International journal of health sciences
Not a member yet
9988 research outputs found
Sort by
The biochemistry of ketogenesis and its role in weight management, neurological disease and oxidative stress
Get PDFThe section of mammalian metabolism known as ketogenesis is responsible for creating ketone bodies. In this mechanism, the liver responds to decreased glucose availability by producing the tiny, water-soluble molecules acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate, and propanone. While ketone bodies are always present in small amounts in healthy people, dietary changes and some pathological circumstances can raise the concentrations of these substances in living organisms. The systemic effects of ketogenic diet (KD), despite its recent widespread usage, are poorly known and can range from potentially dangerous results to medically advantageous outcomes depending on the situation. Here, we discuss the metabolism and molecular signaling of ketone bodies before relating the biology of ketone bodies to debates about their potential or actual health benefits. According to the findings of this research, a KD can be used as a natural treatment for weight loss in fat individuals. This is a one-of-a-kind research that will follow the effects of a KD for 24 weeks. The patients' lipid, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and glucose levels all decreased significantly, while their HDL cholesterol levels increased significantly. The adverse effects of medications widely used for weight loss in such individuals were not noted in patients on the KD. 
Frequency of celiac disease in patient with irritable bowel syndrome
Get PDFBackground: One of the most prevalent functional gastrointestinal illnesses is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which causes a variety of gastrointestinal symptoms, including changed bowel habits and stomach pain or discomfort, without an underlying basis. Objective: To assess the frequency of celiac disease in patient with irritable bowel syndrome. Methodology: This cross sectional study was carried out at the department of gastroenterology, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar. The duration of study was two years from January 2018 to December 2019. The serological tests for celiac disease like IgA anti TTG and IgG anti TTG was determined. Biopsies were taken on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Data was collected in a specialized proforma for our research. All the data collected was analyzed by employing IBM SPSS version 23. Results: In our study, a total of 240 patients with irritable bowel syndrome were enrolled. Gender wise distribution shows that there were 132 (55%) male patients while the female patients were 108 (45%). The mean age of patients (SD) was 26.72 (± 2.27) years. The frequency of celiac disease based on serological testing was 20 (8.33%). The frequency of celiac disease based on histological findings was 15 (6.25%). 
Handling obstetric emergencies: Paramedic, health informatics, and nursing interventions in prehospital care
Get PDFBackground: Maternal mortality rates in the UK have shown only a statistically insignificant decline, highlighting the need for urgent action. Obstetric emergencies remain a critical concern, contributing significantly to maternal mortality. The MBRRACE report underscores the challenges associated with direct and indirect causes of maternal death, particularly emphasizing conditions such as sepsis and hemorrhage. Aim: This article aims to explore paramedic and nursing interventions in managing obstetric emergencies during prehospital care, emphasizing the critical nature of timely and effective treatment. Methods: A comprehensive review of the existing literature was conducted, focusing on the management of obstetric emergencies, particularly sepsis and hemorrhage. Clinical guidelines were analyzed, highlighting key interventions and outcomes related to maternal care. Results: The findings reveal that obstetric emergencies, including sepsis and significant hemorrhage, require immediate and coordinated care from paramedics and nursing staff. Key interventions include early recognition, implementation of the sepsis-3-hour bundle, and effective communication within multidisciplinary teams. Conclusion: Enhancing the knowledge and preparedness of paramedic and nursing teams in managing obstetric emergencies is crucial in reducing maternal morbidity and mortality. Further research and continuous training are necessary to ensure that healthcare providers can respond effectively to these critical situations
Fatty liver disease: An updated overview of risk factors
Get PDFBackground: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a growing global health concern, affecting approximately 25% of the population and serving as a precursor to severe liver conditions such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The complexity of NAFLD is compounded by various risk factors, including obesity, diet, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), genetic predispositions, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and alterations in gut microbiota. Aim: This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the risk factors associated with the development and progression of NAFLD, emphasizing their interrelated roles. Methods: The literature was reviewed, focusing on epidemiological studies, cohort analyses, and meta-analyses that elucidate the connection between these risk factors and NAFLD. Key databases were searched for relevant publications, and data were synthesized to present a cohesive understanding of the current landscape of NAFLD research. Results: The findings underscore obesity and central obesity as significant contributors to NAFLD, with increased body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference directly correlating with the disease's prevalence. Dietary factors, particularly high fructose consumption, were linked to enhanced lipogenesis and mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, T2DM was identified as a substantial independent risk factor for hepatic fibrosis. 
Occurence of urinary tract infections in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients taking Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors to regulate their blood sugar levels
Get PDFBackground and Aim: The occurrence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) administered with sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are still debatable. The present study aimed to assess the occurrence of UTI in T2DM patients taking SGLT-2 inhibitors to regulate their blood sugar levels. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 369 T2DM patients investigated in the Nephrology division of Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar from January 2022 to December 2022. Dapagliflozin and empagliflozin were SGLT-2 inhibitors drugs given to each individual. Patient’s detailed history and genitourinary infections were noted from medical records. Pain during micturition, micturition urgency, redness, abdominal pain, vomiting, and frequency of micturition, fever, soreness, and diarrhea were recorded using questionnaire based proforma. Results: Of the total 369 patients, the frequency of patients administered with dapagliflozin and empagliflozin was 178 (48.2%) and 191 (51.8%) respectively. Among 178 patients, there were 112 (62.9%) male and 66 (37.1%) females. Among 191 patients, there were 136 (71.2%) male and 55 (28.8%) females. The occurrence of UTIs in patients using dapagliflozin and empagliflozin was 18 (10.1%) and 28 (14.7%) respectively
Antibacterial efficacy of aloevera peel extract against streptococcus mutans and P. gingivalis: A preclinical experimental study
Get PDFBackground: The anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, antitumor, antiarthritic, and anti-diabetic properties of aloe vera has been well documented in the literature. Considering its antibacterial properties evaluating its benefits as mouth rinse in the oral diseases may facilitate the patients in getting cheaper and safer herbal remedy to clean their oral cavities. Objective: To evaluate the Antibacterial efficacy of aloevera peel extract against Streptococcus mutans and P. gingivalis. Methodology: It was a preclinical experimental study conducted at Baqai Medical and Dental College Karachi, from February to March 2023. Calculated sample size was n =60. The participants were given an envelope for group randomization. S. mutant samples and P. gingivalis were incubated on appropriate media. The Aloe Vera leaves were washed and gel was removed the peels were shed dried and lastly was grinded to powder form. Ethanol (70%) were used for soaking for 15 days with intermittent shaking. The extract was diluted in distilled water in 1:4 (Extract: Distilled water) concentration. 
EPAs for clinical surgical teaching skills for undergraduate medical and dental clinical teachers
Get PDFObjectives: To develop desired EPAs for clinical surgical teaching skills of medical/dental teachers teaching surgery to undergraduates (knowledge, skills and attitude) through expert consensus. Methods: This study was conducted as an online and one-to-one consensus survey, It involved the experts meeting inclusion criteria serving as clinical teachers teaching surgery to undergraduates. They serve in undergraduate and postgraduate institutes across the twin cities. For this study, the modified Delphi technique was conducted in three stages. Firstly, an extensive literature search was made to identify various components to design EPAs. In the second stage, face validation was done by a small sample of clinical teachers who were teaching surgery to undergraduates. Two iterative rounds of modified Delphi formed the third stage of the study. Achieving the consensus was set as the criteria for terminating the rounds at the end of the second round. Results: After a thorough literature search, a questionnaire was made which comprised of 7 EPAs, their subsequent 57competencies, different assessment strategies along with supervision levels. It was evaluated by a group of clinical teachers who teach surgery at the postgraduate and undergraduate levels. They graded each competency on a Likert scale
Prevalence of malnutrition in children with congenital heart disease
Get PDFObjectives: To determine the prevalence of malnutrition in children with congenital heart disease (CHD). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 children diagnosed with CHD who were being managed in pediatric cardiology clinics. As part of the study, various anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) were recorded for each child. The assessment of malnutrition was determined based on the Z score, where a Z score below -2 denoted moderate to severe malnutrition, and a Z score below -1 indicated mild malnutrition. Results: There were 300 participants in the research who had been diagnosed with congenital cardiac disease, and 59% of them were men. The median age ranged from 17.8 to 14 months. The study population had an overall malnutrition prevalence of 86.7%. 13.3% of the total individuals were malnourished-free, 27% had minor malnutrition, 36.6% had middle-range malnutrition, and 23% had severe malnutrition. Analysis of group 1, which included patients with cyanotic illness and pulmonary hypertension, revealed that all of the patients were malnourished. 6.6% of the individuals in this category had moderate malnutrition, whereas 93.3% had severe malnutrition. Patients in Group 2 had cyanotic illness but no pulmonary hypertension
Plasma calprotectin as an indicator of need of transfer to Intensive care in patients with suspected Sepsis at the emergency department
Get PDFSepsis frequently necessitates hospitalization & admission to high-dependency units & intensive care units. Sepsis is responsible for twenty percent of all fatalities worldwide, according to the most current Global Burden of Disease Study. Sepsis is reported to have a mortality rate of between twelve percent and twenty percent in western nations. "Neonate" & "adult" categories, nevertheless, both demonstrated high diagnostic effectiveness, indicating that demographic context had not been the primary reason for variability. Heterogeneity can be the result of the sepsis definition detection & treatment of sepsis have improved over the past few decades as a result of extensive study, & criteria have evolved as a result. To improve it, sepsis-3 had been created in 2016 with a stronger emphasis on identifying organ dysfunction in the context of infection understanding of the syndrome is constantly expanding. More investigation into this interesting diagnostic sign utilizing a revised definition is needed, hence
Importance of microbiology in autopsy procedure
Get PDFThe importance of bacterial cultures in autopsy has been controversial since Filippo Pacini and Robert Koch's early investigation into the etiology of cholera. Death-war and / or post-mortem invasion by the patient's native flora poses a problem with respect to post-mortem intervals, selection of anatomical location of cultures containing blood, CSF, and number of specimens required to be bought and collected in Microbial Laboratory for processing. Additionally, importance of postmortem virus research is significant. An increasingly important aspect of occupational safety is involved in handling of patient samples by laboratory staff. During the AIDS epidemic, regulatory bodies were urged to reconsider the importance of postmortem microbiological tests. This editorial is used to determine the exact cause of death without sacrificing the logistical and human resources of the Institute of Microbiology Practical sampling guidelines. The American University of Pathologists (CAP) are known to have developed a general checklist item for performing autopsy, but there are no specific guidelines, recommendations, or checklist items to address performance criteria for postmortem microbial culture studies. This review provides a brief historical perspective on autopsy microbiology, including a discussion of concerns about the postmortem spread of microorganisms, followed by a description of how to sample.