waives the 20% service fee for social impact experiences so that the full amount raised contributes directly to the social cause at hand. Arguably, Airbnb\u27s social impact experiences (Dolnicar, 2021) embody the essence of creative tourism 4.0 (Carvalho et al., 2018; Richards, 2019), aligning sustainability with the sharing economy ethos, thus representing more sustainable forms for tourist engagement that can contribute positively to local communities (Caldicott et al., 2020). These examples can potentiate favourable social impacts within the creative tourism ecosystem (Richards, 2021; Salvado et al., 2020), inter alia advancing the objectives of sustainable development goals (SDGs) for tourism (Buhalis et al., 2023; Duarte et al., 2022). This ongoing research has the goal to develop a comprehensive framework for the design of Social Impact Creative Experiences.
Methodology | Despite recent contributions having successfully provided tools for the design of creative tourism experiences (Almeida, 2023; Richards et al., 2019) while integrating the triple bottom line dimensions (Elkington, 2004; Stoddard et al., 2012), a social impact layer can be added more clearly and effectively, arguably enhancing the potential range for positive social impact experiences while focusing on the SGDs. Building on previous work on creative tourism experiences, and social impact experiences principles presented on the Airbnb platform, a thorough literature review was developed to develop a potential framework for the effective design of social impact creative tourism experiences addressing directly social causes in achieving the SDGs for creative tourism (Duarte et al., 2022). For this, a convenience sample was used (Given, 2008) and social impact experiences in Portugal will be chosen and its characteristics and reviews analysed using the software NVivo. The proposed framework will be based on a five-step fluid design process encompassing: a) Inventory of tangible and intangible cultural tourism resources; b) Local community engagement; c) Identification of Social Impact Cause; d) Emotional storytelling and e) Allowing creativity and co-creation.
Main Results and Contributions | The research will present an innovative and integrative framework for the successful design of social impact creative tourism experiences aligned with the SDGs for tourism. By focusing on the processes of the development of such experiences while highlighting the importance of social causes, this can contribute to the active involvement of creative tourists in local action activities based on the idiosyncrasies of a given tourism destination while engaging with local social agents and local communities. This framework will facilitate the thoughtful design and seamless implementation of such experiences, helping tourism professionals and practitioners to better develop more integrating and engaging experiences and therefore local communities’ members and associations involved in social causes.
Limitations | As an ongoing research, this contribution focuses mainly on creative tourism experiences not engaging for instance with creative events or creative networks as they are a very important part of the creative tourism ecosystem and consumption of creative tourism (Carvalho, 2020; Richards, 2021; Salvado et al., 2020). Also research directly connected to social impact experiences is still scarce as few studies share these approaches and Airbnb has mainly been studied concerning lodging (Dolnicar, 2021). Arguably this contribution can enhance knowledge on such important topics.
Conclusions | With the tourism system paying more attention to changes in tourism consumption, alternative and responsible forms of tourism are becoming mandatory. Within this context, Airbnb\u27s social impact experiences encapsulate the core tenets of creative tourism 4.0. These experiences seamlessly align sustainability principles within the sharing economy paradigm, effectively representing sustainable forms of tourist engagement that hold the potential to foster positive outcomes for local communities. By harmonizing the principles of creative tourism with the potential of social impact experiences, this contribution aspires to create a blueprint for sustainable tourism practices that truly benefit both travellers and host communities alike.
References
Akdemir, H., José, J., & Gonçalves, M. (2023). Empirical Research on Creative Tourism: A Systematic Review. Journal of Tourism & Development, 41, 531–550. https://doi.org/10.34624/rtd.v41i0.30537
Almeida, L. (2023). Turismo Criativo - Teoria e Prática. SENAC.
Buhalis, D., Leung, X., Fan, D., Darcy, S., Chen, G., Xu, F., Tan, G., Nunkoo, R., & Farmaki, A. (2023). Editorial Tourism 2030 and the contribution to the sustainable development goals: the tourism review viewpoint. Tourism Review, 78(2), 293–313. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-04-2023-620
Caldicott, R. W., von der Heidt, T., Scherrer, P., Muschter, S., & Canosa, A. (2020). Airbnb – exploring triple bottom line impacts on community. International Journal of Culture, Tourism, and Hospitality Research, 14(2), 205–223. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-07-2019-0134
Carvalho, R. (2020). The need for creative actions in tourism in the Post-COVID 19 pandemic world. In L. Oosterbeek & L. M. Figueira (Eds.), World Tourism, Health Crisis and Future: sharing perspectives (Issue June, pp. 177–190). www.cda.ipt.pt/download/ebooks/CRENT-ebook-17.6.2020-turismo-crise-global-.pdf
Carvalho, R., Costa, C., & Ferreira, A. (2019). Review of the theoretical underpinnings in the creative tourism research field. Tourism & Management Studies, 15(SI), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.18089/tms.2019.15SI02
Carvalho, R., Costa, C., & Ferreira, A. M. (2018). New Cultural Mediators, Cocreation, and the Cultural Consumption of Creative Tourism Experiences. In J. Rodrigues, C. Ramos, P. Cardoso, & C. Henriques (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Technological Developments for Cultural Heritage and eTourism Applications (1st ed., pp. 264–283). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2927-9.ch013
Carvalho, R., Costa, C., & Ferreira, A. M. (2023a). Creative Tourism Consumption: Framing the Creative Habitus through a Bourdieusian Lens. Sustainability, 15(2281), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032281
Carvalho, R., Costa, C., & Ferreira, A. M. (2023b). Living the Creative Life: Evidence from “lifestyle entrepreneurs” engage in creative tourism. Journal of Tourism & Development, 41, 201–214. https://doi.org/10.34624/rtd.v41i0.28249
Dolnicar, S. (2021). Airbnb before, during and after COVID-19. In Airbnb before, during and after COVID-19. The University of Queensland. https://doi.org/10.14264/ab59afd
Duarte, E., Marujo, N., & Simões, J. (2022). Creative Tourism as a promoter of the Sustainable Development Goals - Central Alentejo. Journal of Tourism and Development, 39, 329–341. https://doi.org/10.34624/rtd.v39i0.27283
Duxbury, N., & Richards, G. (2019). A research agenda for creative tourism. In N. Duxbury & G. Richards (Eds.), A Research Agenda for Creative Tourism (1st ed.). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788110723
Elkington, J. (2004). Enter the Triple Bottom Line. In A. Henriques & J. Richardson (Eds.), The triple bottom line. Does it all add up? (1st ed., Vol. 1, pp. 1–16).
Given, L. M. (2008). Convenience sample. In The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412963909
Richards, G. (2019). Cultural Tourism 4.0: Developing the latest wave of cultural consumption. 1–11.
Richards, G. (2021). Business Models for Creative Tourism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 19(1), 1–13.
Richards, G., Wisansing, J., & Paschinger, E. (2019). Creating creative tourism toolkit (2nd ed.). DASTA.
Salvado, J., Ferreira, A. M., Serra, J., & Marujo, N. (2020). The creative and cultural tourism ecosystem: A conceptual model. Dos Algarves: A Multidisciplinary e-Journal, 38(2020), 59–88. https://doi.org/10.18089/DAMeJ.2020.38.3
Stoddard, J., Pollard, C. E., & Evans, M. R. (2012). The Triple Bottom Line: A Framework for Sustainable Tourism Development. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 13(3), 233–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2012.698173
 
Post-pandemic tourism and public policies: Rhetorics of touristification in Lisbon
Get PDFObjectives | The goal of this work is to analyze a set of national and local public policies related to tourism, focusing on its development and application in post-pandemic contexts. The specific objectives are: 1. examine existing policies and interventions related to overtourism, with a focus on responsible tourism practices; and, 2. understand the rhetoric of touristification centered on the city of Lisbon.
Methodology | This exploratory work is based on qualitative research carried out between 2022-2023. To achieve the proposed objectives, the author utilized documentary and ethnographic research. The materials analyzed were collected on institutional websites and comprise political-normative instruments, namely: 2023 and Multiannual Investment Plan 2023-2027 of the Lisbon City Council, the Lisbon Strategic Charter – 2010-2024, Strategic Tourism Plan for the Lisbon Region 2020-2024, and finally, the Tourism Strategy 2027. In addition, observation was used (Bernard, 2006) to map places and products of representation of tourist spaces, apprehending what is associated with them: dynamics, activities, and social actors, as well as informal conversations with residents, individuals participating in the tourism industry, as well as public and private agents.
Main results and contributions | As this is a work in progress, there are no definitive results. However, there are some topics that can be shared. Hall et al (2020) state that the pandemic could be a transformative moment to generate new opportunities in the tourism sector, while Gössling et al (2021) see it as an opportunity to critically reconsider the growth of the tourism trajectory. What can be seen is that after the pandemic and the natural period of recovery, there is continuous questioning about the massification of tourism present in the city of Lisbon. Platform capitalism, tourist gentrification, and the monoculture of tourism are present, as well as real estate speculation and rising rents. It is known that tourism is a vulnerable sector as well as its associated services (Gossling & Schweiggart, 2022), however, this post-pandemic tourism wants to be more sustainable and more responsible in meeting the SDGs. Regarding rhetoric, narratives were identified by various social actors, namely, residents and representatives of the tourism sector. In addition, there is a narrative around the benefits of tourism conveyed by the UNWTO, Turismo de Lisboa, and the municipality. Some narratives mention the implications for the post-pandemic future of tourism, namely, the idea of the tourist city, \u27Disneyfied\u27 with or without tourists and its disadvantages, and how to overcome the installed dependence on tourism. Finally, it is important to highlight the responses of the Lisbon municipality\u27s policies for tourism.
Limitations | As it is a work that is based on an exploratory nature and is still in progress, there will be topics to analyze and reflect on. The research work, which is still ongoing, may highlight other aspects.
Conclusions | In view of the existing public policies, their interventions and actions related to tourism in Lisbon, and their relationship with sustainability, this work aims to contribute to the knowledge of the rhetoric associated with the phenomenon of touristification, based on political and research agendas that show a change in the political economy of tourism.
References
Cocola-Gant, A., Gago, A., & Jover, J. (2020). Tourism, gentrification and neighbourhood change: an analytical framework. Reflections from Southern European cities. In JeroenOskam (Ed). The Overtourism Debate. NIMBY, Nuisance, Commodification. Bingley: Emerald. p. 121-135.Hall, C. M., Scott, D. & Gössling, S. (2020) Pandemics, transformations and tourism: be careful what you wish for, Tourism Geographies, 22:3, 577-598, DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2020.1759131Gössling, S. & Schweiggart, N. (2022). Two years of COVID-19 and tourism: what we learned, and what we should have learned. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30:4, 915-931, DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2022.2029872
Gössling, S., Scott, D. & Hall, C. M. (2021) Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29:1, 1-20, DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708Milano C, Novelli M., & Cheer J.M. (2019). Overtourism and tourismphobia: A journey through four decades of tourism development, planning and local concerns. Tourism, Planning and Development, 16(4): 353–357.Milano, C. & Koens, K. (2022). The paradox of tourism extremes. Excesses and restraints in times of COVID-19. Current Issues in Tourism, 25:2, 219-231, DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2021.1908967Sequera, J. & Nofre, J. (2019). Touristification, transnational gentrification and urban change in Lisbon: The neighbourhood of Alfama. Urban Studies, 1–21, DOI: 10.1177/0042098019883734
 
Portuguese urban spaces and perceived risks: A stakeholder perspective approach
Get PDFThe pursuit of leisure linked with tourism activities is also associated with several perceived risks that may occur before or during visitation. The perception of risk in tourism is partly due to the intangible and unpredictable nature of traveling to a place other than one\u27s usual place of residence, which is associated with uncertainty and fear. In the case of urban tourism, many common characteristics of urban circuits can condition the perceived risk, namely the large concentration of people, traffic, a greater propensity for crime, ghettos, homelessness, vandalism and others. These features, which are found in most large urban areas, can increase tourists risk perceptions. However, tourism is an integral part of the urban context and cities are generators of wealth, both economically and socio-culturally. The risk variables, space and consumption, are particularly important in the study of perceived risk, as more trips are being made and tourist centers in cities have become increasingly vital (Cui et al., 2016). In this way, tourist activity largely depends on the safety of tourists, which may affect their consumption behavior and their intention to revisit the destination. In view of these factors, it was considered important to consult the various tourism stakeholders such as tourists, tourism operators, tourism workers and residents. The aim of this work was to understand, whether on the consumer side or on the supply side which risks are most commonly perceived by visitors, in Porto and Lisbon. Finally, respondents indicated measures and policies that they believe could increase the sense of security in the destinations surveyed.
 
A intersecção entre a tecnologia digital, a inovação social e o empreendedorismo feminino no turismo: Uma revisão teórica
Get PDFO estudo tem por objetivo oferecer uma análise crítica da literatura existente sobre empreendedorismo feminino e inovação social. Pretende-se explorar as interseções e sinergias entre esses dois campos, destacando as contribuições das mulheres empreendedoras para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Além disso, o trabalho procura identificar tendências emergentes, além de sintetizar informações recolhidas dos modelos e processos de inovação social e do empreendedorismo feminino no turism
Processos participativos da sociedade civil nas instâncias do turismo: Fóruns e conselhos
Get PDFThe presented work highlights the growing importance of citizen participation in political and social decisions in Brazil, especially after the Federal Constitution of 1988, which decentralized public management. In the context of tourism, decentralized management allows different regions to seek development alternatives adapted to their reality. Forums and councils play a fundamental role in expanding social participation in the administration of regional tourism. The research aims to analyze how participatory processes influence the structuring of these councils and forums in Brazil, investigating practices, challenges, and impacts on the effectiveness and representativeness of these instances. The methodology involves a systematic literature review, documentary research, and content analysis, with an exploratory and descriptive approach. Expected results include a deep understanding of the participatory dynamics in the formation of these instances, contributing to the strengthening of democracy and representation. The study acknowledges challenges related to the composition and performance of participative institutions and emphasizes the importance of qualified advisors for effective social control. It concludes that enhancing the representativeness and effectiveness of these instances is crucial for a more inclusive and democratic tourism management, aligned with the principles of decentralization and participation.O trabalho apresntado destaca a crescente importância da participação cidadã nas decisões políticas e sociais no Brasil, especialmente após a Constituição Federal de 1988, que descentralizou a gestão pública. No contexto do turismo, a gestão descentralizada permite que diferentes regiões busquem alternativas de desenvolvimento adaptadas à sua realidade. Fóruns e conselhos desempenham um papel fundamental na ampliação da participação social na administração do turismo regional. A pesquisa visa analisar como os processos participativos influenciam a estruturação desses conselhos e fóruns no Brasil, investigando práticas, desafios e impactos na eficácia e representatividade dessas instâncias. A metodologia envolve revisão sistemática de literatura, levantamento documental e análise de conteúdo, com uma abordagem exploratória e descritiva. Os resultados esperados incluem uma compreensão aprofundada da dinâmica participativa na formação dessas instâncias, contribuindo para o fortalecimento da democracia e representatividade. O estudo reconhece desafios relacionados à composição e atuação das instituições participativas e destaca a importância de conselheiros qualificados para o efetivo controle social. Conclui-se que o aprimoramento da representatividade e eficácia dessas instâncias é crucial para uma gestão turística mais inclusiva e democrática, alinhada aos princípios de descentralização e participação
Dimensions of the rural tourism experience: the perspective of visitors with visual disabilities
Get PDFObjectives | The continuous increase in the engagement of individuals with disabilities in the tourism sector has been a subject of academic investigation. Despite this, there is a limited body of research specifically delving into the involvement of people with visual disabilities (PwVD) in tourism activities. Simultaneously, the demand for rural destinations has witnessed substantial growth in recent years. However, literature addressing the demand for rural tourism destinations by PwVD remains notably scarce. While some studies theorize that people with sensory disabilities, including PwVD, may derive heightened benefits from rural tourism (Gomes & Eusébio, 2023), empirical investigations into the pursuit of this specific tourism product by PwVD are still lacking. The dimensions shaping the rural tourism experience encompass aesthetics, education, escapism, and entertainment, exerting influence on satisfaction, memory, and arousal (Kastenholz et al., 2018). In tourism, the aesthetic dimension (passive immersion) often relies on visual stimuli. This empirical study explores the dimensions of the rural tourism experience and the weight given to the visual component of the product, focusing on the perspective of visitors with visual disabilities.
Methodology | To meet the predefined objectives, a mixed-method approach was employed for data collection and analysis. Utilizing Pine and Gilmore\u27s (1998) experience economy framework and applying Kastenholz et al.\u27s (2018) methodology, fifteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with Portuguese individuals with visual disabilities, between June and August of 2021. The interviews aimed to delve into the past travel experiences of the participants, particularly concerning rural tourism destinations. To enhance the insights obtained from these interviews, a specific rural tourism destination situated in the Central region of Portugal, namely the village of Vilarinho de São Roque, was visited by three of the interviewed PwVD. These visitors prefer distinct mobility aids in their daily life, specifically a guide dog, a white cane, and a personal assistant. Through direct observation, it was possible to examine how each visitor perceived the rural destination, and how their mobility aid of choice impacts their overall rural tourism experience.
Main Results and Contributions | Results from both interviews and direct observation confirm that PwVD intensely feel the benefits from rural tourism activities. PwVD pursue immersive sensorial stimuli in nature, despite the structural constraints inherent to their participation in tourism activities. The interviewed PwVD describe their rural tourism experiences as being strongly esthetic despite their lack of visual cues. Respondents expressed a significant interest in personalized experiences aimed at deepening their comprehension of the esthetic dimension of the rural destination. This dimension emerges as the most impactful factor influencing the satisfaction, arousal, and memory of PwVD in the context of their rural tourism experiences. The visits carried out by PwVD to Vilarinho de São Roque corroborated these claims. While the visitor using a guide-dog showed a greater level of independence in navigating the rural destination, the visitor accompanied by a personal assistant had a better understanding of the village. All three visitors felt like a personalized experience with human interaction and description of the space will improve their absorption and immersion in the rural involvement.
Limitations | Given the difficulty in approaching the market segment, the sample size is reduced, constricting the results from this research. Additional research with a wider sample could allow for collection of quantitative data could prove useful to better understand this market segment.
Conclusions | This study addresses a research gap and sheds light on the engagement of PwVD in rural tourism, particularly within the realm of the dimensions of the rural experience. The investigation explores the esthetic dimension of the tourism experience and its influence on satisfaction, memory, and arousal of PwVD, introducing the concept of independence of esthetics from visual cues. PwVD describe rural tourism as strongly esthetic, resorting to sensorial stimuli present in nature to passively immerse themselves in the experience. To enhance this dimension of rural tourism, PwVD look for human interaction and personalized activities involving a description of surroundings and scenery. The study\u27s insights offer practical implications for the development of accessible and inclusive rural tourism destinations, emphasizing the importance of addressing structural barriers and incorporating personalized elements to enhance the overall experience for individuals with visual disabilities, hence providing valuable insights for policymakers, tourism professionals, and destination managers.
References
Gomes, A. & Eusébio, C. (2023) Empowering people with visual disabilities through rural tourism: the benefits of nature activities and how the various travel constraints can be overcome, Tourism Recreation Research, 48:6, 940-954. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2023.2221071
Kastenholz, E., Carneiro, M. J., Marques, C. P., & Loureiro, S. M. C. (2018). The dimensions of rural tourism experience: impacts on arousal, memory, and satisfaction. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 35(2), 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2017.1350617
Pine, J., & Gilmore, J. (1998). Welcome to the experience economy. Harvard Business Review, 76(4), 97–10
Coopetition in the hospitality sector: The case of reusable cup-schemes
Get PDFObjectives | Since the late 20th century, sustainable development has become a major driving force for the world’s economic development. The announcement of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 has further reinforced the need and effort to actively contribute to sustainable development. The tourism and Hospitality Sector has realised the need to follow this movement towards sustainability. Although there is an ongoing scholarly discourse on the definition of sustainable tourism (Asmelashy and Kumar, 2019), the movement towards sustainable tourism has been identified as a challenge and guiding philosophy at the same time (Bogren and Soerensson, 2021). Fragile ecological settings and cultural sensitiveness of touristic regions, fast-paced technical development and rising awareness of social well-being are further factors that need to be considered when adopting sustainable tourism practices (Asmelash and Kumar, 2019; Bogren and Soerensson, 2021).
A successful and smooth transition towards a more sustainable tourism sector requires a willingness to adopt current business models and strategies (Christ et al., 2017). Therefore, our contemporary business environments require the ability to engage in complex, paradoxical business activities (Lewis 2000, Manzhynski and Biedenbach 2023). The concept of coopetition, in which the advantages of cooperation and competition are combined to generate value and achieve collaboration amongst competitors, represents such a paradoxical activity (Christ, Burritt et al. 2017)(Christ et al., 2017; Lee and Roh, 2023; Manzhyanski and Biedenbach, 2023).
The purpose of this research is to examine the potential and practice of coopetition strategies among SMEs in addressing sustainability issues. Over 10 (inter-)national reusable cup-sharing schemes, which are based on coopetition strategies to achieve sustainability for tourists and local residents, have been investigated. A reusable cup-sharing scheme aims to reduce environmental impact, i.e., plastic waste and energy use, by providing beverages in reusable cups for a small deposit. The scheme requires a carefully constructed ecosystem, building on the principle of coopetition for sustainability, comprising a platform operator, cafes and restaurants, bio-based cup suppliers, logistics companies, cup washing operators, local authorities, and residents and visitors in a geographically defined catchment.
This analysis compares and contrasts existing reusable cup-sharing schemes in Europe and internationally on four themes: (1) Business model, (2) Ownership, (3) Geographical Coverage, and (4) Financial arrangements. In doing so, key motivations to join the coopetition and key barriers for the scheme to operate and scale up were identified. Furthermore, the level of coopetition is analysed, and any correlation between operational activities and the level of coopetition is investigated.
Methodology | This study follows an abductive approach and multiple-case analysis. This is commonly applied in case studies and action research. The approach of abductive reasoning allows the combination of real-life observation with the matching of theoretical insights (Spens and Kovács, 2006). As abductive reasoning starts with a real-life observation, data was collected in three phases. First, reflections on an implemented cup scheme; second, drawing upon a secondary data analysis with existing cup schemes on an international level; third, reflection on expert meetings with founders and project managers from one cup scheme.
The data was analysed based on a thematic analysis of each of the cases. A thematic analysis involves the coding of qualitative information. This method allows the breaking of the data and gathered information into components and themes, ultimately allowing the identification of patterns and occurrences (Bryman and Bell, 2015).
Main Results and Contributions | The study investigated ten European-based reusable cup schemes based on the four criteria of (i) business model, (ii) financial ownership, (iii) geographical coverage, (iv) financial aspects. Based on these criteria, a level of coopetition is derived, and a possible correlation between operational activities and the levels of coopetition is investigated.
Preliminary findings indicate that cup-sharing schemes can be classified into three business models: direct sales, subscription-based model, and joint-purchase model. However, due to complexities in the business model and organisational design of the individual schemes, the likelihood of cooperations or the private sector owning the scheme is higher. Successful schemes indicated easy accessibility for customer convenience. It is omnipresent that cup-sharing schemes are being trialled in easily accessible regions with high footfall. Financial support is predominantly given by private organisations with a strong affinity toward sustainability issues. In addition, preliminary findings suggest that smaller, community-based cup schemes maintain a higher level of coopetition than nationwide schemes. Reasons for that are assumed to be linked to logistical and operational aspects, such as equipping business partners with cups and washing and cleaning processes. Further noticeable is the strong focus of all schemes on enhancing the quality of local communities. A prominent reason for establishing the scheme in the first place is the reduction of single-use waste and the reduction of littering on the streets of the community. Further findings are to highlight the level of coopetition and possible linkages to the five criteria, with the tendency that smaller, community-based cup are operating on a higher level of coopetition.
Limitations | The study acknowledges some limitations, this includes, amongst others, the geographical coverage of selected cup schemes. It provides a snapshot of the European cup-schemes.
Conclusions | The research analyses different cup-sharing schemes based on four characteristics. In doing so, key motivations and barriers for the scheme to operate and scale up were identified. This is particularly useful for practitioners who aim to implement such schemes. In addition, the research contributed theoretically by developing a coopetition strategy model.
References
Asmelash, A.G., & Kumar, S. (2015). Assessing progress of tourism sustainability: Developing and validating sustainability indicators. Tourism Management, (2019) 67-83.
Bogren, M., & Soerensson, A., (2021). Tourism companies’ sustainability communication – creating legitimacy and value. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 21:5, 475-493.
Bryman, A., & Bell., E. (2015). Business Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Christ, K.L., Burritt, R.L., & Varsei, M. (2017). Coopetition as Potential Strategy for Corporate Sustainability. Business Strategy and the Environment, 26, 1029-1040.
Lee, M.-J. and T. Roh (2023). Unpacking the sustainable performance in the business ecosystem: Coopetition strategy, open innovation, and digitalization capability." Journal of Cleaner Production 412.
Manzhynski, S., & Biedenbach, G., (2023). The knotted paradox of coopetition for sustainability: Investigating the interplay between core paradox propertieis. Industrial Marketing Management: 110: 31-45
Business association as a necessary condition to tourism destination coopetition strategy
Get PDFObjectives: Coopetition is an intrinsic and unintentional behavior in the tourism sector, but it can become intentional and a strategy if well conducted (Köseoğlu et al., 2019). Business associations usually gather many stakeholders and are usual in tourism destinations as thetourism and hospitality (T & H) sector is frequently fragmented, geographically dispersed, and has many small firms. Thus, they used trade associations to create synergy and collective voice (McKercher, 2022). Therefore, associations are natural hubs of coopetition (Chim-Miki et al.,2018; Wang & Krakover, 2008) but can be drivers or necessary conditions. This study analyzes the role of business associations in generating coopetition networks at tourism destinations. Second, the study examines the effect of business context on coopetition willingness.
Methodology| This quantitative research uses two techniques: Partial Least Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA) performed through the SmartPLS 4.0 software. NCA is a method to verify if a condition must be satisfied to achieve a specificoutcome. PLS-SEM is a method to test models and causal relations among variables (Becker et al., 2023). Both methods are indicated to build theories and test hypotheses (Hair et al., 2011; Richter et al., 2013). Data was collected from firms and public and private tourism organizationsin a Brazilian tourism destination using a questionnaire in one Brazilian tourism destination, Foz do Iguaçu.
Main results and contributions| Results suggested that business associations are a determinant and necessary condition to create willingness for tourism coopetition. Therefore, trade associations are essential as hubs and mediators of coopetition strategies that can drive tourism destination development. However, another variable also showed as a necessary condition to Coopetition, the firms\u27 long-term view, as with this mindset, firms support more trade associations. The model also tested the business context effect on associationism and willingness for tourism coopetition. This context considered the level of competition in the destination and the level of complementarity among firms. Results indicated that competition context has more effect on coopetition than cooperation context.
Limitations | We had two main limitations: the sample, as we tested the hypotheses using only one tourism destination, and the absence of previous models and scales regarding the topic. Both limitations were minimized by the rigor of analysis and the adequacy of methods.
Conclusions | Our study developed and proposed a framework and tested the linkages between associationism and willingness to coopetition. Furthermore, our study identified firm, sectorial, and industrial drivers to improve associationism and coopetition networks. Tourism destinations must improve the long-term vision among firms and organizations. High intra-destination competition levels foster associationism more than the complementary level among firms. That means horizontal business associations, trade associations among firms of the same subsector, tend to be stronger than associations with a broader scope of participants. Tourism destination managers should incentivize the creation of more business associations and use them to generate stronger coopetition networks toward tourism development.Objetivos: A coopetição é um comportamento intrínseco e não intencional no setor do turismo, mas pode tornar-se intencional e uma estratégia se for bem conduzida (Köseoğlu et al., 2019). As associações empresariais geralmente reúnem muitas partes interessadas e são habituais em destinos turísticos, uma vez que o setor do turismo e hotelaria (T&H) é frequentemente fragmentado, geograficamente disperso e tem muitas pequenas empresas. Assim, utilizam associações comerciais para criar sinergia e voz colectiva (McKercher, 2022). Portanto, as associações são centros naturais de coopetição (Chim-Miki et al., 2018; Wang & Krakover, 2008), mas também podem ser impulsionadores ou condições necessárias. Este estudo analisa o papel das associações empresariais na geração de redes de coopetição em destinos turísticos. Em segundo lugar, o estudo examina o efeito do contexto empresarial na disposição para a coopetição.
Metodologia: Esta pesquisa quantitativa utiliza duas técnicas: Modelagem de Mínimas Equações Estruturais Parciais (PLS-SEM) e Análise de Condições Necessárias (NCA) realizadas através do software SmartPLS 4.0. NCA é um método para verificar se uma condição deve ser satisfeita para alcançar um resultado específico. O PLS-SEM é um método para testar modelos e relações causais entre variáveis (Becker et al., 2023). Ambos os métodos são indicados para construir teorias e testar hipóteses (Hair et al., 2011; Richter et al., 2013). Os dados foram coletados de empresas e organizações turísticas públicas e privadas em um destino turístico brasileiro por meio de um questionário um destino turístico brasileiro, Foz do Iguaçu.
Principais resultados e contribuições: Os resultados sugeriram que as associações empresariais são uma condição determinante e necessária para criar vontade para a coopetição turística. Portanto, as associações comerciais são essenciais como centros e mediadores de estratégias de coopetição que podem impulsionar o desenvolvimento dos destinos turísticos. Contudo, outra variável também mostrou como condição necessária à Coopetição, a visão de longo prazo das empresas, pois com esta mentalidade as empresas apoiam mais associações comerciais. O modelo também testou o efeito do contexto empresarial no associacionismo e na disposição para a coopetição turística. Este contexto considerou o nível de concorrência no destino e o nível de complementaridade entre as empresas. Os resultados indicaram que o contexto de competição tem mais efeito sobre a coopetição do que o contexto de cooperação.
Limitações: Tivemos duas limitações principais: a amostra, pois testamos as hipóteses utilizando apenas um destino turístico, e a ausência de modelos e escalas anteriores sobre o tema. Ambas as limitações foram minimizadas pelo rigor da análise e pela adequação dos métodos.
Conclusões: Nosso estudo desenvolveu e propôs uma estrutura e testou as ligações entre associacionismo e disposição para coopetição. Além disso, identificou impulsionadores empresariais, sectoriais e industriais para melhorar o associacionismo e as redes de coopetição. Os destinos turísticos devem melhorar a visão de longo prazo entre empresas e organizações. Os elevados níveis de competição intra-destino fomentam mais o associacionismo do que o nível de complementaridade entre empresas. Isto significa que as associações empresariais horizontais, associações comerciais entre empresas do mesmo subsector, tendem a ser mais fortes do que as associações com um âmbito mais amplo de participantes. Os gestores de destinos turísticos devem incentivar a criação de mais associações empresariais e utilizá-las para gerar redes de coopetição mais fortes para o desenvolvimento do turismo