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Judith Rebecca von Wrbna and Maria Sophia von Dietrichstein: Two Imperial Ambassadresses from the Kingdom of Bohemia at the Court of Madrid (1653–1674)
No full textThis article focuses on the diplomatic activity of two ambassadors’s wives from the Kingdom of Bohemia at the court of Madrid between (1653–1674). In that time, the spouse of a diplomat was called “ambassadress”. Throughout the 17th century, the ambassadresses acquired ceremonial, political and social functions. The Countess of Lamberg and the Countess of Pötting were ambassadresses during a special period: during their ‘embassies’, the “Question of the Succession” marked the Hispanic monarchy relations with the Holy Roman Empire; and a Habsburg Queen, Mariana of Austria, was consort (and after regent) of Spain. Also, the second half of the 17th century coincided with the consolidation of the role of the ambassadresses at European courts. Judith Rebecca Wrbna and Maria Sophia von Dietrichstein paved the way for their successor, set precedents and made it easier for subsequent Imperial ambassadresses to access the diplomatic areas of the Spanish court. At the same time, both ambassadresses helped gain acceptance and legitimacy for the political actions of the ambassadors in court circles, established a good relation with the Queen Mariana of Austria, achieved their ceremonial and social duties (visiting), and acted as brokers at court. In short, these two ambassadresses marked a turning point in the diplomatic life of the following Imperial ambassadresses to Spain.This article focuses on the diplomatic activity of two ambassadors’s wives from the Kingdom of Bohemia at the court of Madrid between (1653–1674). In that time, the spouse of a diplomat was called “ambassadress”. Throughout the 17th century, the ambassadresses acquired ceremonial, political and social functions. The Countess of Lamberg and the Countess of Pötting were ambassadresses during a special period: during their ‘embassies’, the “Question of the Succession” marked the Hispanic monarchy relations with the Holy Roman Empire; and a Habsburg Queen, Mariana of Austria, was consort (and after regent) of Spain. Also, the second half of the 17th century coincided with the consolidation of the role of the ambassadresses at European courts. Judith Rebecca Wrbna and Maria Sophia von Dietrichstein paved the way for their successor, set precedents and made it easier for subsequent Imperial ambassadresses to access the diplomatic areas of the Spanish court. At the same time, both ambassadresses helped gain acceptance and legitimacy for the political actions of the ambassadors in court circles, established a good relation with the Queen Mariana of Austria, achieved their ceremonial and social duties (visiting), and acted as brokers at court. In short, these two ambassadresses marked a turning point in the diplomatic life of the following Imperial ambassadresses to Spain
The Extraordinary Imperial Ambassadors to the Conclave during the 1667–1730 Period
No full textThis study focuses on the practice of the appointing of extaordinary imperial ambassadors and representatives for papal elections during the years 1667–1730. To describe the development and the changes in the approach to this issue during the period monitored the author selected three model cases – the last mission of Cardinal Ernst Adalbert von Harrach at a conclave in 1667, the appointing of the extraordinary secular ambassador to the conclave, Anton Florian von Lichtenstein, in 1689 and the mission of Antonio Rambaldo di Collalto who, in 1730, collaborated with the ordinary Imperial Resident, Cardinal Cienfuegos. The study is based on the family archives of Harrach (held in the Österreichisches Staatsarchiv in Vienna), and of Collalto and Kaunitz (both are held in the Moravský zemský archiv in Brno) and on the diplomatic correspondence and the recorded agenda of the Imperial Embassy in Rome that is preserved in the Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv in Vienna. The period in question can be divided into three different sections. For the papal elections in 1667, 1669 and 1676 Emperor Leopold I appointed those cardinals who favoured the House of Habsburg. After the death of Pope Innocent XI in 1689 the situation changed to the detriment of the Habsburg dynasty and Leopold I decided to appoint an extraordinary secular ambassador. Anton Florian von Liechtenstein, in cooperation with Cardinal Johann von Goess, was supposed to correct the steps of the not so reliable Cardinal Protector Germaniae et Hispaniae Francesco Maria de’Medici. Liechtenstein’s task was to build-up prestige and to establish a permanent embassy at the Holy See. During the years 1691–1730 the practice of appointing extraordinary secular ambassadors to the conclave had already stabilised – mostly they were imperial counts who intervened with total respect in the events that took place around the papal election.This study focuses on the practice of the appointing of extaordinary imperial ambassadors and representatives for papal elections during the years 1667–1730. To describe the development and the changes in the approach to this issue during the period monitored the author selected three model cases – the last mission of Cardinal Ernst Adalbert von Harrach at a conclave in 1667, the appointing of the extraordinary secular ambassador to the conclave, Anton Florian von Lichtenstein, in 1689 and the mission of Antonio Rambaldo di Collalto who, in 1730, collaborated with the ordinary Imperial Resident, Cardinal Cienfuegos. The study is based on the family archives of Harrach (held in the Österreichisches Staatsarchiv in Vienna), and of Collalto and Kaunitz (both are held in the Moravský zemský archiv in Brno) and on the diplomatic correspondence and the recorded agenda of the Imperial Embassy in Rome that is preserved in the Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv in Vienna. The period in question can be divided into three different sections. For the papal elections in 1667, 1669 and 1676 Emperor Leopold I appointed those cardinals who favoured the House of Habsburg. After the death of Pope Innocent XI in 1689 the situation changed to the detriment of the Habsburg dynasty and Leopold I decided to appoint an extraordinary secular ambassador. Anton Florian von Liechtenstein, in cooperation with Cardinal Johann von Goess, was supposed to correct the steps of the not so reliable Cardinal Protector Germaniae et Hispaniae Francesco Maria de’Medici. Liechtenstein’s task was to build-up prestige and to establish a permanent embassy at the Holy See. During the years 1691–1730 the practice of appointing extraordinary secular ambassadors to the conclave had already stabilised – mostly they were imperial counts who intervened with total respect in the events that took place around the papal election
TERRORIST ATTACKS INFLUENCE ON AIR TRANSPORT DEMAND
No full textČlánek se zabývá poptávkou po letecké dopravě v Evropě a tím, do jaké míry je poptávka ovlivnitelná, a konkrétně tedy vlivem teroristických útoků, jejichž počet se na celém světě neustále zvyšuje. Ovlivnění poptávky je zkoumáno v krátkodobém časovém horizontu od uskutečnění teroristických útoků, a to na případech letišť v Paříži a Bruselu. Pro provedení výpočtů je použita jednofaktorová analýza rozptylu (ANOVA).The paper deals with air transport demand in Europe. Possible events that might influence air transport demand are explored. Specifically the influence of terrorist attacks is examined because number of attacks is constantly increasing worldwide. Effects on demand are explored in a short-time period after the terrorist attacks in Paris and Brussel on transport demand at these airports. To verify the influence of terrorist attacks on transport demand is used the one way ANOVA statistics
THE USE OF THE DECISION-MATRIX METHOD IN MARITIME TRANSPORT
No full textPredmetom článku je výber najvhodnejšieho variantu prepravy pri realizácii prepravy medzi juhovýchodnou Áziou a Slovenskom s použitím metódy multikriteriálneho rozhodovania. Pre porovnanie boli vybraté štyri významné európske námorné prístavy. Východiskové miesto je stanovené v ázijskom prístave Singapur.The subject of the paper is the selection of the most suitable variant of transport between Southeast Asia and Slovakia using the decision-matrix method. Four major European seaports were selected for the comparison. The Asian port of Singapure is set as the starting point
CARGO SECURING IN SELECTED VEHICLES AND TRANSPORT OF EXPLOSIVES
No full textČlánek se zabývá vyhodnocením přepravních experimentů s cílem komparovat vybraná vozidla v kontextu působení setrvačných sil na náklad při přepravě. Důraz je položen na adekvátnost upevnění nákladu z hlediska velikosti setrvačných sil (koeficientů akcelerace), které mohou představovat bezpečnostní riziko nejen pro náklad, vozidlo nebo osádku vozidla, ale i pro další účastníky silničního provozu. V samostatné části jsou analyzovány aspekty přepravy třaskavin s ohledem na působící setrvačné síly během přepravy. Součástí je i analýza odlišností mezi průmyslovými a vojenskými přepravami třaskavin.The article deals with evaluation of transport experiments to compare selected vehicles in the context of inertial forces effect on cargo during transport. Emphasis is placed on the adequacy of the cargo securing in terms of the size of inertia forces (acceleration coefficients) that can represent a safety risk not only for the cargo, vehicle or crew of the vehicle, but also for other drivers (road users). In a separate part of the article, aspects of the transport of explosives are analyzed taking into account the sizes of inertia forces during transport. Paper also includes analysis of differences in transport of industrial explosives and military transport of explosives
“There Is Nothing New Out Here!” A Case Study of Communication Strategies and Gender Dynamics in the First World War Family Correspondence
No full textThe article is a case study based on two collections of letters between couples in Moravia during the Great War. Using these collections that include either both or – rather uniquely – only the woman’s side of the correspondence, the author tries to follow the basic strategies employed by respective parties to the wartime dialogue between the frontline and the home front, ranging from discursive silence to standardized “calming phrases” and strategies, all the way to the moments when these strategies crumble under the weight of the events. In parallel, the text also focuses on the way these strategies reflected the changing gender structures and relations in wartime society, particularly the sense of empowered femininity and weakened masculinity, respectively.The article is a case study based on two collections of letters between couples in Moravia during the Great War. Using these collections that include either both or – rather uniquely – only the woman’s side of the correspondence, the author tries to follow the basic strategies employed by respective parties to the wartime dialogue between the frontline and the home front, ranging from discursive silence to standardized “calming phrases” and strategies, all the way to the moments when these strategies crumble under the weight of the events. In parallel, the text also focuses on the way these strategies reflected the changing gender structures and relations in wartime society, particularly the sense of empowered femininity and weakened masculinity, respectively
DESIGN OF THE REBUILDING THE ONE-AXLE WORKING MACHINE TO TWO-AXLE WORKING MACHIN
No full textČlánok sa zaoberá konštrukčným návrhom prestavby jednonápravového mobilného pracovného stroja na dvojnápravový. Získané vizualizované návrhy budú poskytovať náhľad na približný stav po reálnom zostrojení prototypu. Cieľom tejto úpravy je vylepšenie jazdných a prevádzkových parametrov tohto stroja tým spôsobom, aby došlo k zvýšeniu jeho využiteľnosti. Základné kritériá, ku ktorým bude návrh inklinovať, sú najmä zachovanie malých rozmerov z dôvodu prepravy za osobným vozidlom, ľahká ovládateľnosť, obsluha či prejazdnosť terénom. Zámerom je, aby rozmery novej konštrukcie poskytovali dostatočné miesto pre ergonomické usporiadanie pracoviska obsluhy a taktiež, aby bola hmotnosť malotraktora do 500 kg z dôvodu nosnosti štandardného prívesu za osobné motorové vozidlo.This article deals with the design of the rebuilding the working machine with one axle to the working machine with two axles. Obtained visualised designs will provide the overview on the machine state after real prototype construction. The improvement of the driving and operational properties of the machine is the goal of this rebuilding and also its applicability will be increased. The design will incline to these basic criteria: retention of compact dimensions in order to transport it on a trailer for a car, easy machine handling and attendance and also passability. The aim is that dimensions of the the new machine design will provide the sufficient space for the ergonomic layout of the operator’s position along with the retention of the gross machine weight up to 500 kg by reason of the load capacity of the standard trailer for a car
MODERNISATION OF SECURITY CHECKPOINTS IN AIR TRANSPORT RESPECTING MODERN THREATS
No full textCílem příspěvku je poukázat na nedostatky plynoucí ze současného způsobu realizace procesu bezpečnostní kontroly na mezinárodních letištích. Uvedeny jsou základní definice související s bezpečnostními kontrolami, jejich vývoj i aktuální situace. Dále jsou diskutována negativa současného přístupu a předložen návrh na modernizaci koncepce stanovišť bezpečnostních kontrol s důrazem na zvýšení spolehlivosti operátorů detekční kontroly i detekční kontroly samotné prostřednictvím behaviorální analýzy cestujících. Tato plánovaná optimalizační opatření by měla přinést vyšší míru zajištění vyhrazeného bezpečnostního prostoru letiště a hypoteticky i dalších strategických objektů kritické infrastruktury.The aim of this paper is to point to shortcomings arising from the current method of security checks at international airports. There are included definitions related to security checks, their development and current situation. There are also discussed disadvantages of the current approach and submitted a proposal to modernization of security checkpoints, with an emphasis on improving the reliability of screeners and screening itself through behavioural analysis of passengers. These planned optimization measures should bring a higher level of assurance of the security restricted area of the airport and hypothetically also other strategic objects of critical infrastructure
THE WATER TRANSPORT SCENARIO IN SOUTH AMERICA
No full textThe purpose of this article is to present the current scenario of the economy in the countries of the South American continent. In the second section it presents in general terms how the main countries are organized in relation to inland waterway transport, presenting the main waterways, their characteristics and the main inland ports of the region
PROPOSAL FOR DEFINITION OF REPLACEMENT FOR THE REMOVAL OF ROLLING VEHICLES ON THE ŽSR NETWORK
No full textPríspevok stručne prezentuje analýzu definícií platieb pre prístup k železničnej infraštruktúre v Slovenskej republike a vo vybraných krajinách EÚ a následne navrhuje definície platieb pre dlhodobé obsadenie koľají železničnými vozidlami na sieti ŽSR.The contribution briefly presents analysis of payment definitions for the access to the railway infrastructure in Slovak Republic and in chosen countries of EU and consequently it suggests payment definitions for long-term track occupation by railway vehicles on ŽSR network.
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