Jurnal Institut Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri
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PEREMPUAN KINASIH’S SOLIDARITY AS POLICY ENTREPRENEURS: INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES IN SUPPORTING WOMEN FARMERS TOWARDS FOOD SOVEREIGNTY
No full textThis research analyzes the contribution of the Solidaritas Perempuan (SP) Kinasih Yogyakarta community in encouraging the creation of gender-responsive public policies in the food sector. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative, which examines various advocacy strategies that have been carried out by SP Kinasih, ranging from community organizing and public education to policy advocacy. The findings show that SP Kinasih has played an important role in influencing public policies at the local and national levels. However, the research also highlights the importance of building broader coalitions and strengthening the capacity of civil society organizations in facing complex challenges.
Keywords: Women's Food Sovereignty, Advocacy Strategy, Public PolicyThis research analyzes the contribution of the Solidaritas Perempuan (SP) Kinasih Yogyakarta community in encouraging the creation of gender-responsive public policies in the food sector. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative, which examines various advocacy strategies that have been carried out by SP Kinasih, ranging from community organizing and public education to policy advocacy. The findings show that SP Kinasih has played an important role in influencing public policies at the local and national levels. However, the research also highlights the importance of building broader coalitions and strengthening the capacity of civil society organizations in facing complex challenges.
Keywords: Women's Food Sovereignty, Advocacy Strategy, Public Polic
Analisis Smart Governance di Kota Bengkulu
No full textPemerintah Kota Bengkulu telah mengadopsi smart city khususnya dimensi smart governance dalam penyelenggaraan digitalisasi pelayanan publik. Namun, masih terdapat permasalahan diantaranya berkaitan dengan adanya laman website yang tidak dapat diakses. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran umum dan menjelaskan smart governance di Kota Bengkulu. Metode yang digunakan ialah Quasi Qualitative. Alasan digunakan metode tersebut ialah karena hasil penelitian yang diperoleh menggunakan teori sebagai dasar pemikiran dari awal penelitian atau alat analisis di lapangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat penerapan smart governance melibatkan berbagai elemen, diantaranya elemen pemerintah, swasta, dan masyarakat. Namun, aspek partisipasi menunjukkan adanya keterlibatan masyarakat yang masih terbatas dan pada aspek strategi politik menunjukkan bahwa belum adanya dukungan regulasi daerah yang secara khusus mengatur penerapan tersebut. Di sisi lain, Pemerintah Kota Bengkulu menunjukkan komitmen positif melalui penyediaan layanan publik berbasis online, adanya pengembangan infrastruktur dan transparansi pemerintahan. Kesimpulannya, penerapan smart governance di Kota Bengkulu terselenggara dengan cukup baik, dan membutuhkan peningkatan. Rekomendasi penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pemerintah Kota Bengkulu sebaiknya dapat menyusun kebijakan daerah yang dapat mendukung penerapan smart governance, menyusun prioritas kebutuhan infrastruktur, meningkatkan kuantitas dan kualitas sosialisasi layanan publik berbasis online, dan mengembangkan mekanisme kolaborasi tidak hanya dengan pihak swasta, tetapi juga dengan pihak akademisi dan dari unsur media.
Kata kunci: Digitalisasi Pelayanan Publik, Smart City, Smart Governance, Transformasi Digital
ENFORCEMENT OF REGIONAL REGULATION NO. 2 OF 2018 ON PUBLIC ORDER AND COMMUNITY TRANQUILITY BY SATPOL PP IN TULANG BAWANG REGENCY, LAMPUNG PROVINCE
No full textLand abuse was a prevalent issue in many areas, with frequent cases of unauthorized use of government land and construction of buildings without proper permits. Tulang Bawang Regency's Regional Regulation No. 2 of 2018 was designed to address these issues by regulating public order and community tranquility, specifically focusing on the orderly use of land and buildings. The regulation was enforced by the Tulang Bawang Regency Pamong Praja Police Unit. This research, which employed qualitative methods including observation, interviews, and documentation, evaluated the implementation of Regional Regulation No. 2 of 2018. The findings indicated that while the Pamong Praja Police Unit adhered to procedural standards, the implementation was suboptimal, with many areas still exhibiting disordered land and buildings and insufficient follow-up from local authorities. The research concluded that the Regional Government needed to provide more support to the Pamong Praja Police Unit to enhance the enforcement of regulations and achieve better public order and tranquility in Tulang Bawang Regency. The Pamong Praja Police Unit played a crucial role in monitoring illegal buildings and assisting the Regional Government in enforcing the applicable regulations
Power Relationships in Vote-Buying in Political Career Progression: A Rational Choice Theory Perspective
No full textThe term "vote-buying" is a phenomenon that is deeply ingrained in contemporary society, resonating even with individuals who may not be well-versed in politics. The prevalence of this phenomenon typically emphasizes the extent to which the practice has become pervasive, especially during election periods. Often viewed as a convenient and strategic means of securing votes, vote-buying serves as a shortcut for individuals or parties seeking to gain power. Therefore, this research aims to examine the phenomenon of vote-buying and selling in Indonesia from a political economy perspective while also exploring the rational choices made by voters in different circumstances, specifically during regional and national elections. In order to achieve the objectives, a literature review methodology was adopted and data was sourced from articles published in reputable national and international journals. The results showed that vote-buying in Indonesia was significantly influenced by economic disparities and limited educational attainment. In this context, voters tend to prioritize immediate financial benefits to address respective basic needs. For political candidates, this practice served as a calculated strategy to gain support by exploiting the urgent economic challenges faced by the electorate. From a rational choice perspective, it was observed that voters often made decisions rooted in short-term economic considerations, rendering vote-buying a seemingly pragmatic choice in the context of both general and regional electionsIstilah jual beli suara sudah sangat akrab di telinga masyarakat, bahkan bagi masyarakat awam politik. Hal ini menunjukkan betapa mendarah dagingnya praktik jual beli suara, terutama pada saat pemilu. Jual beli suara masih dianggap sebagai jalan pintas untuk mendapatkan suara menuju kekuasaan. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana fenomena jual beli suara di Indonesia ditinjau dari ekonomi politik serta bagaimana tindakan pilihan rasional pemilih dalam fenomena jual beli suara pada pemilihan kepala daerah/pemilu. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi literatur dengan perolehan data melalui artikel-artikel yang telah dipublikasikan di jurnal-jurnal nasional dan internasional bereputasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fenomena jual beli suara di Indonesia dari perspektif ekonomi politik, dipicu oleh ketimpangan ekonomi dan rendahnya pendidikan, di mana pemilih memprioritaskan imbalan finansial untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup. Praktik ini menjadi strategi bagi kandidat politik untuk mengamankan dukungan dengan memanfaatkan kondisi ekonomi yang mendesak di masyarakat. Tindakan pilihan rasional pemilih didasarkan pada pertimbangan ekonomi jangka pendek, menjadikan jual beli suara sebagai keputusan logis dalam konteks pemilu dan pemilihan kepala daerah
Central Government Responsibility in Mitigating the Impact of Cieunteung Retention Pond Development in Bandung Regency: A Causative Analysis
No full textThe Cieunteung Retention Pond was constructed in 2015 and completed in 2018 by the central government through BBWS Citarum. Despite this, flooding in Dayeuhkolot and its surrounding areas in Bandung Regency has continued to occur sporadically between 2020 and 2021. This study aims to analyze and describe the government's responsibility, particularly BBWS Citarum, based on J. Spiro's theory of Responsibility. In this theory, Spiro outlines three aspects that influence responsibility, with this research focusing on discussing the issues within the aspect of responsibility as cause. The research uses a qualitative method with data presented descriptively. The findings indicate that BBWS Citarum has successfully met the construction targets but has yet to address new problems that have arisen post-construction due to several factorsKolam Retensi Cieunteung, yang dibangun oleh pemerintah pusat melalui BBWS Citarum dari tahun 2015 hingga 2018, bertujuan untuk mengurangi banjir di Dayeuhkolot dan sekitarnya di Kabupaten Bandung. Meskipun infrastruktur tersebut telah selesai dibangun, banjir masih terjadi dengan angka yang fluktuatif pada 2020 hingga 2021. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tanggung jawab pemerintah pusat, khususnya BBWS Citarum, melalui teori Responsibilitas J. Spiro, dengan fokus pada aspek tanggung jawab sebagai penyebab (causative). Menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, penelitian ini menyajikan data secara deskriptif. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa meskipun BBWS Citarum berhasil memenuhi target pembangunan, namun masalah yang muncul setelah pembangunan belum sepenuhnya ditangani. Banjir yang terus terjadi setelah infrastruktur selesai dibangun menunjukkan adanya faktor penyebab yang belum terselesaikan. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga mengidentifikasi potensi masalah dalam kolaborasi antara pemerintah dan stakeholder terkait, yang menghambat respons yang efektif terhadap tantangan yang muncul. Analisis ini menunjukkan bahwa tanggung jawab pemerintah pusat dalam mengelola dampak infrastruktur masih belum memadai, terutama dalam hal menangani penyebab banjir yang berkelanjutan dan meningkatkan koordinasi antar pemangku kepentingan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pendekatan yang lebih kolaboratif dan holistik diperlukan untuk menyelesaikan masalah banjir yang terus-menerus dan memastikan efektivitas infrastruktur dalam jangka panjang
ANALISIS POTENSI EKONOMI PROVINSI SULAWESI SELATAN SEBAGAI DAERAH PENYANGGA DALAM PEMBANGUNAN IBUKOTA NEGARA (NUSANTARA)
No full textKebijakan pemindahan Ibukota Negara Indonesia dari Jakarta ke Penajam Paser Utara, Kalimantan Timur sejak tahun 2021 diharapkan dapat menjadi pusat pertumbuhan ekonomi baru di Indonesia secara umum dan daerah penyangga secara khusus. Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dan Kota Parepare adalah daerah penyangga yang berbatasan laut dengan Ibukota Nusantara. Sebagai daerah penyangga dan menjadi daerah penyupai utama makanan dan kebutuhan di Kalimantan Timur sebelum adanya IKN, Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dan Kota Parepare harus menyiapkan perangkat kebijakan dan memaksimalkan potensi ekonomi yang dimilikinya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode pengumpulan data yaitu wawancara, dokumentasi, dan focus group discussion (FGD). Adapun informan dalam penelitian ini adalah perangkat daerah dan pakar yang memiliki hubungan fungsional dengan kebijakan pembangunan dan potensi daerah di lingkup Pemerintah Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dan Pemerintah Daerah Kota Parepare. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dan Kota Parepare memiliki potensi ekonomi yang besar sebagai daerah penyangga IKN. Sementara dari segi kesiapan kebijakan, Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dan Kota Parepare tidak menempatkan kebijakan khusus dalam rangka mengantisipasi kebijakan pemindahan ibukota, melainkan kebijakan pembangunan daerah yang ada saat ini dimaksimalkan untuk kepentingan internal daerah.
Kata Kunci: Pemindahan Ibukota; Potensi Ekonomi; Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah; Kebijakan Pemerintah Daerah.Kebijakan pemindahan Ibukota Negara Indonesia dari Jakarta ke Penajam Paser Utara, Kalimantan Timur sejak tahun 2021 diharapkan dapat menjadi pusat pertumbuhan ekonomi baru di Indonesia secara umum dan daerah penyangga secara khusus. Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dan Kota Parepare adalah daerah penyangga yang berbatasan laut dengan Ibukota Nusantara. Sebagai daerah penyangga dan menjadi daerah penyupai utama makanan dan kebutuhan di Kalimantan Timur sebelum adanya IKN, Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dan Kota Parepare harus menyiapkan perangkat kebijakan dan memaksimalkan potensi ekonomi yang dimilikinya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode pengumpulan data yaitu wawancara, dokumentasi, dan focus group discussion (FGD). Adapun informan dalam penelitian ini adalah perangkat daerah dan pakar yang memiliki hubungan fungsional dengan kebijakan pembangunan dan potensi daerah di lingkup Pemerintah Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dan Pemerintah Daerah Kota Parepare. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dan Kota Parepare memiliki potensi ekonomi yang besar sebagai daerah penyangga IKN. Sementara dari segi kesiapan kebijakan, Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan dan Kota Parepare tidak menempatkan kebijakan khusus dalam rangka mengantisipasi kebijakan pemindahan ibukota, melainkan kebijakan pembangunan daerah yang ada saat ini dimaksimalkan untuk kepentingan internal daerah.
Kata Kunci: Pemindahan Ibukota; Potensi Ekonomi; Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah; Kebijakan Pemerintah Daerah
TRACKING THE ROLE OF LEMBAGA ADAT TANA SAMAWA AS AN INFORMAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTION IN THE LOCAL POLITICAL ARENA IN SUMBAWA
No full textThis study aims to explain how informal democratic institutions, such as aristocracy and customary institutions, interact with formal democratic institutions within the framework of modern state institutions. This study was conducted in the Sumbawa Regency by considering the Lembaga Adat Tana Samawa (Tana Samawa Customary Institution) which is the embodiment of the revitalization of the Sumbawa Sultanate as an informal democratic institution. This study aims to further trace how aristocracy in Sumbawa, represented by Tana Samawa Customary Institution (LATS), plays a role in local democracy. This study uses Helme and Levitsky's analytical framework to examine how informal institutions are positioned relative to formal institutions as seen in four typologies; (1) complementary informal institutions, (2) accommodating informal institutions, (3) competing informal institutions, and (4) substitutive informal institutions. By interviewing Sumbawa LATS administrators, Sumbawa regional leaders, and document studies, this research shows that LATS Sumbawa Regency can complement the role of formal institutions and accommodate formal institutions.
Keywords; Informal Democracy, Formal Democracy, Lembaga Adat Tana Samawa (LATS), SumbawaThis study aims to explain how informal democratic institutions, such as aristocracy and customary institutions, interact with formal democratic institutions within the framework of modern state institutions. This study was conducted in the Sumbawa Regency by considering the Lembaga Adat Tana Samawa (Tana Samawa Customary Institution) which is the embodiment of the revitalization of the Sumbawa Sultanate as an informal democratic institution. This study aims to further trace how aristocracy in Sumbawa, represented by Tana Samawa Customary Institution (LATS), plays a role in local democracy. This study uses Helme and Levitsky's analytical framework to examine how informal institutions are positioned relative to formal institutions as seen in four typologies; (1) complementary informal institutions, (2) accommodating informal institutions, (3) competing informal institutions, and (4) substitutive informal institutions. By interviewing Sumbawa LATS administrators, Sumbawa regional leaders, and document studies, this research shows that LATS Sumbawa Regency can complement the role of formal institutions and accommodate formal institutions.
Keywords; Informal Democracy, Formal Democracy, Lembaga Adat Tana Samawa (LATS), Sumbaw
FACTORS IMPACT ON DIRECTOR CAPABILITIES TO RUN VILLAGE-OWNED ENTERPRISES (BUMDESA)
No full textThe objective of this study is to present the perspectives of District Heads (Camat), regarding to the existence of BUMDesa and the impact factors on directors capabilities to run BUMDesa. These factors are primarily related to the characteristics of the BUMDesa directors, including their competence, capability, and social culture. This research employs a combination of quantitative descriptive statistics and qualitative methods. The subjects of the study are Camats selected through convenient sampling. The survey was conducted using measurement tools developed by the researcher, based on the theory of Naminse, Zhung, and Zhu (2019), which comprises aspects of competence, capability, and socio-cultural factors. The results show that the number of active BUMDesa in the district is less than 50%; the majority of BUMDesa administrators have a high school education, with only a small proportion (22%) holding a bachelor's degree. Capability or work experience prior to becoming a director is more critical than educational level. Additionally, most BUMDesa directors have other jobs, predominantly as entrepreneurs. This dual-role profession prevents BUMDesa directors from fully focusing on the development of BUMDesa. The influence of the village head is significant in shaping the existence of BUMDesa, with village heads playing a vital role in determining BUMDesa administrators. This role can be both a hindrance and a support. Successful BUMDesa are generally backed by strong support from the village heads. District heads have not yet optimally performed their primary duties and functions, but there is great enthusiasm among them to enhance guidance for BUMDesa, especially in initiating the establishment of joint BUMDesa.
Keywords: competence, capability, and social cultureThe objective of this study is to present the perspectives of District Heads (Camat), regarding to the existence of BUMDesa and the impact factors on directors capabilities to run BUMDesa. These factors are primarily related to the characteristics of the BUMDesa directors, including their competence, capability, and social culture. This research employs a combination of quantitative descriptive statistics and qualitative methods. The subjects of the study are Camats selected through convenient sampling. The survey was conducted using measurement tools developed by the researcher, based on the theory of Naminse, Zhung, and Zhu (2019), which comprises aspects of competence, capability, and socio-cultural factors. The results show that the number of active BUMDesa in the district is less than 50%; the majority of BUMDesa administrators have a high school education, with only a small proportion (22%) holding a bachelor's degree. Capability or work experience prior to becoming a director is more critical than educational level. Additionally, most BUMDesa directors have other jobs, predominantly as entrepreneurs. This dual-role profession prevents BUMDesa directors from fully focusing on the development of BUMDesa. The influence of the village head is significant in shaping the existence of BUMDesa, with village heads playing a vital role in determining BUMDesa administrators. This role can be both a hindrance and a support. Successful BUMDesa are generally backed by strong support from the village heads. District heads have not yet optimally performed their primary duties and functions, but there is great enthusiasm among them to enhance guidance for BUMDesa, especially in initiating the establishment of joint BUMDesa.
Keywords: competence, capability, and social cultur
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ZONING SYSTEM POLICY FOR NEW STUDENT ADMISSIONS (PPDB) PUBLIC SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL LEVEL FOR THE 2021/2022 ACADEMIC YEAR IN BANGKA DISTRICT BANGKA BELITUNG ISLAND PROVINCE: (Studi di Kecamatan Sungailiat dan Kecamatan Pemali)
No full textAbstract
New Student Admission (PPDB) with a zoning system is a policy that prioritizes the distance between prospective students' homes and schools, not school exam scores. There are still problems related to this policy, so the authors need to conduct research related to this policy. The purpose of this study was to find out and analyze how the implementation of the PPDB zoning system policy for public high schools in Sungailiat and Pemali Districts, Bangka Regency for the 2021/2022 academic year, the inhibiting and supporting factors, and the efforts made to overcome these obstacles. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research method. Data collection techniques used are interviews, observation, and documentation. The number of informants in this study were 20 people, using purposive sampling technique. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of the PPDB zoning system policy at the State High School level for the 2021/2022 academic year is good, but not optimal, this can be seen from the existing indicators. have not been achieved. The inhibiting factors for this policy include the delay in ratifying technical guidelines, the accuracy of the application of distance measurements, the existence of wedges in the division of zoning areas, friction of interests, the absence of binding legal rules in the event of deviations. violations in its implementation, the public does not understand the online system used. Factors supporting this policy are available financial support, good coordination between the Education Office and education units, and a good understanding of implementing officials regarding zoning system policies. Efforts made by the local government include conducting technical evaluation and housing for prospective students, outreach to the community about the division of zoning areas, providing additional seats for outstanding students, giving strict sanctions such as for students who violate sanctions, providing continuing education. and socialization. to the local community.
Keywords: new student admission, policy implementation, zoning systemAbstrak
Penerimaan Peserta Didik Baru (PPDB) dengan sistem zonasi merupakan kebijakan yang mengutamakan jarak rumah calon peserta didik dengan sekolah, bukan nilai ujian sekolah. Masih ditemukan adanya problematika terkait dengan kebijakan ini, sehingga penulis perlu melakukan penelitian terkait dengan kebijakan ini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis implementasi kebijakan sistem zonasi PPDB jenjang SMA Negeri di Kecamatan Sungailiat dan Kecamatan Pemali Kabupaten Bangka tahun ajaran 2021/2022, faktor penghambat dan faktor pendukung, serta upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi hambatan tersebut. Desain penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan induktif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Jumlah informan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 20 orang, dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi kebijakan sistem zonasi ini sudah baik, namun belum optimal. Faktor penghambat kebijakan ini antara lain adalah keterlambatan pengesahan juknis, tingkat akurasi aplikasi pengukur jarak, adanya gesekan kepentingan, belum adanya aturan hukum yang mengikat, masyarakat belum mengerti dengan sistem online yang digunakan. Faktor pendukung kebijakan ini adalah adanya dana yang tersedia, koordinasi yang baik secara vertical maupun horizontal dan pemahaman aparatur pelaksana yang baik terkait dengan kebijakan sistem zonasi. Upaya yang dilakukan antara lain melakukan monitoring evaluasi terhadap juknis dan rumah calon siswa, memberikan kursi tambahan bagi siswa berprestasi, memberikan sanksi tegas, memberikan edukasi dan sosialisasi secara terus menerus kepada masyarakat setempat.
Kata Kunci : implementasi kebijakan, PPDB, sistem zonas
POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN SPECIAL AUTONOMY SYSTEMS: DYNAMICS AND CHALLENGES OF ASYMMETRIC DECENTRALIZATION
No full textAbstract
This study compares the implementation of asymmetric decentralization in Indonesia and its effect on poverty alleviation. The method used in this study is a comparative case study (CCS), where the researchers compare two regions that implement an asymmetrical decentralization system: the Special Region of Yogyakarta and Papua, with different outcomes. From the data collected in the field, researchers found various challenges in implementing asymmetric decentralization, especially in poverty alleviation efforts. In the case of Papua, there are several challenges, including the effective allocation of budget and the strengthening of human resources. In contrast, in Yogyakarta, the focus of implementing legal asymmetry is enhancing culture and governance. Hence, poverty alleviation initiatives must also consider these central aspects. This research can contribute to developing development studies and public policies on poverty alleviation. The researcher provides an in-depth analysis of two exceptional cases applying asymmetrical decentralization in their activities.
Keywords: Poverty Alleviation, asymmetric decentralization, comparative case study
Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan penerapan desentralisasi asimetris di Indonesia dan pengaruhnya terhadap pengentasan kemiskinan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah comparative case study (CCS), dimana peneliti membandingkan dua wilayah yang menerapkan sistem desentralisasi asimetris yaitu Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dan Papua dengan outcome yang berbeda. Dari hasil pengumpulan data di lapangan peneliti menemukan bahwa masih terdapat berbagai tantangan dalam penerapan desentralisasi asimetris, khususnya dalam upaya pengentasan kemiskinan. Pada kasus di Papua terdapat berbagai tantangan seperti efektivitas alokasi anggaran dan penguatan SDM, sementara pada kasus di Yogyakarta tujuan penerapan asimetris yang diamanahkan undang-undang lebih pada penguatan budaya dan tata pelaksanaan pemerintahan sehingga kegiatan pengentasan kemiskinan juga harus memperhatikan aspek utama tersebut. Penelitian ini kemudian dapat berkontribusi pada pengembangan studi pembangunan maupun kebijakan publik yang berfokus pada pengentasan kemiskinan, dimana peneliti memperlihatkan analisis mendalam tentang dua kasus Istimewa dengan penerapan desentralisasi asimetris dalam pelaksanaan kegiatannya.
Kata Kunci : pengentasan kemiskinan, desentralisasi asimetris, studi kasus komparati