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REGULATION ACQUISITION IN AIR TRANSPORT IN THE CRISIS SITUATIONS
No full textPaper describes the ways of regulation, limitation and restriction of civil aviation traffic in routine and crisis situations in the Czech Republic
SEZÓNNOST V OSOBNÍ HROMADNÉ DOPRAVĚ
No full textČlánek se podrobně věnuje čtvrtletním výkyvům, které je možné vypozorovat v jednotlivých druzích hromadné dopravy, a na konkrétních číslech z uplynulých let sezónnost dokazuje
METODY A ZPŮSOB ALOKACE VEŘEJNÝCH LOGISTICKÝCH CENTER
No full textVlastní příspěvek ukazuje na potřebu VLC jako integrujícího prvku v logistických řetězcích. Ukazuje na neodpovídající současný stav a ukazuje směry, jak VLC vymezit a kam
NOVÝ PORIADOK ŽELEZNIČNEJ SPOLOČNOSTI SLOVENSKO, A.S.
No full textSkvalitnenie verejnej osobnej dopravy môže prilákať cestujúcich z individuálnej automobilovej dopravy na hromadnú dopravu. Je to jediná cesta ako z hľadiska trvalo udržateľného rozvoja možno zabezpečiť primeranú mobilitu obyvateľstva bez rizika kongescií a iných negatívnych externalít. Železničná spoločnosť Slovensko, a.s. (ZSSK) rozbehla v roku 2005 projekt Nový poriadok, ktorého cieľom je skvalitnenie služieb ZSSK so zameraním hlavne na požiadavky zákazníkov
NÁVRH METODY SDRUŽOVÁNÍ HRAN DO DOPRAVNÍCH LINIÍ U LINKOTVORBY PRO INTEGROVANÉ TAKTOVÉ JÍZDNÍ ŘÁDY
No full textPříspěvek se zabývá problematikou linkotvorby u Integrovaných taktových jízdních řádů. Je zde prezentován vlastní návrh metodiky na řešení linkotvorby v rámci příměstské, regionální a dálkové dopravy
ANALÝZA SOUVISLOSTÍ MEZI VYBRANÝMI UKAZATELI JÍZDNÍHO ŘÁDU
No full textPodoba jízdního řádu je výsledkem kompromisu mezi kvalitou požadovanou cestujícími na straně jedné a provozními a investičními náklady na straně druhé. Příspěvek se snaží kvantifikovat souvislosti mezi některými faktory, které jízdní řád určují. Pro názornou demonstraci byl zvolen model dálkové železniční osobní dopravy na území České republiky. S pomocí matematických metod jsou generovány různorodé varianty taktového jízdního řádu. Tyto varianty jsou následně srovnávány podle rozsahu dopravy, investičních opatření prováděných za účelem zkrácení cestovních dob a kvality přestupních vazeb.The form of the timetable is a result of a compromise between the quality passengers ask for on the one hand and operational and investment costs on the other hand. The article tries to quantify relationships between some factors, which determine the timetable. The model of long-distance railway passenger transport was chosen for a demonstration. With a support of mathematical methods different variants of timetable were generated. These variants were then compared by volume of transport, investment measures performed in order to shorten running times and a quality of transfer relationships
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi: My research on the course of nature in the development of the human race
No full textDas Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, den bedeutenden Pädagogen und Reformatoren Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi aus der Sicht seiner weniger bekannten philosophischen Ansichten und Theorien darzustellen. Die Autorin geht von einer Analyse Pestalozzis Schrift Meine Nachforschungen über den Gang der Natur in der Entwicklung des Menschengeschlechts (1797) aus und diskutiert seine grundlegenden philosophischen Themen. Pestalozzis Anthropologie widmet sich der Frage nach dem Zusammenhang zwischen der „sinnlichen“ und der „höheren“ Natur des Menschen. Sowohl die „höhere“ als auch die „niedere“ Natur des Menschen kommen bei Pestalozzi zu ihrem vollen Recht. Er definiert drei Zustände der menschlichen Entwicklung – der Naturzustand („unverdorben“ und „verdorben“), der gesellschaftliche und der sittliche Zustand – und zeigt ihre gegenseitige Verbindung. Die tierische Natur des Menschen sowie das gesellschaftliche Existieren versteht Pestalozzi als Voraussetzungen und Bedingungen für die sittliche Existenz des Einzelnen. Die Sittlichkeit des Menschen ist nur als eine dem Individuum gewährte Möglichkeit zu sehen. Sie beruht auf einer ganz selbständigen, vom Tierischen und Gesellschaftlichen unabhängigen, inneren Kraft des Individuums. In Pestalozzis philosophischen Ansichten sind vor allem die Einflüsse von J. J. Rousseau und I. Kant zu finden. Im letzten Teil dieses Artikels werden die wichtigsten Gemeinsamkeiten sowie Unterschiede der einzelnen philosophischen Auffassungen behandelt.Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, den bedeutenden Pädagogen und Reformatoren Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi aus der Sicht seiner weniger bekannten philosophischen Ansichten und Theorien darzustellen. Die Autorin geht von einer Analyse Pestalozzis Schrift Meine Nachforschungen über den Gang der Natur in der Entwicklung des Menschengeschlechts (1797) aus und diskutiert seine grundlegenden philosophischen Themen. Pestalozzis Anthropologie widmet sich der Frage nach dem Zusammenhang zwischen der „sinnlichen“ und der „höheren“ Natur des Menschen. Sowohl die „höhere“ als auch die „niedere“ Natur des Menschen kommen bei Pestalozzi zu ihrem vollen Recht. Er definiert drei Zustände der menschlichen Entwicklung – der Naturzustand („unverdorben“ und „verdorben“), der gesellschaftliche und der sittliche Zustand – und zeigt ihre gegenseitige Verbindung. Die tierische Natur des Menschen sowie das gesellschaftliche Existieren versteht Pestalozzi als Voraussetzungen und Bedingungen für die sittliche Existenz des Einzelnen. Die Sittlichkeit des Menschen ist nur als eine dem Individuum gewährte Möglichkeit zu sehen. Sie beruht auf einer ganz selbständigen, vom Tierischen und Gesellschaftlichen unabhängigen, inneren Kraft des Individuums. In Pestalozzis philosophischen Ansichten sind vor allem die Einflüsse von J. J. Rousseau und I. Kant zu finden. Im letzten Teil dieses Artikels werden die wichtigsten Gemeinsamkeiten sowie Unterschiede der einzelnen philosophischen Auffassungen behandelt
Fragments of Sources Relating to the Grand Tour of the Counts of Clary-Aldringen from 1727
No full textThe paper is a contribution to the history of noble travelling and its change in the first half of 18th century. Recent literature has come to the conclusion that deep changes in grand tour (Kavalierstour) of young nobles passed in 1720s and 1730s. Much more attention was newly devoted to the time consuming specialized education and the attraction of the European courts decreased. This hypothesis was compared with the travelling of young noble brothers Franz Wenzel and Johann Anton of Clary-Aldringen. Their journey started in 1727 and it could be reconstructed thanks to several pieces of their diary. The Clary-Aldringens belonged to the wealthy Czech noble families whose ancestors had come to Bohemia as successful soldiers during the Thirty Years´ War. They created a large dominion mainly in northern Bohemia with the centre in well known spa Teplice. The rise of the family reached its peak in 1767 when Franz Wenzel got a statute of prince (Fürst). His and his brother´s grand tour led to the western Europe at the end of 1720s. The fragments of their diary show that they travelled with their hofmeister and one servant from Prague via Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bamberg and Würzburg to the Netherlands. Their stay had two basic aims. They visited the court of the governor of the Austrian Netherlands in Brussels and then they studied at the famous university in Leiden in the United Provinces. They devoted their time to the course of Jus publicum by the well known teacher Johann Jakob Vitriarius. They also made some trips through the Netherlands and they observed the most important towns and ports (Amsterdam, the Hague, Rotterdam, Utrecht, etc.). Finally, the paper comes to the conclusion that this journey reminds much more the old style of grand tours. The Clary-Aldringens studied in Leiden indeed but their course was short (approximately 2 months only) and the fragments of their diary speak rather about the court stays and visits of different monuments. That means that they did not study to obtain the academic degrees. The paper includes also an edition of the fragments of the diary.The paper is a contribution to the history of noble travelling and its change in the first half of 18th century. Recent literature has come to the conclusion that deep changes in grand tour (Kavalierstour) of young nobles passed in 1720s and 1730s. Much more attention was newly devoted to the time consuming specialized education and the attraction of the European courts decreased. This hypothesis was compared with the travelling of young noble brothers Franz Wenzel and Johann Anton of Clary-Aldringen. Their journey started in 1727 and it could be reconstructed thanks to several pieces of their diary. The Clary-Aldringens belonged to the wealthy Czech noble families whose ancestors had come to Bohemia as successful soldiers during the Thirty Years´ War. They created a large dominion mainly in northern Bohemia with the centre in well known spa Teplice. The rise of the family reached its peak in 1767 when Franz Wenzel got a statute of prince (Fürst). His and his brother´s grand tour led to the western Europe at the end of 1720s. The fragments of their diary show that they travelled with their hofmeister and one servant from Prague via Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bamberg and Würzburg to the Netherlands. Their stay had two basic aims. They visited the court of the governor of the Austrian Netherlands in Brussels and then they studied at the famous university in Leiden in the United Provinces. They devoted their time to the course of Jus publicum by the well known teacher Johann Jakob Vitriarius. They also made some trips through the Netherlands and they observed the most important towns and ports (Amsterdam, the Hague, Rotterdam, Utrecht, etc.). Finally, the paper comes to the conclusion that this journey reminds much more the old style of grand tours. The Clary-Aldringens studied in Leiden indeed but their course was short (approximately 2 months only) and the fragments of their diary speak rather about the court stays and visits of different monuments. That means that they did not study to obtain the academic degrees. The paper includes also an edition of the fragments of the diary
From Midwives to Childbirth Assistants
No full textFrench enlightment came with new conceptions of physiological processes. It included also a childbirth that was relieved of magic and irrationality. One of the products of this ideology was populationism with its idea of the state organisation of health service. Attention to a mother and a child created its basics. Medicine focused on pregnancy and childbirth and it led to establishing of obstetrics as a special medical field. Later, gynaecology and pediatry were emancipated. Although medicalisation of childbirth was not direct and definite, medicine doctors took control over obstetrics in Europian countries from the middle of 20th century. Midwives were originally only a product of woman solidarity; it was institutionalized because every society tried to protect a beginning human life. Therefore the midwives became the first non-productive professional group that was reglemented by public authority. Suzerain, municipal, parish authorities and also some forward-looking individuals called for their competence during early modern times. On July 24th 1753 Maria Theresia published General health order for the Bohemian Kingdom that included the ordinance about the education and exams of midwives. In 1770 it was followed by such an order for all the monarchy which laid the fundamentals to modern health service. After these orders precise instructions for midwives were published; in the same time it was started with publishing of the textbooks for them. Some dozens of them are preserved up to this day and they are an important source to the history of this medical field and also to the history of this profession. We can reconstruct the genesis of social position of midewives and settle the requirements that were imposed on their professional ability and moral qualities. We can also use topographic and statistic manuals that say us a lot about the rate of midewives in concrete regions and about their efficiency. Very valuable but seldom preserved resources are also the booklets in which the midewives wrote about the course of concrete childbirths. This article is based upon four such booklets that come from Týn nad Vltavou, Choltice, Výpravy near Hradec Králové and Hořice (1870s-1930s). Current time has again rehabilited the personality of midewife. We can say that the development of obstetrics in the industrial countries reminds a circle: from the monopoly of midewife to the monopoly of medical doctor and from this one back again.French enlightment came with new conceptions of physiological processes. It included also a childbirth that was relieved of magic and irrationality. One of the products of this ideology was populationism with its idea of the state organisation of health service. Attention to a mother and a child created its basics. Medicine focused on pregnancy and childbirth and it led to establishing of obstetrics as a special medical field. Later, gynaecology and pediatry were emancipated. Although medicalisation of childbirth was not direct and definite, medicine doctors took control over obstetrics in Europian countries from the middle of 20th century. Midwives were originally only a product of woman solidarity; it was institutionalized because every society tried to protect a beginning human life. Therefore the midwives became the first non-productive professional group that was reglemented by public authority. Suzerain, municipal, parish authorities and also some forward-looking individuals called for their competence during early modern times. On July 24th 1753 Maria Theresia published General health order for the Bohemian Kingdom that included the ordinance about the education and exams of midwives. In 1770 it was followed by such an order for all the monarchy which laid the fundamentals to modern health service. After these orders precise instructions for midwives were published; in the same time it was started with publishing of the textbooks for them. Some dozens of them are preserved up to this day and they are an important source to the history of this medical field and also to the history of this profession. We can reconstruct the genesis of social position of midewives and settle the requirements that were imposed on their professional ability and moral qualities. We can also use topographic and statistic manuals that say us a lot about the rate of midewives in concrete regions and about their efficiency. Very valuable but seldom preserved resources are also the booklets in which the midewives wrote about the course of concrete childbirths. This article is based upon four such booklets that come from Týn nad Vltavou, Choltice, Výpravy near Hradec Králové and Hořice (1870s-1930s). Current time has again rehabilited the personality of midewife. We can say that the development of obstetrics in the industrial countries reminds a circle: from the monopoly of midewife to the monopoly of medical doctor and from this one back again
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