International journal of health sciences
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Determination of rugae pattern in non-treated normal angle class I, II and class III mal-occlusion
Get PDFBackground: Palatal rugae are specialized patterns in keratinized mucosa of the anterior hard palate behind incisive papilla tis are unchangeable in their site and form, all over an individual’s lifespan. Occlusion means “closure” which refers to the interaction among upper and lower teeth. Mal-occlusion is improper alignment of teeth when the upper and lower jaws are closed. Objectives: The objectives of this study is to assessment of palatal rugae arrangement in our population and the determination of rugae pattern in non-treated Class-II and Class-III mal-occlusions when related to Class-I normal mal-occlusions. Methodology: It’s observational and cross-sectional study conducted at Orthodontics department, Lumhs jamshoro and Hyderabad. The sample size of study was 135, the Pre-treatment record of those patients who are receiving orthodontic treatment were enrolled as study participants their maxillary dental cast was assessed for assessment of rugae, Maxillary dental casts were assessed and maxillary impression were recorded using Alginate (irreversible hydrocolloid), impressions then were poured using dental stone. The Rugae pattern on the study casts were traced with a black graphite pencil to clarify the pattern. 
The effect of zinc supplementation in adolescent patients with acute diarrhoea
Get PDFBackground: Despite the recommendation of zinc in the management of acute diarrhoeal illness, the effect has been seldomly reported in adolescent population. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of zinc supplementation in acute diarrhoea in adolescent population. Study Design: Randomized Controlled Trial. Settings: Department of Medicine and Paediatrics, Hayatabad Medical Complex. Study duration: This study was conducted from 1st February 2022 till 31st October 2022. Materials and methods: Both male and female patients presenting with acute diarrhoeal illness were enrolled. Patients were equally divided through block randomization into two groups. Elemental zinc at 20mg BD was administered orally to the study group. Control group received mineral and vitamin supplementation except zinc. Efficacy was evaluated in terms of reduction in stool frequency and hospital stay. Results: Age of the patients ranged from 10 to 18 years. Mean age of the patients in study group was 14.83±3.730 years versus 13.90±3.806 years in control group. Mean stool frequency on presentation in study versus control group were 5.904±1.052 versus 6.089±1.472 respectively while on day it was 1.472±0.130 versus 2.937±640 respectively. Recovery was observed in 29 patients (93.5%) in study group as compared to 21 patients (67.7%) in control group. 
Causes of delayed presentation of retinoblastoma: A single centre study
Get PDFAim: The aim of the study was to determine the Causes of Delayed Presentation of Retinoblastoma. Materials and methods: This study was carried out at the department of ophthalmology DHQ TH Bannu from January 2022 to January 2023. In this research newly recruited patients were included who were receiving therapy for retinoblastoma during that time. For this study, parents of patients who came into the hospital were gathered. A form via the patient's information was noted. First symptom, duration after onset of initial symptom, gender, age at first visit. The data analysis software used was SPSS version 20. The importance of each factor was determined using the Pearson Chi Square test. Results A total of 80 participants were include in the study. 52(65%) patients had delayed presentation, 57(71%) had delayed referral presentation and 65(81%) had advanced diseases at the time of presentation. Various factors involved in the delay presentation. These factors are, living in a remote region; financial hardship; social pressure; knowledge of the severity of the illness; lack of transportation; Fear of enucleation and looking for alternative medications or non-medical treatments. Each factor significance was calculated through chi-square test. 
The short-term outcomes of tirofiban use in primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
Get PDFIntroduction: When patients suffering from acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergo for percutaneous coronary intervention, tirofiban is mostly prescribed. Objective: In this study, patients undergoing for primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction were evaluated to determine the impact of a high bolus dose (HBD) of tirofiban on clinical outcomes. Methods: This study included 272 acute STEMI patients aged less than 79 years, admitted to the Hayatabad Medical Complex hospital, Peshawar from April 2021 to February 2022. According to the random number table, these patients were divided into four groups: the control group (n= 65), low-dose group (n=69), medium-dose group (n=71) and high-dose group (n=67). Results: After percutaneous coronary intervention, the high-dose group experienced higher rates of corrected TIMI frame count (CTFC), Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) grade 3, and total frequency of ST-segment resolution greater than 50% than the other 3 groups while compared to the low- dose group as well as control group, the CTFC were greater in the medium dose group. Furthermore, the LVEF of the medium-dose group was much better than that of the low-dose group. Compared to other groups, the left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions of the high-dose group remained suggestively elevated. 
Tolerance of sorafenib in patients with residual HCC post TACE
Get PDFBackground: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most prevalent cancers and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally. Objective: The aim was to investigate the sensitivity of sorafenib administration after TACE in advanced HCC patients. Methods: From June 2021 to June 2022, 36 patients from Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar were enrolled in this retrospective research. Based on the correct state of liver activity, sorafenib medication was started within two weeks of finishing TACE treatment. Throughout each follow-up, the liver and kidney function, adverse effects, and medicinal impact were assessed using the Modified response assessment criteria in solid tumors (mRECIST). Results: The mean overall survival (mOS) and mean time to progress (mTTP) were 11.5 months and 7.5 months, respectively. Patients with one or more localised hepatic lesions were respectively 18 months and 12 months old (2 = 4.613, P = 0.0314). No patients had a full response, three had partial responses, 11 had stable disease (SD), and 22 had progressive illness (PD), as per the mRECIST. The disease control rate (DCR) was 38.89% (14/36) and the response rate was 8.33% (3/36) for both. Hand-foot skin irritation (21 incidences, 58.3%), and diarrhoea (17 incidences, 47.22%) were the predominant adverse effects. 
Impact of public health interventions on COVID-19 control in Lahore
Get PDFBackground: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on public health, with governments and organizations implementing various interventions to control its spread. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of public health interventions on controlling the spread of COVID-19 in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: Data on COVID-19 cases and public health interventions were collected from March 2020 to March 2022. The data were analyzed to evaluate the impact of each intervention on controlling the spread of COVID-19 in Lahore. Results: From March 2020 to March 2022, 6,710,142 COVID-19 tests were conducted in Lahore, with 518,393 cases testing positive for the virus. The contact tracing strategy involved tracing an average of 6.83 contacts per positive case in 2020, which increased over the year, and an average of 6.80 contacts per positive case in 2021, with a decrease in the second quarter of the year. The cordoning-off strategy was used to contain the spread of COVID-19 in over 340 areas of Lahore. Shutdowns of non-essential businesses and schools, guidelines for social distancing, and the use of PPE were also effective in reducing the transmission of COVID-19. 
Evaluation of cognitive impairement in dementia/depression geriatric patients
Get PDFThree-hundred-and-thirty-four cognitive profiles from neuropsychological examinations assessed during a 2-year period from geriatric patients of a day clinic in the U.P were analyzed. For this purpose, the profiles were divided into the following subgroups: (1) Mild Cognitive Impairment, no depression (2) Onset or mild dementia, no depression (3) No cognitive deficit, depression (4) cognitively impaired (MCI, dementia) and depression. Subgroups were be compared using analysis of variance (independent variable IV: diagnostic groups, dependent variable DV: cognitive functions) to reveal specific differences that will allow a differential diagnosis. Post-hoc comparisons and a graphical representation of the cognitive profiles were also investigated. All cognitive profiles with a Mini-Mental-State-Examination (MMSE) score of 25 or more points were selected for analysis if they had complete data from the following testing procedures: MMSE, clock drawing test, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Syndrom-Kurztest (SKT), Nuremberg Aging Inventory (NAI) maze test, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) similarities, Rivermead Be- havioral Memory Test (RBMT) story immediate and delayed. 
One step polishing to compare the mean surface roughness of nanohybrid and microhybrid composite resins
Get PDFObjectives: This study's goal was to compare the mean surface roughness of nano hybrid and micro hybrid composites using a one-step polishing method. This comparison was made based on the idea that a material with reduced surface roughness will exhibit superior perishability, aesthetics, surface & optical properties, which means less wear, less staining, low plaque, and low caries rate. Methodology: This comparative study was carried out in April 2023 at the Ayub Medical College in Abbottabad, Pakistan, with a sample size of 100 (50 in each group), determined by the WHO calculator. Using a mechanical stainless steel template, 120 composite resin specimens mounted on acrylic blocks with dimensions of 2 mm x 3 mm x 3 mm were created. Results: 100 samples, separated into two groups, were used in this study. According to descriptive statistics, mean surface roughness and standard deviations for Nano hybrid composite in Group A were recorded as 0.076+0.025 and for Micro hybrid composite in Group B, they were 0.001+0.036. Conclusion: After polishing with a one-step procedure, there is a noticeable difference between the surface roughness of nano hybrid and micro hybrid composite resins, indicating that the former has higher polish ability than the latter
Dental crowding and spacing measurements of the tooth and arch on patients visiting UMDC
Get PDFA stable and aesthetic set of teeth is ensured by proper alignment. Additionally, a correct tooth position offers excellent conditions for good health and the best possible dental care. However, harmony amongst tooth and arch proportions leads to the continuity and integrity of the dental arch. Any imbalance amongst these components puts a person at risk for dental crowding and spacing, both of which are bad for the function and health of the teeth. Objectives: The goal of the current study was to compare the tooth and arch diameters amongst dental arches that are normal, crowded, and spaced. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out at the UMDC Faisalabad orthodontic department. Patients and/or parents gave their informed consent before the start of therapy so that their records might be utilised for research. 120 dental casts of Pakistani subjects older than 13 years old were gathered as a sample. Dental casts that met the following inclusion criteria were chosen from the files of patients seeking orthodontic treatment: Pretreatment casts of patients with no past orthodontic treatment history, a permanent dentition that has fully emerged and allows accurate measurements of the crown dimensions, and excellent orthodontic casts. 
Buccal mucosa substitution urethroplasty: A modality with excellant results
Get PDFObjective: We present our experience of buccal mucosa substitution urethroplasty in all segments of the Anterior urethra, as the buccal mucosal graft (BMG) is now recognized as the tissue of choice for single-stage reconstruction of bulbar urethral strictures. Patients and methods: Twenty-five patients underwent BMG substitution urethroplasty at our center between January 2015 and January 2019: 18 underwent a single-stage dorsal on lay BMG urethroplasty (pendulous, bulbous), 2 underwent a single-stage ventral onlay BMG urethroplasty (1 pendulous, 1 bulbous), 2 underwent an inlay buccal mucosa grafting (pendulous) followed by tabularization for six months. Results in terms of recurrence, comorbidities, and aesthetics were evaluated. Results: In six months follow-up period, 23 (88%) patients with a one-stage reconstruction remained stricture-free. One patient experienced a recurrence after 3 months and was treated with a one-stage optical urethrotomy, and another patient developed an urethro-cutaneous fistula and was treated with clean, self-intermittent catheterization once a day for 1 month, then twice a week for 3 months. Conclusion: When the anterior urethra is affected by a stricture, a BMG urethroplasty performed in a single stage is highly effective.