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Science and/in Literature: A Californian Perspective
No full textThis essay explores the intersection of science and literary expression in Californian literature. It aims to analyze a current in said literature characterized by the convergence of literature and science. In so doing, the essay probes four thematic layers that play a prominent role in Californian environmental literature: 1) ecology and Darwinian science, 2) the holistic approach to science, 3) the geological imagination, 4) and imagined worlds in ecological science fiction. Investigating literary works spanning from the late 19th century to the early 21st century, the essay addresses authors such as John Muir, Mary Austin, Robinson Jeffers and John Steinbeck, each of whom incorporated science into their imaginative writing. In addition to these quintessential Californian authors, the essay also probes texts by writers who experienced the dramatic degradation of the California environment in the 1960s and was further aggravated by climate change at the turn of the century. These writers include Gary Snyder, Ernest Callenbach, Ursula Le Guin and Kim Stanley Robinson. The essay identifies a distinctive and coherent thread that runs through the texts under scrutiny, one characterized by a critical and skeptical attitude to fragmented science and its ambition to control rather than apprehend the natural world. In contrast, the writers draw from the inclusive and holistic approach applied by Charles Darwin
How to Become an Obstetric Authority? Demarcation Dispute between Midwives and Doctors in German Midwifery Manuals from the Early Modern Period
No full textThe subject of the study is the analysis of early modern midwifery manuals from German-speaking regions written in the period between the second half of the seventeenth century and the first half of the eighteenth century. This period can be described as the beginning of the so-called demarcation dispute between the midwives and obstetricians. A characteristic manifestation of the dispute was an enormous production of midwifery manuals written by physicians and surgeons. At the same time, three German midwives (Justina Siegemund, Anna Elisabeth Horenburg and Barbara Wiedemann) published their treatises on childbirth. The aim of the study is to show the legitimation and self-presentation strategies used by the female and male authors of the midwifery manuals in order to integrate themselves into obstetric authorities. Moreover, the study focuses on the differences between the approach of female and male authors to midwifery.The subject of the study is the analysis of early modern midwifery manuals from German-speaking regions written in the period between the second half of the seventeenth century and the first half of the eighteenth century. This period can be described as the beginning of the so-called demarcation dispute between the midwives and obstetricians. A characteristic manifestation of the dispute was an enormous production of midwifery manuals written by physicians and surgeons. At the same time, three German midwives (Justina Siegemund, Anna Elisabeth Horenburg and Barbara Wiedemann) published their treatises on childbirth. The aim of the study is to show the legitimation and self-presentation strategies used by the female and male authors of the midwifery manuals in order to integrate themselves into obstetric authorities. Moreover, the study focuses on the differences between the approach of female and male authors to midwifery
Music of Festive Days in 18th Century Český Krumlov. Depiction of Festivities in an 18th Century Monastic Chronicle
No full textThe principal and yet unpublished source for this study, the chronicle Liber magistralis I–V, was led by the Minorite friars in Český Krumlov between the years 1678 and 1948. The chronicle entries illuminate in detail the course and form of extraordinary days in this renowned South Bohemian town, including the festive events connected with the prominent noble family of Schwarzenbergs. The article is primarily focused on 500 chronicle pages written in the course of 26 years by the highly educated superior Hyacinth Sperl (1726–1750). Sperl described not only the festivities held in the Krumlov friary itself but also the castle and municipal feasts in which he participated. The superior was very attentive to musical affairs in his surroundings which he did not hesitate to depict colourfully within the monastic chronicle. On this basis, the content and settings of Schwarzenberg birthdays, magnificent triumphal entries, or municipal pilgrimage feasts can be reconstructed. To get a comprehensive image of noble musical activities, this research also draws on preserved Schwarzenberg personal correspondence. The forms of music and liturgy used in Český Krumlov during this era apparently followed Viennese Imperial patterns in various aspects. As there is no relevant literature addressing the topic of music relations between the Minorite Order and a noble family in the Habsburg hereditary lands in the 18th century, this study presents a unique illustration of such interconnection.The principal and yet unpublished source for this study, the chronicle Liber magistralis I–V, was led by the Minorite friars in Český Krumlov between the years 1678 and 1948. The chronicle entries illuminate in detail the course and form of extraordinary days in this renowned South Bohemian town, including the festive events connected with the prominent noble family of Schwarzenbergs. The article is primarily focused on 500 chronicle pages written in the course of 26 years by the highly educated superior Hyacinth Sperl (1726–1750). Sperl described not only the festivities held in the Krumlov friary itself but also the castle and municipal feasts in which he participated. The superior was very attentive to musical affairs in his surroundings which he did not hesitate to depict colourfully within the monastic chronicle. On this basis, the content and settings of Schwarzenberg birthdays, magnificent triumphal entries, or municipal pilgrimage feasts can be reconstructed. To get a comprehensive image of noble musical activities, this research also draws on preserved Schwarzenberg personal correspondence. The forms of music and liturgy used in Český Krumlov during this era apparently followed Viennese Imperial patterns in various aspects. As there is no relevant literature addressing the topic of music relations between the Minorite Order and a noble family in the Habsburg hereditary lands in the 18th century, this study presents a unique illustration of such interconnection
Trust Limitations: Former Wehrmacht Soldiers Serving in the Czechoslovak Air Force in Britain during World War II
No full textThe paper explores the trust limitations of the Czechoslovak exile authorities during World War II towards those volunteers of the Czechoslovak exile military forces who had formerly served in the Wehrmacht. It has come to light that they were not prohibited from joining even the elite of the armed forces represented by air force units. On the other hand, the given degree of mistrust is demonstrated by the fact that they were only assigned to the ground personnel. Moreover, men who had gone through flying personal training in the German Luftwaffe were never accepted to the exile air force units.The paper explores the trust limitations of the Czechoslovak exile authorities during World War II towards those volunteers of the Czechoslovak exile military forces who had formerly served in the Wehrmacht. It has come to light that they were not prohibited from joining even the elite of the armed forces represented by air force units. On the other hand, the given degree of mistrust is demonstrated by the fact that they were only assigned to the ground personnel. Moreover, men who had gone through flying personal training in the German Luftwaffe were never accepted to the exile air force units
A Transgressive Figure or a Puppet of the Patriarchy? The Action Heroine in Atomic Blonde
No full textAlthough women’s empowerment has progressed, various media products still represent women in a negative light. They are commonly stereotyped and shown as sexual objects in these media products. Nonetheless, major breakthroughs have been made in the action film genre. Female action heroes have begun to be represented as transgressive women who oppose the patriarchal notion that masculine qualities are exclusively for men. The film Atomic Blonde features a lead action heroine and presents her as a strong woman who embodies characteristics of both masculinity and femininity. This study aims to discover how this heroine is represented in this action film. A qualitative approach with narrative and non-narrative analysis was applied to conduct this study. In doing so, the writers used Judith Halberstam’s theory of female masculinity that scrutinizes performances of masculinity by female subjects. The theory of gender, sexuality, and toughness by Jeffrey Brown was also employed to examine the aforementioned aspects of action heroines. One research finding is that despite being characterized as a powerful and tough woman, this action heroine is still subjected to hypersexualization and subordination. It demonstrates that regardless of how much power an action heroine possesses, she is still bounded by the patriarchy
Caught between dialogue and diktat – The International Midwives Union 1933–1945
No full textIn 1919 the International Midwives Union (IMU) was founded in Belgium. For two decades it was dominated by Professor Frans Daels from Belgium (1881-1974), a gynaecologist from Gent. Its main assembly was the bi-annual international congress, e.g. 1934 in London and 1936 in Berlin. In Berlin, the congress passed a resolution by which the chairing congress president would automatically become the IMU’s president for the following two years. Thus, Nanna Conti (1881-1951), the chairwoman of the German Midwives Association, became the first president of the IMU. After the congress in Paris in 1938 Clémence Mosse (d. 1949) became the next president. However, during the Second World War Mosse was unable to influence the IMU significantly. In 1942 Conti succeeded Daels as secretary general of the IMU and moved IMU headquarters to Berlin. At least from 1942-1945 the IMU was led by a Nazi functionary. This paper shows how the IMU reacted to the sometimes benevolent, sometimes dictatorial leadership of Nanna Conti and the spreading of Nazi propaganda among the European midwives. The situation between Czech and German midwives serves as a case example. The paper is based on the author’s biography of Nanna Conti.In 1919 the International Midwives Union (IMU) was founded in Belgium. For two decades it was dominated by Professor Frans Daels from Belgium (1881-1974), a gynaecologist from Gent. Its main assembly was the bi-annual international congress, e.g. 1934 in London and 1936 in Berlin. In Berlin, the congress passed a resolution by which the chairing congress president would automatically become the IMU’s president for the following two years. Thus, Nanna Conti (1881-1951), the chairwoman of the German Midwives Association, became the first president of the IMU. After the congress in Paris in 1938 Clémence Mosse (d. 1949) became the next president. However, during the Second World War Mosse was unable to influence the IMU significantly. In 1942 Conti succeeded Daels as secretary general of the IMU and moved IMU headquarters to Berlin. At least from 1942-1945 the IMU was led by a Nazi functionary. This paper shows how the IMU reacted to the sometimes benevolent, sometimes dictatorial leadership of Nanna Conti and the spreading of Nazi propaganda among the European midwives. The situation between Czech and German midwives serves as a case example. The paper is based on the author’s biography of Nanna Conti
DEVELOPMENT OF ALL FOUR-WHEEL STEERING SYSTEMS
No full textPříspěvek se zabývá rešerší v současné době velmi prosazovaným systémem řízení všech čtyř kol u silničních vozidel, a to zejména u osobních vozidel. Shrnuje historický vývoj jednotlivých systémů a popisuje jejich výhody a nevýhody z technického pohledu na konstrukční celek. Zaměřuje se i na systémy používané v současných automobilech, které jsou stále velice ojediněle zabudované do nově vyráběných vozidel.The paper deals with a search of the currently very popular system of all four wheels for road vehicles, especially for passenger cars. It summarizes the historical shift of individual systems and describes their advantages and disadvantages a technical point of view of the structural unit. It also focuses on systems used in today\u27s cars, which are still very rarely built into newly manufactured vehicles
EVALUATION OF THE RELEVANT IMPLEMENATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF SHARED ECONOMY IN ENSURING THE TRANSPORT OF PARCELS
No full textProblematika sdílené ekonomiky je v současné době velmi aktuální téma mající svůj význam v mnoha odvětvích národního hospodářství. V oblasti dopravy je možné pozorovat využití některých principů sdílené ekonomiky, zejména v rámci služeb, které spočívají ve sdílení kapacit osobních aut při přepravě osob (BlaBlaCar, Zipcar, DriveNow atd.). S přihlédnutím k situaci, kdy meziročně narůstá počet přepravovaných zásilek, naskýtá se prostor pro využití principů sdílené ekonomiky nejen pro přepravu osob, jak tomu již je, ale také právě při zajištění přepravy zásilek. Vzhledem k tomu, že v České republice nebyla tato problematika komplexně řešena, je nutné před případným stanovením strategií implementace principů sdílené ekonomiky při přepravě zásilek ze strany příslušných veřejných institucí či ze strany podniků ověřit, zda jsou v České republice vytvořeny vhodné podmínky pro takovouto implementaci. Cílem článku je zhodnotit aktuální situaci v České republice v rámci implementace principů sdílené ekonomiky při přepravě zásilek z vnějšího prostředí, konkrétně s využitím PEST analýzy.The issue of shared economy is currently a very topical theme in many sectors of national economy. In the field of transport, it is possible to observe the use of some principles of shared economy, especially in the context of sharing capacity of cars in passenger transport (BlaBlaCar, Zipcar, DriveNow etc.). Taking into account the situation where the number of transported parcels is growing year-on-year, there is space for using principles of shared economy in ensuring the transport of parcels. Given the situation that this issue has not been comprehensively addressed in the Czech Republic, it is necessary to verify that the conditions for implementation principles of shared economy in the Czech Republic are appropriate. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the current situation in the Czech Republic within the implementation of principles of shared economy in the parcel delivery from an external environment, specifically using PEST analysis
HODNOTENIE OHROZENOSTI MÄKKÝCH CIEĽOV A JEHO APLIKÁCIA NA OBJEKT ŽELEZNIČNEJ STANICE
No full textŽelezničné stanice je možné označiť za miesta s hromadným výskytom ľudí a neustálou frekvenciou pohybu, ale súčasne s nedostatočnou úrovňou ochrany. V bezpečnostnej komunite sa pre takéto objekty začal používať termín mäkké ciele. V posledných rokoch sa stali častým objektom teroristických útokov. Hrozba útokov na mäkké ciele sa v súčasnosti realizuje hlavne prostredníctvom ich zraniteľnosti resp. slabých miest v systéme. V podmienkach Slovenskej republiky, ale aj v ďalších krajinách sveta, neexistuje všeobecne platná metóda efektívnej ochrany mäkkých cieľov a hodnotením ich ohrozenosti a z toho vyplývajúcich metód a techník pre ich ochranu. Napríklad metodika hodnotenia ohrozenosti mäkkého cieľa, platná v podmienkach Českej republiky, je voľne dostupná pre verejnosť. Na základe princípov a postupov definovaných v uvedenej metodike je možné kvantifikovať mieru ohrozenosti dopravných terminálov, ako sú napríklad železničné stanice. Hlavným cieľom článku je demonštrovať možnosti využitia metodiky hodnotenia ohrozenosti mäkkých cieľov na kvantitatívne vyhodnotenie úrovne ohrozenosti železničnej stanice a takýmto spôsobom pomôcť efektívne zvýšiť úroveň prevádzkovej bezpečnosti železničných staníc a osôb v nich. Railway stations can be described as places with a mass presence of people and a constant frequency of movement, but at the same time with an insufficient level of protection. In the security community, the term soft targets have been used for these objects. In recent years, they have been a frequent object of terrorist attacks. The threat of attacks on soft targets is currently realized mainly through their vulnerability respectively weak points in the complex. In the conditions of the Slovak Republic, but also in other countries of the world, there is no generally valid method of effective protection of soft targets by assessing their threat and the resulting methods and techniques of protection of soft targets. For example, the methodology for evaluating the threat of a soft target, valid in the Czech Republic, is freely available. Based on the principles and procedures defined in the above methodology, it is possible to quantify the degree of risk to transport terminals, such as railway stations. The main goal of the article is to demonstrate the possibilities of using the above methodology for quantitative evaluation of railway station threats and in this way to help effectively increase the level of operational safety of railway stations and persons in them.Železničné stanice je možné označiť za miesta s hromadným výskytom ľudí a neustálou frekvenciou pohybu, ale súčasne s nedostatočnou úrovňou ochrany. V bezpečnostnej komunite sa pre takéto objekty začal používať termín mäkké ciele. V posledných rokoch sa stali častým objektom teroristických útokov. Hrozba útokov na mäkké ciele sa v súčasnosti realizuje hlavne prostredníctvom ich zraniteľnosti resp. slabých miest v systéme. V podmienkach Slovenskej republiky, ale aj v ďalších krajinách sveta, neexistuje všeobecne platná metóda efektívnej ochrany mäkkých cieľov a hodnotením ich ohrozenosti a z toho vyplývajúcich metód a techník pre ich ochranu. Napríklad metodika hodnotenia ohrozenosti mäkkého cieľa, platná v podmienkach Českej republiky, je voľne dostupná pre verejnosť. Na základe princípov a postupov definovaných v uvedenej metodike je možné kvantifikovať mieru ohrozenosti dopravných terminálov, ako sú napríklad železničné stanice. Hlavným cieľom článku je demonštrovať možnosti využitia metodiky hodnotenia ohrozenosti mäkkých cieľov na kvantitatívne vyhodnotenie úrovne ohrozenosti železničnej stanice a takýmto spôsobom pomôcť efektívne zvýšiť úroveň prevádzkovej bezpečnosti železničných staníc a osôb v nich
ANALÝZA NEHODOVÉHO DEJA NEHODOVEJ UDALOSTI NA ŽELEZNIČNOM PRIECESTÍ
No full textPříspěvek se zaměřuje na problematiku bezpečnosti na železničních přejezdech, které jsou velmi důležitým prvkem v železniční dopravě. Statistiky ukazují, že silniční nehody představují více než čtvrtinu všech železničních nehod v EU. Kromě statistických ukazatelů nehod na železničních přejezdech měli autoři článku k dispozici podrobné údaje o tragické nehodě z roku 2009, při níž bylo zabito dvanáct lidí, a dalších vážných úrazech. Podle analýzy příčin a průběhu nehody ukazuje, jak důležité je použití nejmodernějších bezpečnostních prvků na železničních přejezdech, kde není možné předat silniční a železniční dopravu mimo úroveň.The paper focuses on the issue of safety at level crossings, which are a very important element in rail transport. Statistics show that road accidents account for more than a quarter of all rail accidents in the EU. In addition to statistical indicators of accidents at railway crossings, the authors of the article had at their disposal detailed data on the tragic accident from 2009, where twelve people were killed, as well as other serious injuries. According to the analysis of the causes and course of the accident, it shows how important it is to use the most modern security elements at railway crossings, where it is not possible to pass road and rail traffic off-level.Príspevok sa zameriava na problematiku bezpečnosti na železničných priecestiach, ktoré predstavujú v železničnej doprave veľmi dôležitý prvok. Autori príspevku mali k dispozícií podrobné údaje o tragickej nehode z roku 2009, kde došlo k usmrteniu dvanástich osôb, ako aj k ďalším vážnym zraneniam osôb. Podľa analýzy príčin a priebehu nehody vyplýva, aké dôležité je, aby na železničných priecestiach, kde nie je možné mimoúrovňové míňanie cestnej a železničnej dopravy boli nasadené najmodernejšie zabezpečovacie prvky
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