International journal of health sciences
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Impact of medical education trend in community development
Full text linkProblem-based learning has been described as one of the most significant developments in medical education. The trend of medical education plays a vital role in determining the success of universal health coverage in India. The motto of health education is community-based training, where students are placed in the community and learn by delivering the care using the existing health services
Addressing opioid use disorder: The role in pharmacotherapy barriers
Full text linkBackground: The opioid epidemic in the United States has escalated significantly since the early 2000s, leading to a dramatic increase in opioid-related fatalities and the spread of infectious diseases among users. Despite the availability of three FDA-approved medications for opioid use disorder (OUD), access remains severely limited due to various barriers. Aim: This paper aims to analyze the pharmacotherapy barriers affecting the treatment of OUD and propose strategies for addressing these challenges to enhance access to care. Methods: A comprehensive review of recent peer-reviewed literature was conducted to identify financial, regulatory, geographic, and attitudinal barriers influencing the delivery of pharmacotherapy for OUD. The analysis involved examining Medicaid coverage, the impact of federal regulations, and the distribution of treatment programs across urban and rural settings. Results: Findings indicate significant financial obstacles, including inadequate Medicaid coverage and pre-authorization requirements, which hinder access to treatment. Regulatory constraints, such as limits on prescribing waivers for buprenorphine, further exacerbate these issues. Geographic disparities were also noted, with rural areas lacking sufficient treatment options and healthcare providers. The study emphasizes the urgent need for policy reforms to reduce these barriers and improve treatment accessibility
Emergency of outpatient anaphylactic shock: Review article
Full text linkBackground: Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction triggered by substances such as food, medications, insect stings, or environmental factors. It presents a range of symptoms, including respiratory, cardiovascular, dermatological, and gastrointestinal manifestations, which can develop rapidly. Misdiagnosis is common, as symptoms overlap with conditions such as septic shock or asthma. The immediate administration of intramuscular epinephrine is critical for treatment, along with airway management, antihistamines, and glucocorticoids. Aim: This review aims to explore the outpatient management of anaphylactic shock, focusing on symptoms, treatment strategies, and emergency preparedness. The review emphasizes the importance of rapid intervention and staff training for successful management. Methods: Methods involve analyzing current literature on anaphylaxis, its clinical presentation, and emergency treatment protocols. Results: Results show that early epinephrine administration is crucial for improving outcomes, with delayed treatment contributing to increased fatality risks. Regular preparedness, such as maintaining an anaphylaxis cart and conducting staff drills, is vital for effective outpatient care. Conclusion: The conclusion underscores the necessity of equipping outpatient settings with proper protocols and emergency supplies to manage anaphylactic emergencies and the need for patient education on recognizing and managing future episodes
Palliative care nursing and pediatrics in Intensive Care Unit (ICU): Updated review
Full text linkBackground: Palliative care in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) aims to enhance quality of life for critically ill neonates and their families. Despite the American Academy of Pediatrics’ broad recommendations, variability exists in implementing palliative care across healthcare facilities. Common neonatal conditions like prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), and neonatal sepsis pose challenges, emphasizing the need for integrative palliative care. Aim: To examine the history, current practices, and emerging trends in neonatal palliative care, emphasizing its implementation in NICUs. Methods: A comprehensive review of neonatal palliative care literature was conducted, highlighting advancements, barriers, and practical approaches to incorporating palliative care in NICU settings. The review included guidelines, clinical pathways, and policy frameworks. Results: Neonatal palliative care has evolved from rudimentary practices to specialized programs addressing complex medical, ethical, and emotional needs. However, significant barriers persist, including fragmented education, interprofessional communication gaps, and limited palliative care training for healthcare providers. Integrating primary palliative care into NICUs has shown potential for improving outcomes, though it requires widespread adoption of foundational skills among neonatal teams. Conclusion: The integration of palliative care into NICUs is crucial for addressing the nuanced needs of critically ill neonates and their families. 
HIV/AIDS: Current treatment protocols and long-term management: An updated review
Full text linkBackground: Since its emergence in 1981, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has led to approximately 35 million fatalities worldwide. Despite advancements in treatment, many individuals still lack access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Aim: This updated review explores current treatment protocols for HIV/AIDS, highlighting the importance of early ART initiation and long-term management strategies. Methods: The review synthesizes recent research findings and guidelines on HIV treatment, focusing on the structural biology of HIV, infection processes, clinical manifestations, prevention methods, and long-term health consequences of ART. Results: With ART, individuals can achieve a life expectancy comparable to HIV-negative individuals, although disparities persist between high-income and low- and middle-income countries. Furthermore, while ART reduces AIDS-related morbidity, it does not eliminate the risk of non-AIDS-related conditions such as cardiovascular diseases and neurocognitive disorders. Conclusion: Ongoing research is essential for optimizing ART regimens and managing long-term health issues in HIV-infected individuals. Comprehensive prevention strategies, early diagnosis, and access to ART are critical in the fight against HIV/AIDS. By addressing these aspects, healthcare systems can significantly improve health outcomes for those living with HIV
Managing diabetic emergencies: hyperglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis: Review article for paramedics, emergency medical services, nursing, and health informatics
Full text linkBackground: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) are severe hyperglycemic crises that can occur in individuals with diabetes. While they are often treated as separate conditions, they exist on a continuum of hyperglycemic emergencies related to inadequate diabetes management. Aim: This review aims to provide an overview of DKA and HHS, exploring their epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management strategies. The review focus on the main role of paramedics, emergency medical services, nursing, and health informatics in the management of DKA. Methods: The article synthesizes data from various epidemiological studies, clinical case reviews, and historical accounts of diabetic emergencies to highlight the clinical characteristics and treatment approaches for DKA and HHS. Results: The incidence of DKA has risen significantly, leading to over 140,000 hospitalizations annually in the United States. While DKA is more common in younger individuals with type 1 diabetes, HHS primarily affects older patients with type 2 diabetes. Both conditions share common treatment principles, including fluid rehydration, insulin therapy, and electrolyte replacement, with timely intervention critical for improving outcomes. Conclusion: DKA and HHS represent serious medical conditions that necessitate swift diagnosis and management. 
Increasing education of family support for decreasing depression level towards elderly
Full text linkThe elderly was a natural process that can not be avoided. The many changing occurred due to biological aspects, psychological, social, economic, and health. The brain aging process was a part of the degeneration process caused neuropsychological disorder varieties. The present study aimed at analyzing the family support depression level of the elderly before and after being given an education. It used a randomized pre-experimental design with pretest and posttest One Group Only Design (in form of the community trial). The research was conducted in Selemadeg village for 4 months i.e. July to October 2016. The study population was all elderly in Selemadeg village. The sampling techniques with total sampling, which meets the criteria for inclusion and exclusion amounted to 400 people. Based on the data analysis showed that there was the very significant positive difference between family support with the depression level in the elderly before being given education as indicated by the value t < p-value (t = -39.001) and p = 0:01)
Trends and challenges in managing diabetes mellitus-personalized medicine
Full text linkBackground: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a major global health issue, contributing to significant morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. The World Health Organization reported an increase in DM diagnoses, with 422 million adults affected globally by 2014. Despite a decline in newly diagnosed cases in the U.S., DM remains prevalent, significantly impacting cardiovascular health and incurring substantial healthcare costs. Aim: This article aims to explore the trends and challenges in managing DM through personalized medicine, focusing on genetic insights and pharmacogenomics to improve treatment strategies. Methods: The review encompasses recent advancements in genetic research and pharmacogenomics relevant to DM. It discusses the genetic underpinnings of both Type 1 and Type 2 DM, including monogenic forms like MODY and NDM. Various methodologies, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and candidate gene studies, are evaluated for their contributions to understanding DM susceptibility and treatment responses. Results: The findings highlight significant progress in identifying genetic variants associated with DM risk and treatment response. Key genes, including TCF7L2, KCNJ11, and PPAR-γ, have been implicated in susceptibility and drug response. Monogenic forms like MODY and NDM present distinct genetic profiles that necessitate tailored treatment approaches.