International journal of health sciences
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Efficacy of single-versus split-dose polyethylene glycol for colonic preparation: A randomized control study
Get PDFBackground: Before a colonoscopy, polyethylene glycol (PEG) is often used to prepare the colon. PEG dosage recommendations are still up for discussion. In this randomized controlled experiment, the effectiveness and acceptability of PEG administered in single vs. split doses for colonic preparation was compared. Methods: A total of 120 individuals were randomized to either split-dose PEG for colonic preparation or a single-dose PEG at Department of Gastroenterology, Hayatabad medical complex. The Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) was used for assessing the rate of bowel cleaning for the colonoscopy. A visual analog scale was used to evaluate the preparation's acceptability and tolerability. Results: The quality of colonic preparation was considerably greater in the split-dose PEG group than in the single-dose PEG group, as shown by the BBPS score, which was significantly higher in the split-dose PEG group (7.5±1.2) than in the single-dose PEG group (6.3±1.3) (P0.001). Patient satisfaction did not vary significantly between the two groups, but the split-dose PEG group had a higher completion rate of colonoscopies (97% vs. 95%) as well as greater patient acceptability and tolerance. 
The frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus & its responsible factors among pregnant women presenting at a tertiary care hospital, Karachi
Get PDFControlling the related factors implicated in the development of GDM may help to mitigate the sharp rise in the prevalence of GDM and its detrimental effects on maternal and newborn problems. Maternal age (over 30 years), prior history of gestational diabetes, increased BMI, family history of diabetes, parity, belonging to an ethnic group with a high correlation with GDM and prior birth of a large baby are the key related factors of GDM. Aim: The main goal is to determine the frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women and its causing factors. Place and Duration: This Descriptive, cross-sectional study was held in Department of Gynecology, Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi from 16th January 2017 to 15th July 2017. Methods: 250 pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus between the 18-45 years of age were included. Multiple gestations, unbooked cases, and cases of known DM were not included. Development of gestational diabetes is the primary outcome factor which was determined. Maternal age, parity, gestational age, grand multiparity, BMI (for obesity), prior GDM, prior experience of macrosomic infant, family history of DM & PCOS are additional study variables (responsible factors). 
Knowledge and practices regarding oral health and hygiene and its correlation with periodontal health in pregnant women, visiting hospitals of prime foundation: Cross-sectional study
Get PDFObjectives: To determine the periodontal health of pregnant women by using Community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN). To determine the oral health knowledge of pregnant women during pregnancy. To determine the correlation of knowledge and oral hygiene practices with periodontal health in pregnant women. To compare periodontal health, oral health knowledge and practices in different social classes during pregnancy. Methods and materials: A Cross-sectional study was carried out on 384 pregnant patients visiting gynea OPDs of Mercy, Kuwait, prime teaching hospitals and dental OPD of Peshawar dental hospital following inclusion and exclusion criteria and written consent was taken. Closed ended questionnaire was used consisting of 5 parts i-e age, trimester, oral health assessment (CPITN), oral health knowledge, oral hygiene practices and socioeconomic status. Results: Out of 384 patients 222 (57.8%) had healthy Periodontal status, followed by 75 (19.5%) having pocket depth between 3.5 to 5.5, calculus having 66 (17.2%), bleeding on probing were only 21 (5.5%) patients, whereas no patients were having pocket more than 5.5. 22(5.7%) had good oral health knowledge, 350 (91.1%) had satisfactory and 12 (3.1%) had poor oral health knowledge. 
Changing social relations of HIV infected people with families and communities in Punjab, Pakistan
Get PDFBackground: It is observed that HIV infected people are facing multidimensional stigma, discrimination, blames, restrictions, ban, loathing and hateful behavior by their own families, community members, neighbors, and many more people who comes in daily contact with them. The objective of the study was to determine the problems of changing social relations that HIV/AIDS patients experiences in the families and communities. Materials and Methods: The study was qualitative and cross-sectional in nature. The participants of the study were HIV infected people registered with Punjab AIDS Control Programme and enrolled at Public Hospitals and their key informants i.e. family members and medical practitioners. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the representative sample. A sample of 50 HIV infected people, 50 family members and 20 medical practitioners were interviewed. In-depth interviews were conducted with HIV infected people, family members and medical practitioners. The collected in-depth and enrich information was analyzed thematic analysis. Results: The diagnose of HIV reshape the identity of individual in the family and community. The social relations of HIV infected people change with the family and friends. 
Frequency of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C received treatment with directly antiviral agents
Get PDFBackground and Aims: Hepatitis C infection is one of leading causes of liver cirrhosis and a considerable proportion of hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Despite the very high efficacy of Directly Acting Viral Agents (DAAs) on clearance of hepatitis C their role remains controversial on development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. The Aim of this study is to analyze hepatocellular occurrence in hepatitis C patients after achieving Sustained virologic response on directly acting viral agent. Methods and Material: It is prospective study conducted on outpatients in the Hepato-gastroenterology department of Asian Institute of Medical Science Hospital Hyderabad from 21-10-2018 to 20-04-2019. All patients who fulfilled the criteria were enrolled, their baseline demographic characteristics, Child Pugh Class, MELD score, alpha-fetoprotein level and Ultrasound liver before and after treatment collected. Duration of DAAs treatment and type of DAAs used also noted. Hepatocellular carcinoma labelled when Triphasic CT scan liver shows typical characters of hepatocellular carcinoma i.e. arterial phase hyperenhancement and delayed washout on portal and venous phase or ultrasound liver shows focal liver lesion with alpha-fetoprotein level more than 300ng/ml. Results: One hundred fifty-seven patients of chronic hepatitis C enrolled in the study after exclusion criteria. 
The relationship between HPV positivity and abnormal cervical cytology changes with age in perimenopausal women
Get PDFBackground: In this research, premenopausal women with HR-HPV infections and atypical cervical smears were compared by age. Materials and method: 200 regularly screened women between the ages of 36 and 60 had a cervical smear and HPV detection. Demographic, behavioral, and medical data were gathered by telephone surveys. Descriptive analysis was used to look at the connection between HR-HPV infections and cervical aberrations by age. Results: Age significantly decreased the number of cases of cervical abnormalities, HR-HPV, and human papillomavirus, as well as the correlation among these disorders. In younger females with abnormalities, HR-HPV detection was 60%; however, it steadily decreased to 30% in "50-54-year-old" women, without abnormalities found in 55-60 years old females. Different relationships between HR-HPV infection and anomalies remained found in females over 45, a pattern not observed in females who were young by age. Conclusion: Age had no effect on several kinds of low-grade and severe anomalies, but we saw a decline in the agreement among cytological results and HR-HPV tests
The long-term effects of type 2 diabetes on quality of life
Get PDFBackground: This study aimed to investigate the long-term effect of Type 2 diabetes on the quality of life of 100 patients in the Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology at the Hayatabad Medical Complex in Peshawar, Pakistan. The patients’ demographic information, medical history and associated comorbidities, and quality of life were collected and recorded. The quality of life was assessed using the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) tool. The results showed that Type 2 diabetes had a significant negative impact on the physical, psychological, and social domains of the patients’ quality of life. There were significant differences between males and females in terms of physical health, psychological health, and social relationships. In addition, elderly patients reported lower scores on general health and physical activities than younger participants. These results demonstrate that Type 2 diabetes has a long-term negative effect on the quality of life of those affected and should be taken into consideration when developing treatment and prevention strategies. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to investigate the long-term effect of Type 2 diabetes on the quality of life of 100 patients in the Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology at the Hayatabad Medical Complex in Peshawar, Pakistan. 
Enhancing oral health diagnosis and treatment with artificial intelligence in dentistry
Get PDFThis study aims to explore the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing oral health diagnosis and treatment in the field of dentistry. With a sample size of 100 individuals from the population of Lahore, this research investigates the efficacy of AI technologies in revolutionizing oral healthcare practices. The traditional approach to oral health diagnosis and treatment heavily relies on subjective human judgment, leading to variations in diagnoses and treatment plans. By leveraging AI algorithms, this study demonstrates how machine learning and deep learning techniques can assist dentists in making accurate and efficient diagnoses, resulting in improved treatment outcomes. The research involves the development of an AI model trained on a dataset comprising dental records and associated clinical information. Through the analysis of this dataset, the AI model learns to recognize patterns, identify abnormalities, and predict potential oral health issues. By integrating this model into dental practices, dentists can make informed decisions based on data-driven insights, ultimately leading to enhanced patient care. Furthermore, this study evaluates the potential challenges and ethical considerations associated with implementing AI in dentistry. 
Exploring the ethical and privacy implications of artificial intelligence in dentistry
Get PDFArtificial intelligence (AI) 's rapid advancement in dentistry has brought numerous benefits, such as improved diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient care. However, the implementation of AI in this field raises significant ethical and privacy concerns. This study aims to explore AI’s ethical and privacy implications in dentistry and analyze the perspectives of dental professionals and patients. To achieve this, a quantitative research methods approach was employed. A survey was administered to 50 Dentists, Dental Professionals, AI Developers, and Dental Patients. A survey questionnaire was administered to a larger sample of dental patients. Study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan. The survey assessed their awareness and perceptions of AI use in dentistry, as well as their concerns regarding ethical and privacy issues. The sample size for the survey was 50 patients, randomly selected from dental clinics. The findings of this study contribute to the growing body of knowledge on the ethical and privacy implications of AI in dentistry. It provided valuable insights for dental professionals, policymakers, and regulatory bodies in developing guidelines and safeguards to ensure responsible AI integration while protecting patient privacy and upholding ethical standards in dental practice
Risk of bleeding in patients on single and dual antiplatelet therapy undergoing dental extractions
Get PDFWe assessed the impact of single and dual antiplatelet therapy on postoperative bleeding in dental extraction patients. The study involved 160 patients on antiplatelet medication and a control group of 105 healthy subjects undergoing extractions. Bleeding was considered an "event" if it persisted over 12 hours or met other specific criteria. A total of 115 teeth were extracted from control, 48 teeth were extracted from the dual drug group and 122 from the single drug group, with no significant difference in postoperative bleeding incidence (χ2 = 4.3, p = 0.11). Dental extractions for patients on single or dual antiplatelet therapy can be performed safely using local haemostatic measures without treatment interruption